EIS Sustainable Concepts

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7/27/2019 EIS Sustainable Concepts

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Introduction toSustainable Concepts and

TheoriesMohd. Faris Khamidi, PhD

POP QUIZ(open book)

• In Sustainable Development, there‟s a conceptthat is known as „green -washing‟. In your opinion, state whether the developer for the

proposed Lynas project in Gebeng, Kuantan hassuccumbed to this „green -washing‟ activity. WithONE evidence, provide justification for your answer.

• Submit 1 (ONE) A4 page only, hand-written.DEADLINE is today, 29.02.2012 by 14:00PM atmy office.

Presentation Outline

- Definition of Sustainability

- Core Concepts of Sustainability

- Sustainability “Building Blocks”

- Sustainable Development

- IPCC‟ ( AR4) report

- Global warming Mitigation Action

- Corporate Sustainability

-Q& A session8

What is sustainability ???

Definition of Sustainability

“The ability tocontinue a defined

behavior indefinitely”

“Meets the needsof the present withoutcompromising theability of futureGenerations to meettheir own needs”

Sustainability

Sustainablepractices

United Nations, 1987

Objectives of Sustainable Development

Reduce poverty/

increased equity Management of natural resources

Increased efficiencyand growth

SD has 3mainobjectives

Social ObjectiveEcological Objective

Economic Objective

Objectives of Sustainable Development

3 mainobjective

Economic Objective(Increased efficiency and growth)

Social Objective(Reduce

poverty/increasedequity)

EcologicalObjective

(Management of natural resources)

1. Income distribution

2. Employment3. Targeted assistance

1. Environmental assessment

2. Valuation3. Internationalism

1. Popular participation2. Consultation

3. Pluralism

-Q& A session8

Core Concepts of Sustainability

Future Thinking:Intergenerational responsibility

Environmental Thinking:

Carrying capacity of the planetto absorb waste and support life

Social Justice:Equity, Dignity, Basic services, Human rights,Stakeholder voices

Economic Responsibilities

A view of community as three separate, unrelated parts: an econo mic part, asocial part and an environmental part. Traditional quality of life indicators tend

to measure these 3 parts separately

Traditiona l quality of life indicators

A view of community as three concentric circles: the economy exists withinsociety, and both the economy and society exist within the environment.Sustainability indicators attempt to measure the extent to which these

boundaries are respected

Sustainability quality of life indicators

-Q& A session8

PLANET

Re-engineer

Revert

Recycle

PEOPLEHuman rightsSocial responsibility“Local” community Labor protections

PROFITS

Growth is bothessential and good

Defining economicvalue: “eco -services”

Challenge: Assimilatingprofitability intoaccreditationprograms and regulation

Sustainability “Building Blocks”

Sustainability vs Project Phases

Project site

Design

Construction

OperationMaintenance

Renovation

Deconstruction

ComfortDurabilityEquityEconomy

Sustainability as a process should be considered at all phases

- IPCC ( AR4) report

-Q& A session8

Temperature increase of 2 - 6 oC by 2100

Sea level rise of 1-1.5mby 2100

Snow cover to shrink with increasesin thaw depth

“Very Likely that” hot extreme heat waves and

heavy rain fall will become more frequently

Increased Tropical cyclone strength since1970 due to man made global warming

I P C C - 4

A R e p o r

t , 2 0 0 7

Hurricane & Floods (2005-2010)

Hurricane Katrina

New Orleans2005

KSA 12/12/2009Oman 6/07/2010

UAE 06/2/2010

Pakistan

Floods August2010

Indonesia

Floods

Tsunami 2010

Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, USA- 2005

Tropical cyclone Phet, Oman, July-2010

UAE Floods, February-2010

Pakistan Floods, August-2010

- Global Warming Mitigation Action

-Q& A session8

Worldwide rapid urbanization

Buildings Construction and Climate Change

Heat gainand ElectricityConsumptions

Concrete andCement

Produce CO 2

Land usesModification

ConstructionWastes

Malaysian‟ Plan in Reducing CO 2 emissions

Malaysia is adopting anindicator of a voluntaryreduction of up to 40 % interms of GHG‟semissions intensity bythe year 2020 comparedto 2005 levels.

