EmbodiedCognition(oraBiologicalTheoryofKnowledge)RodrigoSuárez

"Ibelievethereisnodeepdifferencebetweenwhatcanbeachievedbyabiologicalbrainandwhatcanbeachievedbyacomputer.Itthereforefollowsthatcomputerscan,intheory,emulatehumanintelligence— andexceedit”(StephenHawkins2016)

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Talos ofCrete:Thebronzeautomaton

Moravec's paradox

"itiscomparativelyeasytomakecomputersexhibitadultlevelperformanceonintelligencetestsorplayingcheckers,anddifficultorimpossibletogivethemtheskillsofaone-year-oldwhenitcomestoperceptionandmobility."

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Aristotle(384-322BC)

- Epigenesis toreplacepreformism

- Holism(thewholeisofnecessitypriortothepart)

- Matterand‘formalcause’arecomplementaryandinterdependent.

- Mind(anima,soul,form,essence,psyche)andbodyarenotdistinct,andarepresentinalllivingorganisms… althoughhumanintellectmayexistindependently.

- Theheartmovesvitalfluids,thebrainisjustacoolant.

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DelMaestro1998

LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)

DelMaestro1998

RenéDescartes(1596-1650)DiscourseontheMethod (1637)MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy(1641)PrinciplesofPhilosophy(1644)

- Machine-likemechanismsrulethebody(likeautomata),there’snoformalcauses.- TheSoul,however,isnotopentomechanisticexplanation,asitisnotmadeofmatter(Cartesiandualism).- ThePinealglandistheinterfacebetweenbodyandsoul.

“cogito,ergosum”asaresponsetoradicalskepticism

TheNaturalHistoryoftheSoul(1745)L'homme Machine (1747)

-Fromanimalstomanthereisnoabrupttransition.-ExplicitlydeniedtheexistenceofGod,aslogicallyimplausible.- Mentalprocessesarisefrommaterialinteractions,anddependonbodilyactions.- RejectedCartesianbody-minddualism.- Hedonisticpursuit,diedofgluttony-inducedgastritis,followedbydelirium…

‘furtherdemonstratingthebodilyeffectsonthemind’

Astrongdeterminists/materialistsofthe18th centuryFrenchenlightenment

JulienOffray deLaMettrie (1709-1751)

CritiqueofPureReason,1781CritiqueofPracticalreason,1788Critiqueofjudgement.1790

- Experienceisa‘construction’ofthemind.- Introductionof‘subjective’views,suchas‘apriori’experience,inperception.- Anactiveroleoftheindividual.- Thesoulisnotseparatefromthebody

ImmanuelKant(1724-1804)

JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,1749-1832

TheoryofColours,1810;perception,colouropponentwheelOpposedtoNewton’sanalytictreatmentofcolour.EarlyversionsofGestaltPsychology(Phenomenology,subjectivity)Earlyversionsofbiologicalhomology(Transformationofplants1790)

ZoologicalPhilosophy(1809):

- Commonancestry- Useanddisuse- Epigenesis- Common‘lifefaculties’:

- Feeding- Buildingthemselves- Development- Reproduction

Jean-BaptisteLamarck(1744-1829)

Physicalcauses,feelingisembodiedandegoindivisible.

1871

‘Umwelt’andtheSchoolofBio-semiotics

Jakob vonUexküll (1864-1944)

Umwelt:"self-centeredworld”Itisalsothesemioticworldoftheorganism,includingallthemeaningfulaspectsoftheworldforanyparticularorganism…

Anorganismcreatesandreshapesitsownumwelt whenitinteractswiththeworld.

LudwigvonBertalanffy 1901-1972

SchoolofVienna(1930-50s,LudwigvonBertalanffy &PaulWeiss)

PaulWeiss1898-1989

19681901-1972

SchoolofVienna(1930-50s,LudwigvonBertalanffy &PaulWeiss)

HierarchicallyOrganizedSystems

PaulWeiss(1898-1989)

PhDadvisorofRogerSperry

Zing-YangKuo (1898-1970)Epigenesis ofbehaviour (1930s),anti-instinct

GilbertGottlieb(1929-2006)Probabilisticepigenesis

RogerSperry(1913-1994)

Sperry1960s.Chemoaffinity andtheorderlygrowthoffibres

"WhattheFrog'sEyeTellstheFrog'sBrain”Lettvin,Maturana &McCullogh 1959(OneofthemostcitedpapersinNeuroscience)Localprocessingofvisualfeaturesinretinalganglioncells

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Anautopoietic machineisasystemorganized(definedasaunity)asanetworkofprocessesofproduction(transformationanddestruction)ofcomponentswhich:(i) throughtheirinteractionsandtransformationscontinuously

regenerateandrealizethenetworkofprocesses(relations)thatproducedthem;and

(ii) constituteit(themachine)asaconcreteunityinspaceinwhichthey(thecomponents)existbyspecifyingthetopologicaldomainofitsrealizationassuchanetwork.

DeMáquinas ySeres Vivos(Maturana &Varela1973)

(Autopoiesis andCognition,Maturana &Varela1981–availableonline-)

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Enaction: cognitionthroughaction

”… cognitionisnottherepresentationofapre-givenworldbyapre-givenmindbutisrathertheenactmentofaworldandamindonthebasisofahistoryofthevarietyofactionsthatabeingintheworldperforms".

Varelaetal1991.TheEmbodiedMind

“Representation”ofexternalrealityisthereforeacontinualadjustmentofthebrain’sself-generatedpatternsbyoutsideinfluences,aprocesscalled“experience”bypsychologists.Fromtheaboveperspective,therefore,theengineeringterm“calibration”issynonymouswith“experience.”Paradoxically,suchaviewisquiterecentinneuroscienceresearchandis,ofcourse,hardtodefendifonesubscribestoAristotle’sthesisthatnothingmovesorchangesitself.Thenovelideaofa“self-cause”–governedprinciplehasemergedinseveraldisciplinesandisreferredtobynumeroussynonyms,suchasspontaneous,endogenous,autogenous,autochthonous,autopoietic,autocatakinetic,self-organized,self-generated,self-assembled,andemergent.

G.Buzsaki 2008,RhythmsoftheBrain

ErnstvonGlasersfeld (1917-2010)

RadicalConstructivism,Epistemology

HeinzvonFoerster (1911-2002)Self-organization,secondordercybernetics

Structuraldeterminism

- Structure-determinedsystemsaresystemssuchthateverythingthathappensinthem(ortothem)isdeterminedateveryinstantbytheirownstructuraldynamicsatthatinstant.- Externalagentsmayonlytriggerinitchangesdeterminedinitsstructurewithoutspecifyingthem.- Astructure-determinedsystem,therefore,hasastructurethatchangesfollowingacoursecontingenttothecourseofitsinteractions,andwheneverweliveasituationthatseemtoviolatestructuraldeterminism,weareastonished.

Metabolism

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Whatdowesee?Howdoweseeit?Doesitmatter?

Itoetal.,2010

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