Ecology Ecology (Get out ISN we are taking (Get out ISN we are taking

notes)notes)

Homework Due FridayHomework Due FridayLab reports due FridayLab reports due FridayTest Tuesday (study)Test Tuesday (study)

The study of the The study of the interactions that take interactions that take

place among place among organisms and their organisms and their

environment environment

Biosphere Biosphere

The part of Earth that supports The part of Earth that supports lifelife Top portion of Earth's crustTop portion of Earth's crust All the waters that cover Earth's All the waters that cover Earth's

surfacesurface Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.

EcosystemEcosystem

All the organisms living in an All the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features area and the nonliving features of their environmentof their environment

PopulationsPopulations All of the same species in an ecosystemAll of the same species in an ecosystem

www.nkf-mt.org.uk

www.intrasystems.gr

CommunityCommunity

All the populations in an All the populations in an ecosystemecosystem

CompetitionCompetition All living things compete forAll living things compete for

FoodFood SpaceSpace

Competition limits population growthCompetition limits population growth

www.opim.wharton.upenn.edu

Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors Anything that restricts or controls the Anything that restricts or controls the

number of individuals in a populationnumber of individuals in a population Includes living and nonliving features of Includes living and nonliving features of

the ecosystem the ecosystem

www.bahamascommerce.com

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity The largest number of individuals of one The largest number of individuals of one

species an ecosystem can supportspecies an ecosystem can support

www.wwt.org.uk

QuizQuiz

Ecosystem Brain pop

Relationships in Relationships in EcosystemsEcosystems

SymbiosisSymbiosis Any close relationship between speciesAny close relationship between species

en.wikipedia.org

MutualismMutualism A relationship in which both species benefitA relationship in which both species benefit

Cleaner fish

Pollination

Lichens: algae + fungus

www.biology.clc.uc.edu

www.orn.mpg.de www4.tpgi.com.au

CommensalismCommensalism A relationship in which one species A relationship in which one species

benefits and the other is neither helped benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmednor harmed

Barnacles on whaleShark & remora

www.community.webshots.com www.cbu.edu

ParasitismParasitism

A relationship in which one organisms A relationship in which one organisms benefits and the other is harmedbenefits and the other is harmed

TickMistletoe

www.oznet.ksu.edu www.wcosf.org

CooperationCooperation

Organisms working together toward a Organisms working together toward a common end or purpose common end or purpose

http://forger.ca/ http://special.newsroom.msu.edu

Predator - PreyPredator - Prey

Predators are consumers that capture Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers, called preyand eat other consumers, called prey

http://www.uga.edu

Brain popBrain pop

Relationships Gummy Bear ActivityGummy Bear Activity

Get out ISN both mini Get out ISN both mini labs will go in there this labs will go in there this is still Ecology notesis still Ecology notes

Reminder Homework Due tomorrow!Reminder Homework Due tomorrow! Lab re-writes due tomorrow if you got Lab re-writes due tomorrow if you got

your back and made below a 70.your back and made below a 70.

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Charles Darwin Natural Selection-Determines which Natural Selection-Determines which

individuals have the best adaptations for individuals have the best adaptations for reproductive success.reproductive success.

Biotic factor-Biotic factor- The organisms in The organisms in an ecosystem (living)an ecosystem (living)

Abiotic factor-Abiotic factor- non-living non-living thingsthings

What makes somethingWhat makes something “LIVING”?“LIVING”?

1.1. GrowthGrowth2.2. CellsCells3.3. MovementMovement4.4. RespirationRespiration5.5. Complex chemical reactions Complex chemical reactions

(digestion, metabolism, muscle (digestion, metabolism, muscle contraction, etc)contraction, etc)

6.6. ReproductionReproduction

Habitat Habitat

The place in which an The place in which an organism lives organism lives provides the kinds of food and provides the kinds of food and

shelter, the temperature, and the shelter, the temperature, and the amount of moisture the organism amount of moisture the organism needs to survive needs to survive

Food Webs and Food Webs and Biodiversity Biodiversity

BiodiversityBiodiversity

The diversity of life. The different The diversity of life. The different organisms found on the Earth.organisms found on the Earth.

AutotrophsAutotrophs Autotrophs - often make their own food by

using sunlight, photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, and water to form sugars which they can use for energy.

Autotrophs are important because they are a food source for heterotrophs (consumers).

Some examples of autotrophs include plants, algae, and even some bacteria.

Heterotrophs Heterotrophs

Heterotroph-an organism that depends Heterotroph-an organism that depends on complex organic substances for on complex organic substances for nutrition.nutrition.