(APEC, Energy Overview, 2010)

Population/electicity/CO2 emission

G e r m

A f r i c a

C h i n a

I n d i a

M a l a y s i a

S i n g a p o r e

N i g e r i a

K e n e y a

B r a z i l

M i l l i o n / T W h / M T

Population Electricity Consumption CO2 Emissions

Data source: (International Energy Agency,2010)

CO2 Emissions, Population & Electricity Use

Is Energy generation from fossil fuels sustainable ?

In 2004, Malaysia was ranked 24 th in terms of worlds oil reserves and

13 th in natural gas.

Oil and gas reserves in Malaysia amounted to 20.18 billion barrels

equivalent in 2007.

In the current production rate, Malaysia will be able to produce oil up to

18 years and gas for 35 years. (Cha and OH,2010 )

Malaysia as a case study !

Most of the Observedincrease in global averagetemperatures since the mid-20 th century is very likely dueto observed increase inanthropogenic GHG’sconcentration.

(IPCC AR4,2007)

IEA-2010

(IEA,2010)

What are the main GHG‟s ?

1. Carbon Dioxide- CO 2

2. Methane- CH 4 3. Ozone- O 3 4. Nitrous Oxide- N 2 O5. Water Vapor- H

4Kyoto Protocol, 1998

ElectricityGeneration fromfossil fuels

Householdappliances

Chacaltaya Glacier, Bolivia (1940 - 2005)

By 2005, the glacier had separated into three distinct small bodies

(IPCC AR4, 2007)

The Disappearance of Lake Chad in Africa

- Global Warming Mitigation Action

-Q& A session8

The scientific consensus is thatmost of the warming observed over the last fifty years is attributable tohuman activity, through emissionsof greenhouse gases – such ascarbon dioxide and methane – intothe atmosphere.

We need to make a profound change in our use of energy and other activities thatrelease GHG‟s gases

(Securing the Future, 2005).

Effects of GHG‟s emission

Increased temperature can lead to stronger and more destructiveweather events, such as storms, hurricanes and tornadoes.

These can be particularly damaging in parts of the world not used todealing with severe weather

The greenhouse effect also leads to the melting of thepolar ice caps, important because they keep the Earth

cool. When these caps melt, it increases the level of the oceans and the Earth loses its cooling mechanism.

Reduction of Carbon Dioxide EmissionsFrom Cement

Emissions of carbon dioxide can be reduced by:

• Improvement of the energy efficiency of the process• Shifting to a more energy efficient process (e.g. from

(semi) wet to (semi) dry process)• Replacing high carbon fuels by low carbon fuels• Applying lower clinker/cement ratio (increasing the

ratio additives/cement): blended cements.• Application of alternative cements (mineral polymers)• Removal of CO2 from the flue gases

CO2 emission in Malaysia

Minimizing the output of CO2 during anyconstruction process is highly desirable

CO2 Mitigation Costs

A study analyzing cost optimizationfor different emissions reduction targetsfound that reducing emissions by up to50% would increase the cost of producing cement by around 55%.

UNEP (2010)

Direct CO2 Emissions from Cement Manufacturing

1. Calcinations of limestone in the raw materials2. Conventional fossil kiln fuels

3. Alternative fossil-based kiln fuels (fossil wastes)4. Biomass kiln fuels (biomass wastes)5. Non-kiln fuels

Direct GHG emissions are emissions from sources that are ownedor controlled by the reporting entity. In cement plants, direct CO2emissions result from the following sources:

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cement

The main sources of carbon dioxide in cementmanufacturing are:

• Combustion of fossil fuel and• Limestone calcinations.

Approximately, half of the CO2 emitted by the cementindustry originates from the fuel and half from thecalcinations that will convert raw materials into clinker.

