EAT446 Environment & Society

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EAT 446 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETYDegree In Environmental Engineering

Prepared By: Ir. Muhammad Arkam Bin Che Munaaim, PEng, IntPEMSc. B Tech (Energy) (USM), B. Elec. Eng. (Hons) (UTM), Dip. Elec. Eng (Power) (UTM).MIEM, MIET, MIEEE, ASEAN Eng, APEC Eng, EMF IntPE, Chartered Eng (ASEAN), SPAN QP.

School of Environmental EngineeringUniversity Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)Tel: 04 979 8988 Email: arkam@unimap.edu.my

References:

Living In The Environment, G Tyler, Scott E Spoolman, 2009Environmental Science, Fundamental and Applications, Devere Burton, 2008.

EAT 446 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Degree In Environmental Engineering UniMAPEAT 446 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Degree In Environmental Engineering UniMAP

Al Quran, Ar Ruum, 30:

“Corruption doth appear on land and sea because of which men’s hand have done, that He may make then taste a part of that which they have done, in order that they may return” (41)

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Definition

Environment?

Everything Around US..!

Includes all of living and nonliving things which we interact. Includes complex web of relationship that connect us with one another and with the world we live in.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Environmental Problems?

We run more and more earth’s natural resources for economy caused:

Shrinking forest, expanding deserts, eroding soils, deteriorating the agricultural lands, lower atmosphere is warming, melting glaciers, increasing sea levels, more destructive storms, failing water tables, disappearing of sea corals, drying rivers, fisheries are collapsing, extinction of many species.

Environmental Problems: Cause?

Major causes are:

Population growthWasteful and unsustainable resource usePovertyExclusion of environmental cost of resource useAttempts to manage nature with insufficient knowledge

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Sustainability:

Our lives and economies depend on energy from the sun (sun capita) and on natural resources (natural capita) provided by the earth.

Living sustainably means living off the earth’s natural income without depleting or degrading the natural capital that supplies it.

Four Scientific Principles Of SustainabilityFour Scientific Principles Of Sustainability

Ecology-DefinitionEcology-Definition

Ecology

Is the study of how organisms interact with one another and their physical environment of matter and energy.

Ecosystem

A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy.

What Keeps Us Alive?

Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere, the recycling of nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity.

ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS

Major Components:

Living (Biotic)-Plants, animals, microbes.Non Living (Abiotic)- Water, air, nutrients, rock, heat, solar energy.

Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others get their nutrients by consuming their organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producers by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIAENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIA

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIALiving in Comfort

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIALiving In Comfort

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIAWhat Can We Do?

We Depend Heavily on Oil

Oil-The lifeblood of today’s economics may be unaffordable sometime during this century.

Geologist project that known and projected global reserves of conventional oil will be 80% depleted between sometime 2050 and 2100, depending on consumption rate. Natural gas: 60 yrs, Coal: 200yrs (World Energy Council, 2004)

The challenge for this century is to sharply reduce the waste of oil and other resources and to find array of substitutes for oil and other fossil fuels.

We Depend Heavily on Oil-Petroleum Products

Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries

Largest: Energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline, Jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil. Heavier : Asphalt, tar, parrafin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils.

Chemicals: Plastics, sulphur, Hydrogen and carbon.

Conventional Oil

AdvantagesAmple supply for 42-93 yearsLow costHigh net energy yieldEasily transport within and between countriesLow land useTechnology is well developedEfficient distribution system

DisadvantagesNeed to find substitute within 50 yearsLarge government subsidiesEnvironmental cost not included in market priceArtificially low price encourage wastagesCan cause pollution

Energy Resources

Non Renewable Renewable

Direct SunWindBiomassFlowing water

Fossil fuelNuclearCoalNatural gas

We Can Save Money and Energy in Industry

By introducing co-generation system or combined heat and power (CHP) system. Especially for manufacturing that involve heating process where the heat generated is feed back to re-generate electrical for independent use.

Equipments that being used in the system can be replaced by ‘low loss energy efficient equipment such as motors, lightings and air conditioner.

Recycling waste materials from manufacturing also can be a intelligent steps for money saving activities.

