Post on 18-Jan-2016
transcript
Ecology Chapter 4 : Climate and Communities
Chapter 4
Objectives: 4.1
• Identify the causes of climate.
• Explain how Earth’s temperature range is maintained.
• Identify the Earth’s 3 main climate zones.
What is Climate?• Climate – the average conditions of
temperature and precipitation in an area.
How is weather different from climate?
• What can cause climate changes? Trapping of heat by atmosphere, latitude, winds, currents and precipitation.
Effect of Latitude on Climate
Solar radiation strikes different parts of the Earth’s surfaces at different angles. This also causes SEASONS
Three Climate Zones
Polar = cold areas
Temperate = hot to cold seasons
Tropical = direct sunlight, always warm
Sunlight
Some heat escapesinto space
Greenhousegases trapsome heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
Section 4-1
The Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
• CO2, methane, water vapor, and other gases stay in atmosphere.
• Solar energy enters but cannot always leave – Trapped heat is reflected
back to Earth…• HEATING it up!
Some heatescapesinto space
Greenhousegases trapsome heat
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
Heat Transport
• The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents
• Warm air near the equator rises, and cooler air near the poles sinks
• Air currents - move heat throughout the atmosphere
Ocean Currents..
Quick Check
1. Which zone has obvious seasons? a) polar b) temperate c) tropical
2. What causes the seasons? a) tilt of the earth b) distance of the earth from the sun
c) the path the earth takes around the sun
3. Latitude is a measure of how far a place is from the: a) sun b) poles c) equator
4. The Greenhouse Effect is caused by: a) trapped gasses b) sun flares c) weather
5. Average year round conditions is ________________
Quick Check
1. Which zone has obvious seasons? a) polar b) temperate c) tropical
2. What causes the seasons? a) tilt of the earth b) distance of the earth from the sun
c) the path the earth takes around the sun
3. Latitude is a measure of how far a place is from the: a) sun b) poles c) equator
4. The Greenhouse Effect is caused by: a) trapped gasses b) sun flares c) weather
5. Average year round conditions is climate
What Factors Shape an Ecosystem?
Objectives: 4.2
•Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem.
•Identify community interactions.
•Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance.
What shapes an Ecosystem?Biotic - ALL living organismsAbiotic – non-living components (soil, rocks, sunlight, wind, rain)
Habitat – The place where a population lives
Zoo exhibits often try to recreate habitats so that the animals are comfortable.
Niche (“neesh” or “nich”)
The role an organism plays in its environment or how it lives
– What is it’s home like?– Where does it get food?– Where does it get water?– Who does it interact with?– Where it mates?
What role do you play in your environment?
Bay-Breasted WarblerFeeds in the middlepart of the tree
Yellow-Rumped WarblerFeeds in the lower part of the tree andat the bases of the middle branches
Cape May WarblerFeeds at the tips of branchesnear the top of the tree
Spruce tree
Section 4-2
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their NichesCan two warbler species occupy the same “niche” on the tree? NO!!! WHY?? Competitive Exclusion Principle
What about these 3 birds:
KingfisherHeronLoon
*All live on lakes and eat fish. How are they not in the same niche?
Community Interactions
• Competition – two organisms using the same resource at the same time
• Predation – one organism feeding on another
Symbiosis – two species living together1. Mutualism – both benefit2. Commensalism – one benefits while other is
neither helped or harmed3. Parasitism – one benefits and other is
harmed
Community Interactions
Name that symbiotic relationship:
Cattle and livestock stir up
food on the ground for the
egret.
Looks a bit painful, but somebody’s having a good time..
The clownfish and the anemone are protected by each other.
Ecological Succession
• Predictable changes in a community over time.
• Primary succession – first colonization of life by PIONEERS where no soil exists.
- Volcanic eruptions, melted glaciers
• Secondary succession – re-growth of plants and colonization of species where only soil remains.
- Fires, land clearing, farming
Primary Succession
Lichens (fungus + algae): often the pioneer species
Secondary Succession
Climax community – last stage which has the most mature and stable communities.
Quick Check
1. When two organisms live in close association with one another, it is called: a) symbiosis b) succession c) exclusion d) latitude
2. Two organisms are placed in an aquarium. Animal A stays mostly at the top of the aquarium and eats food that floats. Animal B stays on the bottom and eats food that sinks. This illustrates:a) symbiosis b) competitive exclusion c) mutualism d) succession
3. The competitive exclusion principle states: No two species can occupy the same _________.
4. The first species to enter an ecosystem after it has been destroyed by a fire is called a(n):a. opportunist b) successor c) technician d) pioneer
5. What is an example of an ABIOTIC factor?
Quick Check
1. When two organisms live in close association with one another, it is called: a) symbiosis b) succession c) exclusion d) latitude
2. Two organisms are placed in an aquarium. Animal A stays mostly at the top of the aquarium and eats food that floats. Animal B stays on the bottom and eats food that sinks. This illustrates:a) symbiosis b) competitive exclusion c) mutualism d) succession
3. The competitive exclusion principle states: No two species can occupy the same NICHE
4. The first species to enter an ecosystem after it has been destroyed by a fire is called a(n):a. opportunist b) successor c) technician d) pioneer
5. What is an example of an ABIOTIC factor? Water, rocks, soil, gas
How are Biomes determined?
What kind of Biomes are there?
Land Biomes
• Abiotic factors: rain, temperature, soil type
• These will govern what organisms can live there
Aquatic Biomes
• Freshwater – Rivers, lakes, streams, ponds
• Saltwater – Oceans, seas
• Mix (salt and freshwater) – Estuaries
Abiotic factors that affect biome:
water temp., salinity, oxygen content