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Eco Commerce ModelsAlternative Fuel and Vehicles
Banu Sizirici Banu Sizirici Edward VoronkoEdward VoronkoVijay Kumar RayabharapuVijay Kumar Rayabharapu
ContentsContents
Eco CommerceEco CommerceAlternative Fuel VehiclesAlternative Fuel Vehicles HybridHybrid Hydrogen Fuel CellHydrogen Fuel Cell Electric CarsElectric Cars Solar Powered carsSolar Powered cars LPG vehiclesLPG vehicles NGV NGV Alternative FuelsAlternative FuelsConclusionsConclusions
Eco CommerceEco Commerce
Eco commerceEco commerce is a business, investment, is a business, investment, and technology-development model that and technology-development model that employs market based solutions to employs market based solutions to balance the world’s energy needs and balance the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity. environmental integrity.
Eco Commerce Models Eco Commerce Models ‘Alternative Fuels and ‘Alternative Fuels and
Vehicles’Vehicles’ the world’s transportation systems are the world’s transportation systems are
96% dependent on petroleum products. 96% dependent on petroleum products. alternative fuels are derived from alternative fuels are derived from
resources other than petroleum. resources other than petroleum. produced domestically, produced domestically, reduce our dependence on imported oil,reduce our dependence on imported oil, produce less pollution than gasoline or produce less pollution than gasoline or
diesel. diesel. utilize energy more efficiently utilize energy more efficiently
Impact on environmentImpact on environment The impact of the gasoline cars in U.SThe impact of the gasoline cars in U.S
80% of carbon dioxide emissions, 80% of carbon dioxide emissions, 50% of nitrogen oxides, 50% of nitrogen oxides, 40% of volatile organic compounds (VOC). 40% of volatile organic compounds (VOC).
the impact on global air qualitythe impact on global air quality human healthhuman health global climate changeglobal climate change
Alternative Fuel CarsAlternative Fuel Cars
Pure battery-electric vehicles Pure battery-electric vehicles Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Motor vehicles powered by ethanol and bio-Motor vehicles powered by ethanol and bio-
dieseldiesel
Pure battery-electric Pure battery-electric vehiclesvehicles
AdvantagesAdvantages No emissionNo emission 70% fewer moving 70% fewer moving
parts than combustion parts than combustion engine cars.engine cars.
Higher energy Higher energy efficiencyefficiency
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Cost, Range ($60,000-Cost, Range ($60,000-
$70,000)$70,000) Large amount of Large amount of
batteriesbatteries
Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehiclesvehicles
AdvantagesAdvantages Emissions are heat and Emissions are heat and
water vapor.water vapor. Higher energy efficiencyHigher energy efficiency
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Cost (Avg. $1,000,000)Cost (Avg. $1,000,000) High cost to produce High cost to produce
HydrogenHydrogen Hydrogen ContainmentHydrogen Containment High cost of building new High cost of building new
Hydrogen Fueling Hydrogen Fueling stationsstations
Hydrogen VehiclesHydrogen Vehicles
Conventional hybrid Conventional hybrid electric vehicleselectric vehicles
Use both gasoline Use both gasoline and electricityand electricity
Smaller stack of Smaller stack of batteries.batteries.
Smaller electric Smaller electric motor than plug-in motor than plug-in hybrid.hybrid.
Plug-in hybrid electric Plug-in hybrid electric vehiclesvehicles
AdvantagesAdvantages
40% less greenhouse gas 40% less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional cars.emissions than conventional cars.
Batteries can be charged from Batteries can be charged from regular household electric outlets.regular household electric outlets.
High energy efficiencyHigh energy efficiency
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Batteries (Ni/MH batteries lasted Batteries (Ni/MH batteries lasted 2,000-3,000 cycles meaning that a 2,000-3,000 cycles meaning that a pack should last 130,000-150,000 pack should last 130,000-150,000 miles in plug-in hybrids or electric miles in plug-in hybrids or electric vehicles )vehicles )
High cost. (Avg. $4,000 – $6,000 High cost. (Avg. $4,000 – $6,000 more than conventional )more than conventional )
Vehicle Emissions Vehicle Emissions ComparisonComparison
Conventional hybrid Conventional hybrid cars reduce COcars reduce CO2 2
emissions by 29%.emissions by 29%.
