Post on 28-Sep-2020
transcript
Heat Pump Furnaces and Water Heaters -
A Clean Energy Solution
to Decarbonize Bay Area Homes
Pierre Delforge - April 27, 2016
pdelforge@nrdc.org
www.nrdc.org
www.350SiliconValley.org
Tonight’s story
The villains: fossil vampires in your closet
The hero: here comes the heat pump! (what’s that?)
The battle: GHGs rule!
Now what?
How much does it cost?
How do I get one?
Staying under 1.5°C…
2
2°C carbon budget
(Paris agreement: aim for 1.5°C)
3
https://ethicsandclimate.org/category/paris/
A consumption-based GHG emissions inventory of
the SF Bay Area
4
Source: http://www.baaqmd.gov/research-and-data/emission-inventory/consumption-based-ghg-emissions-inventory
Energy-Indirect represents the construction and maintenance of power plants, power lines, and natural gas
production and distribution infrastructure.
SF Bay Area Average 44.3 metric tons CO2e per household
Twice as much CO2 emissions from natural gas as
from electricity in average Bay Area home
As electricity is getting cleaner…
(chart based on PG&E’s electricity mix(2),
some local utilities even cleaner)
… natural gas is now responsible for
two thirds of emissions in the home.
And not even accounting for methane
leakage (e.g. Aliso Canyon)
(1) Jones C., Kammen D., “Bay Area Consumption-Based Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory”, Jan. 2016,
http://www.baaqmd.gov/research-and-data/emission-inventory/consumption-based-ghg-emissions-inventory
(2) 56% carbon-free in 2014, per http://www.energy.ca.gov/sb1305/labels/
5
CO2 Emissions of Average Bay Area Home(1)
Electricity
(1/3)
Natural gas
(2/3)
Two pathways to decarbonize buildings
+ energy efficiency foundation
6
• Clean electricity + high-efficiency appliances
Electrification
• Biogas
• Synthetic gas from renewable electricity (power-to-gas)
Decarbonized fuels
Energy efficiency
Heat pump technology is available for three types of
home appliances
7
Heat-pump
clothes dryer
Heat-pump
water heater
Air-source and
geothermal
heat-pumps
Water Heater GHG Comparison (PG&E mix*)
As electricity becomes
cleaner over time thanks
to CA’s clean energy
policies…
… heat pump water
heating will reduce GHG
emissions by up to 80%
by 2030 vs. natural gas
in PG&E territory.
8
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
MT
CO
2e
/ M
Wh
PG&E Average GHG Emissions Factor
CPUC Data
Extrapolation
(*) Comparison varies by utility.
NRDC analysis
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
201
5
201
6
201
7
201
8
201
9
202
0
202
1
202
2
202
3
202
4
202
5
202
6
202
7
202
8
202
9
203
0
kg
CO
2 / y
GHG Emissions per Water Heater
Gas storage mineff (EF 0.60)
Electric storage(EF 0.95)
Gas tankless (EF0.94)
Electric heat pump(EF 3.4)
Heat Pump Technology: 2 to 4 Times More Efficient
than Electric Resistance Heating
Moves heat (like a fridge or A/C in reverse) instead of
generating it (like electric resistance water heaters).
9
Heat Pump Water Heating
10
Heat pump water heaters are a mature technology with a
wide range of affordable models in the market
Popular models:
100 ENERGY STAR models (August 2015)
GE GeoSpring
GEH50DEEDSR
$1,200-$1,500
AO Smith
Voltex
$1,200-$1,500
Kenmore
Elite Hybrid
$1,200-$1,500
Sanden
San CO2
$2,500-$3,000
Heat Pump Space Heating
11
Provides both heating and cooling (replaces A/C).
Market is nascent in California, but already well developed
in Pacific Northwest and New England.
Two main types of heat pumps for space heating:
Ductless mini-split
(more efficient)
Ducted heat pumps
(easier retrofit)
How much does it cost?
• Upfront costs (equipment and installation) are currently higher than
natural gas appliances
• Operating costs can be lower and offset the higher upfront costs
(in the right conditions)
• Situations that help make heat pump cost effective:
Low off-peak time-of-use rates + controls
Rooftop solar
Highest efficiency heat pumps
Installing new central A/C or replacing old one (install a heat pump instead
at little extra cost)
New construction or no gas: avoid gas line costs + gas monthly fees
Rebates ($500 PG&E rebate for heat pump water heater)
Over time: higher natural gas rates…
12
Minimizing operational costs
1. Oversize your HPWH
to avoid resistive mode
2. Get on a time-of-use
rate with lowest
possible off-peak rate
3. Schedule your HPWH
to run off-peak
4. Go solar
E1 (standard
tiered rate)
EV-A (EV rate)
E6 (old TOU and
tiered, expiring
May 1)
E-TOU-A (new TOU,
2 tiers)
Most HPWH
usage likely on
tier 3,
penalizes
electrification
Good if HPWH
controlled to
run off-peak.
Most HPWH
usage likely on
tier 3, penalizes
electrification
Most HPWH
usage likely
above baseline,
penalizes
electrification
Tier 1 $0.18
Off-peak $0.11 Tier 1
off-peak $0.15
Tier 1 off-peak $0.18
Tier 4 $0.36
Peak $0.37
Tier 4 peak $0.52
Tier 2 peak $0.34
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$0.45
$0.50
$0.55
$0.60
E1 EV-A E6 E-TOU-A
PG&E rates (March 2016, per kWh, average summer/winter)
Tier 2,
off-peak
$0.30
Tier 3,
off-peak
$0.22 Tier 3,
$0.29
NRDC analysis
The “duck curve”: avoid using your HPWH at grid peak to
minimize emissions from dirty peaker plants
14
Over-generation leads
to solar curtailment
Peak demand requires
dirty peaker plants
Rapid ramp-up
threatens grid stability
How do I get one?
Find a contractor (search for local HVAC contractors
advertising heat pump expertise)
Water heater: – While no special skills are required to install vs. gas, a contractor with
heat pump expertise can advise on model choice and sizing.
– Make sure to get a high efficiency model to minimize operating costs
(Energy Factor >= 3.1)
Space heating: – More complicated and expensive, important to choose a contractor with
substantial heat pump expertise and check references.
How can we scale up the adoption of heat pump technology
in the Bay Area?
Barriers Strategies
Lack of public awareness Public outreach
Higher equipment and installation costs
(including potential electric panel upgrade)
City bulk buy programs, financing, target
advantageous situations such as A/C
replacement
Rates: standard electric rates penalize
heat pump owners
Advocate for utilities and CCEs to set
electrification-friendly rates.
Target EV / PV owners.
Promote highest efficiency models.
Contractors not aware, trained Contractor outreach and training
Retailers don’t stock many models Retailer partnerships
City building departments not trained City building departments training
Split financial incentives for renters and
landlords
Target home owners first
Summary
Replacing natural gas appliances (furnace, water heater,
clothes dryer) by electric heat-pump appliances is a key
opportunity to decarbonize Bay Area residential and
commercial buildings
Promoting electrification-friendly policies in Bay Area
cities is an important strategy for local climate advocacy
THANKS!