We Can Save Money and Energy in TransportationUse high efficient engine that perform well with minimal petrol used.Use hybrid carUse electric car (Plug in hybrid electric vehicle)Energy efficient diesel car, biodiesel can be an alternative fuel.Next Generation: Fuel Cell (Hydrogen to produce electricity) 2012.

We Can Save Money and Energy in TransportationTransportation accounts for 2/3 of US oil consumption, major source of air pollution and CO2 emission.Efficient car is considered to be run at least 15 kpl (CAFÉ, Standard 2008), CAFÉ: Corporate Average Fuel Economy, US.

In US:

Hummer H2 runs at 5kpl tax US10k, car price US55k.Toyota Prius Hybrid at 20kpl rebate US10k, car price US22k.

We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and MoneyDesigning energy efficient buildingGreen architecture, based on energy efficient approachBuilding certification, Green Building Index, LEEDS, BREEAM, etc.Natural lights, natural ventilation, orientation, materials selection.

Research:60% of electrical energy goes to Air Conditioning15% of electrical energy goes to Lighting (During Daytime)

(Energy Commission, 2002 office building of 1000sm)

Malaysia’s Typical Climate:Small variation in monthly temperatures (less than 8°C)Hottest month (36°C), Coolest (25.9°C)Relative Humidity (55-70%)Wind speed are quite low mean value 1.2m/sRainfall exceeds 200mm/month for 8 month of the year

(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)

Strategies To Keep Indoor Condition CoolDehumidificationCoolingNatural VentilationShading

Strategies to reduce thermal stress caused by hot & humid climate.

In ASEAN, building consumes 1/3 of all electricity produced. Alarming because Malaysia is among fastest developing countries in the world.

(A Zain Ahmed, 2008)

1-Encourage design of new and existing building: Constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that reduces the use of energy.2-Provide minimum criteria and standard for energy efficiency 3-Provide guidance for EE that demonstrate good professional judgment and minimum exceed minimum criteria4-Encourage the application of RE in new and existing building and minimize non-renewable energy sources.

Objective Statement:

“To encourage the application of renewable energy in new and existing buildings to minimize non renewable energy sources, pollution and energy consumption whist maintaining comfort, health and safety of the occupants”

Sustainable Design Approach:

A combined architectural, engineering, site planning and landscaping (multidisciplinary) approach to design and energy conscious building should optimize the energy efficiency of a building especially in employing combined passive and active devices.

National Energy Policy Objectives:

Three principal energy objectives are instrumental in guiding the future energy sector development. They are:-

(1/3) The Supply Objective:To ensure the provision of adequate, secure, and cost-effective energy supplies through developing indigenous energy resources both non-renewable and renewable energy resources using the least cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within and outside the country;

National Energy Policy Objectives:

(2/3) The Utilization Objective:To promote the efficient utilization of energy and to discourage wasteful and non-productive patterns of energy consumption; and

(3/3) The Environmental Objective:To minimize the negative impacts of energy production, transportation, conversion, utilization and consumption on the environment.

LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is an internationally-recognized green building certification system. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in March 2000, LEED provides building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions.

• LEED promotes sustainable building and development practices through a suite of rating systems that recognize projects that implement strategies for better environmental and health performance.

• LEED is flexible enough to apply to all building types – commercial as well as residential. It works throughout the building lifecycle – design and construction, operations and maintenance, tenant fitout, and significant retrofit. And LEED for Neighborhood Development extends the benefits of LEED beyond the building footprint into the neighborhood it serves.

• LEED also makes business sense, benefiting commercial building owners as well as tenants.

The UK’s First BREEAM Outstanding Office Tower Rises in London

Passive Design Factors Affecting Energy Use In Buildings

The building layout, planning, design, shape, fabric and construction cover a wide number of variables that affect building energy requirements.

1) Size and Shape2) Building Orientation3) Planning & Layout4) Thermo Physical Properties5) Window System6) Construction Details

MS 1525:2007: 4.2 Passive design strategy

The design and construction of a building which takes optimal advantage of its environment need not impose any significant extra cost as compared to a more highly serviced building. All buildings have a primary function to provide an internal environment suitable for the purpose of the building. The architectural consideration in designing a building is influenced by its responsiveness to the immediate environment. The important factors that should beconsidered include the following:

MS 1525:2007: 4.2 Passive design strategy:

a) Building orientation;b) Building configuration (geometry and layout);c) Effective room depth;d) Floor to ceiling height;e) Location of cores;f) Building façade;g) Internal layout;h) Fenestrations;i) Building materials;j) Roof design and colour; andk) Landscaping and shading.