Plug-in hybrid cars Plug-in hybrid cars reduce COreduce CO2 2 emissions emissions by 40%.by 40%.
Electric cars reduce Electric cars reduce COCO2 2 emissions by 46%.emissions by 46%.
Hybrid & Conventional Car Hybrid & Conventional Car EmissionsEmissions
VehicleCar emissions
(tons/year)Toyota Prius 3.5Honda Accord 6.9Chevrolet Malibu 8.1Toyota Camry 7.2Mazda 6 7Nissan Altima 7.5
Discription Honda Civic Honda Insight Toyota PriusCity MPG 48 57 60Highway MPG 47 56 51Emissions 4.1tons/year 3.5 tons/year 3.5 tons/yearEngine size 1.3 1 1.5
Toyota PriusToyota Prius
Series – parallel hybrid.Series – parallel hybrid. Allowing the gasoline Allowing the gasoline
engine to drive the wheels engine to drive the wheels or to be disconnected.or to be disconnected.
Toyota Prius needs 2 gal. Toyota Prius needs 2 gal. To go 100 miles.To go 100 miles.
Average car needs 5 gal. Average car needs 5 gal. Of gasoline to go 100 mile.Of gasoline to go 100 mile.
Energy equivalent 1 gal. Energy equivalent 1 gal. Of gasoline = 34 kWh .Of gasoline = 34 kWh .
Honda InsightHonda Insight
Parallel hybrid car .Parallel hybrid car . Parallel hybrid do Parallel hybrid do
not allow electric – not allow electric – only propulsion only propulsion
Requires 1.6 gal. Requires 1.6 gal. To travel 100 To travel 100 miles.miles.
Solar Powered CarsSolar Powered Cars A solar car is an ultra-efficient A solar car is an ultra-efficient
vehicle that is powered primarily by vehicle that is powered primarily by sunlight. sunlight.
Some Types Of Solar CarsSome Types Of Solar Cars
Solar Powered Cars cont,Solar Powered Cars cont,
AdvantagesAdvantages Inexhaustible fuel source Vehicles.Inexhaustible fuel source Vehicles. No pollution.No pollution. Very cheaper way of transportation.Very cheaper way of transportation.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Not Really Safe to drive on Roads.Not Really Safe to drive on Roads. Only areas of the world with lots of sunlight Only areas of the world with lots of sunlight
are suitable for solar powered vehicles.are suitable for solar powered vehicles.
Natural Gas VehiclesNatural Gas Vehicles
2007 Civic GX NGV 2007 Civic GX NGV The Environmental The Environmental
Protection Agency Protection Agency (EPA) has (EPA) has recognized the recognized the natural-gas Civic GX natural-gas Civic GX as the cleanest as the cleanest internal-combustion internal-combustion vehicle on Earth vehicle on Earth
AdvantagesAdvantages they reduce environmentally harmful
emissions. natural-gas vehicles can achieve up
to a 93 % reduction in CO emissions, 33 % reduction in oxides of nitrogen 50 % reduction in reactive HC costs are lower than gasoline.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
NGVs is not as roomy as gasoline NGVs is not as roomy as gasoline cars. cars.
limited driving range of NGVs, which limited driving range of NGVs, which is typically about half that of a is typically about half that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. gasoline-powered vehicle.
natural gas, like gasoline, is a fossil natural gas, like gasoline, is a fossil fuel and cannot be considered a fuel and cannot be considered a renewable resource. renewable resource.
Ethanol VehiclesEthanol Vehicles
Ethanol vehicles Ethanol vehicles designed to operate on designed to operate on E85 (a blend of 85% E85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% ethanol and 15% gasoline) are called gasoline) are called Flexible Fuel Vehicles Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs). (FFVs).
FFVs are “flexible” FFVs are “flexible” because you can fill because you can fill them up with E85, them up with E85, regular gasoline or a regular gasoline or a combination of the two. combination of the two.