Cement manufacturing consists of raw meal grinding,blending, pre-calcining, clinker burning and cementgrinding.

limestone and other materials containing calcium, silicon,aluminumand iron oxides are crushed and milled into a raw meal

The meal goes further into the kiln for heating andreaction between calcium oxide and other elements toform calcium silicates andaluminates at a temperature up to 1450oC

The typical clinker composition: CaO= 65 ± 3%, SiO2=21 ± 2%, Al2O3= 5 ± 1.5%, and FeO3 = 3± 1%

The CO2 emissions of manufacturing cement result fromthe production of the intermediate product, clinker.Reducing the clinker content reduces, therefore, the energyand carbon intensity of the cement produced.

The Clinker-Based Methodology

The clinker-based approach derives the process-relatedCO2 emissions from the amount of clinker produced plusthe amount of CKD not recycled to the kiln.The calculation generally takes the following form:

Clinker Emission Factor

Companies should derive an emission factor to calculateCO2 emissions from clinker based on the percent of CaO and MgO in the clinker and adjusted to account for non-carbonate CaO and MgO. It reflects the CaCO3 andMgCO3 contained in the raw materials and excludesnon-carbonate CaO and MgO. The emission factor willtake the form of mass CO2/mass clinker.

Use the following steps to derive an emission factor

• Determine amount of clinker produced,• Determine CaO and MgO content of clinker • Subtract the non-carbonate sources CaO and

MgO from the total amount of CaO and MgO• Multiply the remaining quantity of CaO and MgOby their respective stoichiometric ratios.

Example 1

• Calculate CO2 emissions from producing clinker and derive a clinker CO2 emissions factor.

• According to cement company XY‟s activity data, it produces 10metric tons of clinker with CaO and MgO comprising 60% and 5% bymass, respectively. The activity data also shows that it imports 75kgof non-carbon bound CaO per ton clinker. Cement company XYproduces the remaining CaO and MgO content of its clinker on-sitethrough the calcination of CaCO3 and MgCO3.

• To determine the CO2 emissions, follow the three steps presentedbelow. Steps 1 and 2 show how to calculate total emissions; step 3derives a clinker CO2 emission factor

• Step 1: Subtract the imported CaO from the total amount of CaO;[10 metric tons clinker (.6)] – [10 metric tons (0.075)] = 5.25 metrictons CaO

• Step 2: Multiply the quantity of CaO and MgO by their respectivestoichiometric ratios. The CO2/CaO stoichiometric ratio = [molecular

weight of CO2 (44g)]/ [ molecular weight of CaO (56g)] = 0.785

Solution

2 metrictons67.455.012.4emissions2COClinker TotalCO2tonsmetric0.55MgO(1.1)tonsMetric0.5

MgO tonsmetric0.5(0.05)Clinker tonsMetric101.1MgO(40g)of weightMolecular

CO2(44g)of WeightMolecular ratiotricstoichiome /2COThe

2COTonsmetric4.12CaO(0.785)tonsMetric5.25

785.0CaO(56g)of weightMolecular CO2(44g)of WeightMolecular ratiotricstoichiome/2COThe

Step 3 : Derive a clinker CO2 emissions factor.

Clinker CO2 emissions factor = 4.67 tCO2/10 t clinker = 0.467 tCO2/metric ton clinker = 467.0 kgCO2/metric ton clinker

5% of global carbon dioxide emissions originates fromcement production. About half of it from calcinations andhalf of combustion processes. A wide range of optionsexists to reduce CO2 emissions considerably.

REDUCTION of CO2 emissions

Process Description Equation

2COCaOHeat3CaCO

Selection of Good Practice Methods

Clinker fromEmissionCOfactor Correction*DataProductionActivity

Clinker Emission Factor

8g/mCaO)CO2)/(56.0le(44.01g/mo*CaOFractionker clin EF

0.785*CaOFractionker clin EF

0.5070.785*646.0ker clin EF

The IPCC guide lines recommends two possible methods for calculating the emission factor. The First Method is used by IPCC isto assume a default value which is 64.6 percent, and secondmethod is to calculate the average lime concentration in clinker collecting data on clinker production and lime fraction by types.

