Post on 05-Apr-2018
transcript
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
1/30
Ecology Part 2
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
2/30
Succession
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
3/30
Succession
Defined: gradual change/ replacement processfrom one community to another as a result ofchanges in abiotic and biotic factors
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
4/30
Primary Succession
Starts from barerock/soil or water
Living organismscome from nearby
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp55/55020.html7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
5/30
Secondary Succession
When the existing community is disturbed orremoved to the soil.
Ex: Fire, agriculture
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
6/30
Estuaries and Marshes=
EcotonesWhy are wetlands important ?
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
7/30
Population Ecology
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
8/30
Population
Defined: A group of organisms
of the same kind in aparticular place and time
A. Population density = numberof indiv. per area
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
9/30
B. Distribution
Distribution Diagram Benefit
Clumped Protection (herds/ schools)Ease for mating/ care of
youngHunt in packs
Even Less competition
Random Take advantage ofgood sites
Roaming individuals
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
10/30
C. Social Organization
Wolves: packs; M & Fleaders; submission infighting
Chickens: pecking order
Bees: queen, drone,worker
Lions: pride, M and many
F; hunting & eatingorder
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
11/30
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
12/30
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
13/30
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
14/30
3. Birth and Death Rate
a. Developed vs developing countries
b. Conception to death
c. Environmental pressures
Ex: elephants rates of birth
d. Stable population: balance between
Birth rate + immigration = death rate + emigration
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
15/30
E. Biotic Potential
The maximum growth in the number oforganisms in a population under ideal
conditions
Why dont organisms reach their biotic
potential?
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
16/30
Reproductive Strategies
Maintain populations andmaximize fitness forsurvival
1. R selection : rapidselection (rapid lifehistory): have as manyoffspring as fast aspossible
a. Have lots of young
if they are small in size:Ex: fish or insects
And/or a common prey:Ex: rabbits
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
17/30
R-selection (cont)
b. Masting: all of theoffspring at one time
- some will bemissed (herbivore orpredator cant eat
all) and make it
possible for some tosurvive
The year without acorns?!
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97661116http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=976611167/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
18/30
2. K-selection
= Kin selection
Slow life history
Having a fewoffspring andprotecting them
until they reachmaturity
Ex: horse,orangutan, eagle
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
19/30
F. Environmental Resistance
Population limitingfactors - prevent
from reaching bioticpotential
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
20/30
Density dependent factors
Have a greater effect ona crowded(dense)population than a not
crowed one
Can be biotic or abioticfactors:
ex food and space;predation; disease
Hemlock Adelgid
http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/hemlock/hwa05.htmhttp://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/hemlock/hwa05.htm7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
21/30
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
22/30
b. Density independent factors
Factors which affecta population in the
same wayregardless ofpopulation size
Ex: fire, pH,
temperature
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
23/30
c. The 2 major limiting factors
in any ecosystem Food
Space
QuickTime and a
decompressorare needed to see this picture.
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
24/30
d. The interaction between environmental resistanceand biotic potential results in
Carrying Capacity
The number of organisms that can be supportedin a given area under given conditions
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
25/30
Population GraphsTypical population growth as
colonize new area
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
26/30
http://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.html
http://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.htmlhttp://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.htmlhttp://www.glencoe.com/ebooks/science/9780078802843/data/media/anim/Population_Growth_p_97.html7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
27/30
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
28/30
G. Population Cycles
How the numbersvary over time
arry ng apac y a anc ng
http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os9http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/RabbitsAndWolves/?version=unknown&browser=MSIE&vendor=ie_mac_or_os97/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
29/30
arry ng apac y- a anc ngthe populations
7/31/2019 Ecology 2b Succession and Carrying Capacity
30/30