Ford Crown Victoria FFV
Nissan Armada 2WD
AdvantagesAdvantages
Hassle-free driving.Hassle-free driving. Easy to refuel.Easy to refuel. Ethanol is renewable.Ethanol is renewable. Ethanol cars are as good as Ethanol cars are as good as
gasoline vehiclesgasoline vehicles.. E85 Vehicles Are Eco-FriendlyE85 Vehicles Are Eco-Friendly ..
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Fuel EfficiencyFuel Efficiency-E85 reduces fuel -E85 reduces fuel economy by about 20 percent economy by about 20 percent
AvailabilityAvailability-It may be difficult to -It may be difficult to find a gas station that carries E85find a gas station that carries E85..
Limited SelectionLimited Selection
LPG VEHICLESLPG VEHICLES
Volvo S/V40 Rover 45
Vauxhall Zafira Volvo V70
AdvantagesAdvantages
A vehicle powered by LPG produces less A vehicle powered by LPG produces less harmful emissions - making it the cleaner, harmful emissions - making it the cleaner, greener option. greener option.
Driving an LPG vehicle is safe, easy and, best Driving an LPG vehicle is safe, easy and, best of all, much cheaper than petrol or diesel. of all, much cheaper than petrol or diesel.
Driving on LPG is virtually the same as driving Driving on LPG is virtually the same as driving a petrol or diesel car. And engine noise is a petrol or diesel car. And engine noise is around 50% lower with LPG than it is with around 50% lower with LPG than it is with diesel. diesel.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Not very safe way of fuel in to Not very safe way of fuel in to AccountAccount
Less readily available than gasoline Less readily available than gasoline & diesel & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of fuel Fewer miles on a tank of fuel
Alternative Fuels Alternative Fuels BiodieselBiodiesel
Biodiesel is the name Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning of a clean burning alternative fuel, alternative fuel,
produced from produced from domestic, renewable domestic, renewable resources. resources.
Biodiesel contains no Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but can be petroleum, but can be blended with blended with petroleum diesel to petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel create a biodiesel
How is Biodiesel Made?How is Biodiesel Made?
Biodiesel fuel is Biodiesel fuel is esterification process,esterification process,
55% of the biodiesel 55% of the biodiesel industry use any fat industry use any fat or oil feedstock,or oil feedstock,( recycled cooking ( recycled cooking grease)grease)
45% can use 45% can use vegetable oil (soy oil) vegetable oil (soy oil)
Biodiesel Compared to Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum DieselPetroleum Diesel
AdvantagesAdvantages
Domestically produced Domestically produced from non-petroluem, from non-petroluem, renewable resources renewable resources
Can be used in most diesel Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer engines, especially newer ones ones
Less air pollutantsLess air pollutants (other than nitrogen (other than nitrogen oxides) and greenhouse oxides) and greenhouse gases gases
BiodegradableBiodegradable Non-toxicNon-toxic Safer to handle Safer to handle
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
currently currently more expensivemore expensive involve involve additional land useadditional land use gives out gives out more nitrogen more nitrogen
oxide emissionsoxide emissions require special management require special management
for for Transportation & Transportation & storagestorage
less suitable for use in less suitable for use in low temperatureslow temperatures
impact on engine impact on engine durabilitydurability
ElectricityElectricity
Electricity can be Electricity can be used as a used as a transportation fuel transportation fuel to power battery to power battery electric and fuel electric and fuel cell vehicles. cell vehicles.
Advantages & Advantages & Disadvantages of ElectricityDisadvantages of Electricity AdvantagesAdvantages clean, cheap, safe clean, cheap, safe
and a convenient and a convenient source of energy source of energy
no tailpipe no tailpipe emissions emissions
lower maintenance lower maintenance costscosts
more efficient more efficient
DisadvantagesDisadvantages more expensive more expensive
than gasolinethan gasoline electric vehicles electric vehicles
are not completely are not completely "emission-free "emission-free
More power plants More power plants and more pollution and more pollution
EthanolEthanol Ethanol is an alcohol-based Ethanol is an alcohol-based
alternative fuel produced by alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars.converted into simple sugars.
Feedstocks :corn, barley, and Feedstocks :corn, barley, and wheat. wheat.
If used trees and grasses is called If used trees and grasses is called bioethanol. bioethanol.
