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Chemistry 23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers
A patient does not experience pain during surgery when given a general anesthetic. The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers. You will read about the chemical characteristics of ethers that make them good anesthetics.
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers >
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Alcohols
Alcohols
How are alcohols classified and named?
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
• An alcohol is an organic compound with an — OH group.
• The —OH functional group in alcohols is called a hydroxyl group or hydroxy function.
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Aliphatic alcohols can be classified into structural categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
When using the IUPAC system to name continuous-chain and substituted alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol.
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Alcohols can have more than one hydroxyl group.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
These alcohols contain one, two, or three hydroxyl groups.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common component of many household products.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols
Aliphatic alcohols are used in many household products, including antiseptics, antifreeze, and cosmetics.
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Properties of Alcohols
Properties of Alcohols
How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain?
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols
Alcohols of up to four carbons are soluble in water in all proportions. The solubility of alcohols with four or more carbons in the chain is usually much lower.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols
Fermentation is the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria. A second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes bread to rise.
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols
Ethanol is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages. It is a depressant that can be fatal if taken in large doses at once.
• Denatured alcohol is ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic (poisonous).
• Denatured alcohol is used as a reactant or as a solvent in industrial processes.
23.2
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Addition Reactions
Addition Reactions
What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules?
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules.
• In an addition reaction, a substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne.
• Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are much more reactive than single bonds between carbon atoms.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
Addition Across a Double Bond
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
The addition of water to an alkene is a hydration reaction.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions
The addition of hydrogen to a carbon–carbon double bond to produce an alkane is called a hydrogenation reaction.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers >
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Ethers
Ethers
What is the general structure of an ether and how are the alkyl groups of an ether named?
23.2
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Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers
The general structure of an ether is R—O—R. The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in alphabetical order and are followed by the word ether.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers
An ether is a compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups.
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Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers23.2
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Section Quiz
-or-Continue to: Launch:
Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section
23.2 Section Quiz.
23.2.
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23.2 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. The structure of a secondary alcohol has ___________ attached to the __________ group.
a. two R groups, OH
b. two OH groups, R
c. one R group, C—OH
d. two R groups, C—OH
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23.2 Section Quiz.
2. Choose the correct words for the space. Alcohols that are completely soluble in water have _________ carbons in the chain.
a. four or less
b. three or less
c. four or more
d. more than four
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23.2 Section Quiz.
3. What type of reaction would convert CH2=CH—CH3 into CHBr—CHBr—CH3?
a. substitution
b. hydrogenation
c. addition
d. hydration
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23.2 Section Quiz.
4. Which structure is ethylmethyl ether?
a. CH3—CH2—OH—CH2
b. CH3—CH2—CHO
c. CH3CH2—O— CH3
d. CH2CH—CH3—OH
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