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A N O V E R V I E W O F T H E S U B J E C T
Semiconductor Material & Devices
Usman Ali Khan
Contents
1. Subject Information
2. The study of Electronics
3. History
4. Semiconductor 4. Semiconductor Materials
5. Atomic Structure
Subject Information
Code: EE120Text Book: Electronic Devices & Circuits by Theodore F. Bogart 6th ed.Electronic Devices & Circuits by David A Bell 4th ed.Electronic Devices & Circuits by Floyd Electronic Devices & Circuits by Floyd Electronic Devices & Circuits by Manzar SaeedBasics of Electronic Device by NIIT
Marks distribution
Total Marks: 150 Theory: 100 Practical: 50 Session Marks: 20
• Assignments: 05• Assignments: 05• Quiz: 05• Project + Presentations: 05• Attendance: 05
IntroductionSemiconductor Devices
Building blocks of useful electronic devicesSemiconductor devices include:
DiodesPN junctionPN junctionLight Emitting Diode (LED)Zener DiodeTunnel DiodeVaractor DiodeLaser DiodePhoto Diode
TransistorsBipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
• NPN BJT• PNP BJT
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)(JFET)
Amplifier FundamentalsSmall Signal Transistor Amplifier
Integrated Circuits (ICs)Analog ICsDigital ICs
Basic Atomic Theory
Every chemical element is composed of atoms
All atoms within a single element have same structure
Every element is unique because the structure of its atoms is uniqueatoms is unique
Atom is composed of three basic particles:Protons (+ive charge)
Neutrons
Electrons (-ive charge)
Nucleus
Silicon Atom
Orbits or Shells K, L, M,N Draw the atomic
structure of Ge (32)
P=14N=14
Valence Shell
Ne( Electrons in nth orbit) = 2n2
+
Sub-shells
Shell Sub-shell CapacityK s 2
Ls 2
p 6p 6
M
s 2
p 6
d 10
N
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
Free Electrons
When electrons get enough energy (e.g. from heating), they leave their parent atoms and become free electrons. Flow of free electrons is called current. Therefore more free electrons and more current.
+
Free electrons in (i) conductors (ii) Insulators & (iii) Semiconductors
Valence electrons have more tendency to become free electrons because of less attraction force between nucleus and valence shell
Flow of Free Electrons (Current)
Material containing free electrons
--
Force of repulsion Force of attraction
--
- +
Excess of electrons Lack of electrons
-
Silicon Crystal (Covalent Bonding)
For stability there should be 8 electrons in valence shell
+ *
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Si Crystal
H O L E C U R R E N T
Current in Semiconductors
Usman Ali Khan
Contents
1. Basics
2. Electron Energy
3. Energy Bands3. Energy Bands
4. Temperature & Resistance
5. Holes & Hole Current
Basics:Rupturing of covalent bond
The unit of energy is electronvolt(eV)
Energy acquired by one electron if it is accelerated through potential difference of one volt
1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J
Valence Electron energy considerably large and need a few amount of energy to release
Electrons in inner shell possess little energy and need a large amount of energy to release
Electrons can lose energy in the form of heat and light
Free electrons can alco lose and fall into valence shell
Important Quantities
Quantity Symbol Unit Unit SymbolCurrent I Ampere A
Voltage V Volt V
Charge Q Coulomb C
Energy W,E Joule J
Electric Field Strength E Volt/meter V/m
Volume V Cubic meter m3
Area A Squared meter m2
Resistance R Ohm Ω
Conductance G Moh, Siemens S
Resistivity ρ Ohm-meter Ω-m
Conductivity σ Siemens/meter S/m
Important Relations
V = IR (Ohm's Law) I = Q/t W = QV R = ρl/A
G = 1/Rσ = 1/ ρ σ = 1/ ρ
Charge on electron = e = 1.602 X 10-19 C Electron energy = 1 eV = 1.602 X 10-19 J
Rupturing of Covalent Bonds
+ Electron Freed
+ +
+
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+ Electron Freed (Conduction Band)Hole created
Covalent bond ruptured
Valence bandEnergy is supplied in the form of heat to rupture covalent band
Electron Energy
Electrons closer to nucleus are more tightly bound and need more energy to become free
P=14N=14
E1
E2
E3
Therefore:
E1 > E2 > E3
If free electron loses energy and falls back to valence band, this process is called “Annihilation” or “Recombination”
Lost energy emits as light
Energy Bands:Quantum theory explain these bands as
Conduction Band :
Free electrons accommodate there
Valence Band :
Electrons having lesser energy accommodate there
Forbidden band: Forbidden band:
The region between valence and conduction band
No electrons can stay at this energy levet
Energy Bands
eV
Conduction Band(Free Electrons)
Valence Band(Electrons in Valence Shell)
Forbidden Band
(Free Electrons)
Energy Gap
Energy gap is the energy required to rupture covalent bond
Energy Bands for Different Materials
Forbidden Band
Conduction Band
Forbidden Band
Conduction Band
≤0.01eV
Valence BandValence Band
Valence Band
Forbidden Band
Conduction Band
Valence Band
Forbidden Band
Conduction Band
Insulators Conductors
Silicon Germanium
1.1eV0.67eV
Temperature dependent
Temperature & Resistance
dT
dR=αTemp. Coeff. = α
α = -ive
T
I
R
Conductors Semiconductors
R
I
T
α = +iveα = -ive
Holes & Hole Current
+ +++
+ + ++
+ +++
+Hole Movement
Electron Movement
Hole Current Vs Electron Current
The movement of holes and electrons is in opposite directions
There are no holes in pure conductors, they are only created in semiconductors
There are two currents in semiconductors:There are two currents in semiconductors:Hole current (Band ? Charge ?)Free electron current (Band ? Charge ?)
The total current in semiconductor materials is the sum of hole current and electron current
Number of holes = ?
Charge Carriers
Holes are called positive charge carriers
Free electrons are called negative charge carriers
For pure (Intrinsic) semiconductors: Number of positive charge carriers = Number of negative charge carriers
Is there any way to make charge carriers unequal? Is there any way to make charge carriers unequal?
Let hole density be pi (holes/m3) and electron density be ni (electrons/m3) where i denotes intrinsic semiconductor, then:
ni = pi
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Intrinsic Semiconductor
Charge Carriers at Room Temperature
SiliconCarriers/m3
GermaniumCarriers/m3
CopperCarriers/m3
1.5 X 1016 2.4 X 1019 8.4 X 1028
Thank You