Ethanol increase octane and Ethanol increase octane and improve the emissions quality of improve the emissions quality of gasoline. gasoline.
E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline15% gasoline
E10: 10% ethanol and 90% E10: 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline gasoline
Advantages & Advantages & Disadvantages of E85Disadvantages of E85
AdvantagesAdvantages Domestically Domestically
produced, reducing produced, reducing use of imported use of imported petroleum petroleum
Lower emissions of air Lower emissions of air pollutants pollutants
More resistant to More resistant to engine knock engine knock
Added vehicle cost is Added vehicle cost is very small very small
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Can only be used in Can only be used in
flex-fuel vehicles flex-fuel vehicles Lower energy content, Lower energy content,
resulting in fewer resulting in fewer miles per gallon miles per gallon
Limited availability Limited availability Currently expensive to Currently expensive to
produce produce
Natural GasNatural Gas
Natural gasNatural gas is a gaseous is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but primarily of methane but including significant including significant quantities of ethane, quantities of ethane, butane, propanebutane, propane, ,
It is also clean burning It is also clean burning and produces significantly and produces significantly fewer harmful emissions fewer harmful emissions than reformulated than reformulated gasoline or diesel gasoline or diesel
Advantages & Advantages & Disadvantages of Natural Disadvantages of Natural
GasGas AdvantagesAdvantages
Nearly 87% of U.S. Nearly 87% of U.S. natural gas used is natural gas used is domestically produced domestically produced
60-90% less smog-60-90% less smog-producing pollutants producing pollutants
30-40% less 30-40% less greenhouse gas greenhouse gas emissions emissions
Less expensive than Less expensive than gasoline gasoline
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Limited vehicle Limited vehicle availability availability
Less readily available Less readily available than gasoline & diesel than gasoline & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank Fewer miles on a tank of fuelof fuel
Propane (LPG)Propane (LPG)
Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to power internal combustion used to power internal combustion engines engines
Advantages & Advantages & Disadvantages of LPGDisadvantages of LPG
AdvantagesAdvantages
Fewer toxic and smog-Fewer toxic and smog-forming air pollutants forming air pollutants
85% of LPG used in U.S. 85% of LPG used in U.S. comes from domestic comes from domestic sources sources
Less expensive than Less expensive than gasolinegasoline
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
No new passenger cars or No new passenger cars or trucks commercially trucks commercially available (vehicles can be available (vehicles can be retrofitted for LPG) retrofitted for LPG)
Less readily available than Less readily available than gasoline & diesel gasoline & diesel
Fewer miles on a tank of Fewer miles on a tank of fuelfuel
The LPG is stored in high-The LPG is stored in high-pressure fuel tanks, so pressure fuel tanks, so separate fuel systems are separate fuel systems are needed needed
HydrogenHydrogen
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) is being (H2) is being aggressively aggressively explored as a fuel for explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles. passenger vehicles.
It can be used in fuel It can be used in fuel cells to power cells to power electric motors or electric motors or burned in internal burned in internal combustion enginescombustion engines
Advantages & Advantages & DisadvantagesDisadvantages of Hydrogenof Hydrogen
AdvantagesAdvantages Produced Produced
Domestically Domestically no air pollutants or no air pollutants or
greenhouse gases greenhouse gases
DisadvantagesDisadvantages currently expensive currently expensive
to produce to produce only available at a only available at a
handful of locations, handful of locations, mostly in California mostly in California
difficult to store difficult to store enough hydrogen enough hydrogen onboard onboard
ConclusionsConclusions
Alternative fuel cars generate less pollution than Alternative fuel cars generate less pollution than conventional cars.conventional cars.
Based on cost the hydrogen and the electric cars are the Based on cost the hydrogen and the electric cars are the most expensive cars.most expensive cars.
Electric engine is more energy efficient than conventional Electric engine is more energy efficient than conventional combustion engine.combustion engine.
Production of electricity leads to more air pollutionProduction of electricity leads to more air pollution The more environmental friendly is The more environmental friendly is
not always the more economical.not always the more economical. As a eco commerce model, solution As a eco commerce model, solution
should balance the world’s energy should balance the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity.needs and environmental integrity.
QuestionsQuestions