DAYLIGHTING

How to daylight: Daylighting is a systems approach. The Considerations:

Orientation and footprint , Climate, region and general availability of natural light , How Buildings Use Energy, Urban vs. suburban , Floor to floor/floor to ceiling heights , Window to wall ratios , Placement of glazing , Toplighting, sidelighting or both , Glazing performance (visible light transmittance, etc.) , Exterior shading and solar control , Interior shading and solar control , Integration with electric lighting systems (lighting power densities, controls and electric lighting design) , Reduced cooling loads (note: discuss cool daylighting) , Interior design (color, reflectance, furniture selection) , Floor plan (how far will daylight penetrate?)

The Basics: Toplighting and Sidelighting

Toplighting brings daylight into the building from above through clerestories, skylights, tubular skylights, sawtooth designs, etc. Daylight that enters the building above 10 feet, even if it's through a vertical opening, is referred to as toplighting.

Sidelighting brings daylight into the building from the side through windows, curtainwalls, etc.

How to daylight: General Daylighting Principles:1) Avoid direct sunlight on critical task and excessive brightness.2) Bring the daylight at high location3) Filter the daylight4) Bounce daylight off of surrounding surfaces5) Integrated daylight with other building systems and strategies

How to daylight: Light Distribution Strategies:1) Use sloped or curved ceiling planes2) Optimize overhangs based on window height and latitude3) Incorporate light shelves with windows where appropriate4) Employ baffles, louvers and reflectors as appropriate.5) Integrate daylighting with luminious ceiling systems

Daylight: Do and Don’t:

Don't do daylighting without controls to manage the electric lighting levels.Do understand basic lighting design elements before starts.Do understand that daylighting is a systems approach.Don't underestimate yourself or your team.Do get some basic software and training to help give you basic daylighting design rules and strategies.Don't believe there is only one way to daylight a building.

Air Conditioning: Efficiency Strategies

A Survey Of Energy Efficient Strategies For Effective Air Conditioning (2003)

Conserve air conditioning energy is to properly maintain the buildings such that the cooled air is not vented into the atmosphere.Develop, frequently update and enforce daily, weekly and monthly occupation schedules for each air conditioned space so that cooling is provided only when it is requiredAwareness campaign: People need to be educated about and made conscious of saving A/C related to energy.

(Omar M Al-Rabghi, 2003)

Maintain The Air Conditioning As Recommended:

1. Follow manufacturer recommendations for maintenance, part replacement and operation.

2. Periodically visually inspect the system for leakage, noise, vibration and follow up normal operation and take corrective measures.

3. Monitor the outputs from available measuring devices, compare them with manufacturers’ recommendations and take necessary corrective action.

5. Periodically replace filters, both fresh air filters and fan coil filters.

6. Draw up occupancy schedules and update these frequently. Run the A/C equipment in accordance with occupancy schedules in order to satisfy the occupants while at the same time saving energy.

Use The Correct Air Conditioning Type For Correct Purposes...!

Then use it Correctly…!

WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONING

SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING

DUCTED TYPE AIR CONDITIONING

We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing BuildingsRetrofit to save energyInsulate and plug leaksUse energy efficient windowStop other heating or cooling losesHeat house more efficientlyHeat water more efficientlyUse energy efficient appliances for lighting, etc.

We Can Use Renewable Energy and Plant Nonrenewable EnergySun, moving water, wind, biomass

?OUR CHOICE…

We Can Cool Buildings Naturally

We can Use Sunlight to Produce Heat

We Can Heat Water With Solar Energy

We Can Use Solar Cells to Produce Electricity

We Can Convert Plant and Plant Waste to Liquid Biofuels.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-MALAYSIAConclusion

Knowledge and education is important in preserving our environment. Young generation should be educated with this understanding in order to have environmental-awareness community.

Awareness and encouragement from government and authorities is utmost and the only way to materialized this mission towards sustainable earth.

Thank you.

EAT446 Environment & Society

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