ProducersProducers

Most are photosynthetic Most are photosynthetic Use light energy to Use light energy to produce foodproduce food

Some are chemosyntheticSome are chemosynthetic Use stored chemical energy to Use stored chemical energy to produce foodproduce food

All producers are All producers are AutotrophicAutotrophic ProduceProduce their own food for energy their own food for energy

ProducersProducers

PlantsAlgae

ConsumersConsumers HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

Consume other organisms as food for energy Consume other organisms as food for energy

Herbivores-eat only plantsHerbivores-eat only plants

Carnivores-eat only meat Carnivores-eat only meat

Omnivores- eat plants and meat Omnivores- eat plants and meat

ConsumersConsumers Detritivores-receive energy from dead Detritivores-receive energy from dead

organismsorganisms

Decomposers-responsible for decay and Decomposers-responsible for decay and returning nutrients back into environment returning nutrients back into environment

Trophic Level and Energy Trophic Level and Energy PyramidPyramid

Each organism represents a trophic level Each organism represents a trophic level onon

the energy pyramid.the energy pyramid.

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer

Only 10% of the energy from one trophicOnly 10% of the energy from one trophic

level is transferred to the next.level is transferred to the next.

Food ChainFood Chain

Shows how each living organism obtainsShows how each living organism obtains

food. What eats what.food. What eats what.

Producer Primary

Consumer

Secondary

Consumer

SuccessionSuccession

Natural, gradual changes in the Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an types of species that live in an area; can be primary or area; can be primary or secondary.secondary. Primary – begins in a place without soilPrimary – begins in a place without soil Secondary – where soil already existsSecondary – where soil already exists

SuccessionSuccessionSeries of environmental changes that occur in a predictable way.

STEPS THAT OCCUR OVER TIME

Time

Types Of Types Of SuccessionSuccession

Primary Succession

And

Secondary Succession

Primary SuccessionDevelopment of newly formed land where NO plants or animals have EVER lived.

HOW DOES NEW LAND GET HOW DOES NEW LAND GET FORMEDFORMEDVolcanoVolcano

• Glaciers

The Island of SurtseyThe Island of SurtseyExample of Primary SuccessionExample of Primary SuccessionNew LandNew LandFormed from an underwater Formed from an underwater volcanovolcano

Newly formed Island of Newly formed Island of Surtsey, IcelandSurtsey, Iceland

On November 15, 1963, an island was born.

Aerial view of Surtsey years later. What could the green area

be?

Surtsey now. – nearly all green Surtsey now. – nearly all green with vegetation!with vegetation!

Secondary SuccessionNew plant life that occurs after all plant life has been destroyed.

If all plants are destroyed If all plants are destroyed where do all new plants where do all new plants come from?come from?

If all plants are destroyed where do all new plants come from?

Wind blows seeds into area

And/or

Animals carry seeds into area

At 8:32 Sunday morning, May At 8:32 Sunday morning, May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted erupted This picture was taken the day This picture was taken the day before the eruption.before the eruption.

The side of the volcano first collapsed.

Ash, rock, & melted snow came down the valley covering

everything.

Before eruption

After eruption

Looking down at the valley from Mt St Helens (1979)

Looking down at the valley from Mt St Helens (1981)

Pioneer Pioneer SpeciesSpecies First plants to First plants to appear in an appear in an ecosystem.ecosystem.

Pioneer speciesPioneer species

A group of organisms, such as A group of organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building begin an area's soil-building process process

EquilibriumEquilibrium(state of balance)(state of balance)

Population remains stable throughout the years unless the ecosystem is destroyed.

Reaching Reaching EquilibriumEquilibrium

Primary Succession takes Primary Succession takes much longer to reach much longer to reach EQUILIBRIUM than EQUILIBRIUM than Secondary Succession.Secondary Succession.

Remember…Remember…Succession is not immediate. Succession is not immediate. It takes approximately 100 It takes approximately 100 years for an ecosystem to years for an ecosystem to recover completely.recover completely.

Climax communityClimax community

A community that has reached a A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological stable stage of ecological succession succession

BiomeBiome

Large geographic areas with Large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystemssimilar climates and ecosystems

IncludesIncludes

TundraTundra TaigaTaiga DesertDesert Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest Temperate rain forestTemperate rain forest Tropical rain forest, and grassland Tropical rain forest, and grassland

Food WebFood Web

Many food chains connected togetherMany food chains connected together

ActivityActivity

Food FightFood Fight