Morpheme Smallest grammatical unit of language It may or may not stand alone

Morpheme Free Morpheme – can function

independently as words and can appear with other words

Bound Morpheme – appears only parts of words. Most common type is affixes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes)

TYPES OF WORD FORMATION Compounding Clipping Blending Acronym Eponym Borrowing Derivation

Back-Formation

COMPOUNDING It is the process of joining or combining two or

more words to make a longer wordExample:Rain + Coat = RaincoatBasket + Ball = BasketballWork + Room = Workroom

COMPOUNDINGExample:Rain + Coat = RaincoatBasket + Ball = BasketballAirplane + Port = AirportBrain + Storm = BrainstormChair + Man = ChairmanWork + Room = Workroom

CLIPPING It is the process in which a word is reduced or

shortened without changing the meaning of the word

CLIPPING Types of Clipping:

1. Back Clipping – removing the end portion of a word

2. Fore Clipping – removing the beginning portion of a word

3. Middle Clipping – retaining only the middle part of a word

CLIPPINGExample: Bike – Bicycle Gas – Gasoline Math – Mathematics Gym – Gymnasium Fridge – Refrigerator Sub – Submarine

BLENDING It is the process in which parts of two or more

words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words

BLENDINGExample: Camera + Recorder = Camcorder Cybernetic + Organism = Cyborg Emotion + Icon = Emoticon Information + Commercial = Infomercial Internet + Citizen = Netizen Smoke + Fog = Smog

ACRONYMS A word or name formed as

an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually in the form of individual letters.

ACRONYMSExample: RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NASA – National Aeronautics and Space

Administration OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries

EPONYMS A word formation process in which a new

word is formed from the name of a real fictitious person.

EPONYMSExample: America – Amerigo Vespucci August – Augustus Caesar Celsius – Anders Celsius Mach – Ernst Mach Volcano – Vulcan, Roman God of Fire Victorian – Queen Victoria of England

BORROWING A word formation process in which a word

from one language is borrowed directly into another language.

BORROWINGExample: Algebra (Arabic) Democracy (Greek) Cookie (Dutch) Haiku (Japanese) Murder (French) Pizza (Italian) Yo-Yo (Tagalog)

DERIVATION A type of word formation process in which a

derivational affix attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word.

DERIVATION

Aero (air) – AeroplaneAgri (related to farming) – Agriculture Anti (against or opposed to) – Anti-CommunistCardio (related to the heart) – Cardiology

-Cycle (circle or cycle) – bicycle, tricycle-ess (feminine) – duchess -ful (characterized by or fullness) – beautiful

Prefixes Suffixes

BACK-FORMATION A word formation process in which an actual

or supposed derivational affix detaches from the base form of a word to create a new word.

BACK-FORMATIONExample: Automate – Automation Babysit – Babysitter Blockbust – Blockbuster Brainwash – Brainwashing Commentate – Commentator Destruct – Destruction