Cement Replacing Materials

Cement Replacement Materials in

Construction Industry

Benefits of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development addresses environmentalissues, while providing opportunities for economicgrowth and social responsibility. Incorporating

sustainable development principles in projects allows for environmental, economic, and social benefits beyondwhat are usually achieved.

Green Buildings

Buildings are an important part of our daily lives. Despite their importance, our built environment has negatively impacted the naturalenvironment in many ways. In order to reduce these impacts, aconcept known as green building is emerging. Green buildings providethese benefits:

Environmental Reduce the impacts of our built environment inareas such as energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and use of environmentally-friendly materials.

Economic Studies show that installing green buildingtechnologies can be cost-efficient in the longrun

Social Improving indoor environmental qualitycreates a healthier environment for theoccupants of a building, which may helpincrease their productivity.

Ecological Enhancements

Ecological EnhancementsEcological enhancements are strategies designed to improve wildlifehabitat for plants and animals. Ecological enhancements restore a siteto a more natural, ecologically healthy state, which increases thevalue of the affected ecosystem as well as the neighboring builtenvironment. The benefits of ecological enhancements are:

Environmental Ecological controls can benefit the environment innumerous ways, such as serving as a filtrationsystem in storm water runoff or biodegradingenvironmental contaminants.

Economic Remediation projects with ecological enhancementsare resulting in significant cost-savings.

Social Sustainable development using ecologicalenhancement serves communities by preservinggreen space and creating opportunities for environmental education.

Smart Growth

Smart GrowthThat Smart Growth principles are essential for environmentally

responsible growth and development. Smart Growth addresses, ona broad scale, how and where development should occur. SmartGrowth benefits are

Environmental Smart Growth strategies can improve air and water quality, facilitate redevelopment of contaminatedproperties, and preserve open space.

Economic Smart Growth strategies can create jobs andexpand the local tax base to create economicallycompetitive communities.

Social Smart Growth development creates healthycommunities by creating a cleaner environmentand builds stronger neighborhoods that create agreater sense of community.

Fiber ReinforcementSteel Reinforced Concrete

Global Warming Mitigation Action

• Greening of the cities :

– Parks & greenbelts – Urban villages – Green buildings – Bio-remediation

• Landscape restorationand rehabilitation

Implications: Landscape

• Role of landscaping – Cooling and air scrubbing – Green roofs and buffers – Interior plant scaping

• Controversial issues – Water use – Yard waste

Wind Energy

Photovoltaique Panels

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Save Electricity

Recycling of Waste Materials

Example: Paper recycling

process

Recycling one(1) ton of paper saves

17 mature trees,26 m3 of water,2.3 m3 of landfill space,2 barrels of oil (84 US gal or 320 l), and4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricitySave enough energy to power the average

Malaysian home for six months

(US EPA, 2010)

- Global warming Mitigation Action- Corporate Sustainability

-Q& A session8

Corporate Sustainability

Economy - P rofits

Growth, Jobs,Taxes

ProductsServices

Environment - P lanetEco-efficienciesEco-effectiveness

Equity - P eople Employees

Community / CultureWorld

SustainableDevelopment (SD)

Smart Business

AssetManagement

Financial CapitalBuilt Capital

(Capital Growth)

Natural Capital

Human Capital

Social Capital(Productive Society)Sustainable Value Creation

Municipal Sustainability

EconomicSecurity

Responsiblebusinesses,

Jobs, Tax base

Infrastructureand Built

EnvironmentPublic transit,Energy-efficient

buildings

Ecological Integrity Air, Land, Water,Biodiversity, Localrenewable energy,

Zero waste

Governance andEmpowerment

Social Well-beingHealth care, Safety,Education, Housing,

Culture

ResponsibleGrowth

Questions ?Thank you

EIS Sustainable Concepts

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