Post on 08-Jan-2016
description
transcript
English Language Learners ELLs
By
Nancy Tavarez Correa
List 3 things you know about ELLs and 3 things you want to know.
Know Want to Know Learned
Essential Terminology
Bilingual Education ESL : English as a Second Language ELS: English Language Services LESA : Limited English Speaking Ability (1968) LEP : Limited English Proficiency ELLs : English Language Learners L1 : Native Language L2 : Target Language, English BICS : Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills CALP : Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency WIDA : World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment
Why people migrate to the USA?
Better economical opportunities– Completed a higher education in their country but
were unable to find a job in their field– Completed only the elementary or secondary
education and were unable to find a job that provided the basic needs
Escaping War Religious Freedom
Migration Pattern and Bilingualism in USA
1664: At least 18 languages were openly accepted, consisting of German, Dutch, French, Swedish, Irish, and Welsh among others
1694: German language schooling 1830: progressive large wave of immigrants resulted in native
language instruction in certain areas 1847: Ohio Law authorized instruction in German and English,
Louisiana followed with French-English, about a dozen states had similar laws
1889: major attacks to bilingualism, but the Germans fought back 1900: Italian, Jews and Slavs began to outnumber Germans, Irish and
Scandinavian 1906: First federal language law- English speaking requirement for
naturalization 1915: 24% of the schools in American taught in German-English 1924: Decline of bilingualism due to WWII and the anti-German feeling
Federal Laws and Mandates
Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) or Bilingual Education Act of 1968
Lau Vs. Nichols (1974), Lau Remedies (1975) Major Amendments to the Bilingual Education Act
– 1974: defined bilingual program– 1978: extended to include all aspects of English literacy– 1980 : Native language instruction for content area– 1984 :Allowed 4% of funding special alternative programs– 1988 : Increased funding of alternative programs to
25%– 2002 : Expiration of Title VII and the birth of NCLB
Federal Laws and Mandates
The NCLB, Title III :– Judges school performance based on percentage
of ELLs that are reclassified as fluent– Mandates annual “secure” language assessments– Withhold funds for failure to show academic
progress in English – Funds are distributed by state through a formula
grants based on ELLs enrollment– OBEMLA changed to OELALEAALEPS
New Jersey Laws and Mandates
New Jersey Bilingual Education Administration Code: N.J.S.A. 18A:35
– Bilingual Education: 20 or more students in the district - must provide native language instruction based on the students language proficiency
– At Least 2 ESL periods: more than 10 students in the district– English Language Services: less than 10 students in the district– Staff serving as ESL or Bilingual Teacher must have the respective
certification: Bilingual/Bicultural Teacher or/and ESL teacher– State Language proficiency assessment : ACCESS for ELLs– Exempt from taking the Language Arts portion of NJASK, GEPA if
they have been in the country for less than 1 year
Who is considered an ELL?
Born is USA
Migrated to USA
A student whose first language is other than English and is in the process of acquiring
full proficiency
Has grade level proficiency in
the native language or is
in the elementary grades?
Yes NoStudent is likely to transition without major difficulties
Student is likely to struggle with the second language
Theories & Research
Stephen Krashens– Comprehensible Input – Form vs. Function– Learning vs. Acquisition
Jim Cummins – Common Underlying Proficiency– Interdependence of First and Second Language– Comprehensible Input
Thomas & Collier– Bilingual Education in urban setting
Stages of Acculturation/Assimilation
Acculturation Vs. Assimilation Stage 1: Euphoria
– Excitement, new experiences
Stage 2: Culture Shock– Hostility, anxiety, panic
Stage 3: Anomie– Recognize positive and negative, identity crisis
Stage 4: Adoption– Able to navigate the new culture, high level of comfort
Activity 1 :
Jose has been in this country for about two years. He is a new student at your school.
What do you need to know about him? What type of services should he receive? What strategies would you use to reach him?
Language Acquisition
BICS– Social language, cultural awareness– Takes approximately 3-4 years
CALP– Academic language– Takes approximately 5-7 years
Activity 2: BICS vs. CALP Explain the following message
if f(x) is defined and continuous on the interval [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), then there is at least one number c in the interval (a,b) so that the first derivative of f(c) equals the quotient of the difference between f(b) and f(a) over b-a.
In other words, there exists a point in the interval (a,b) which has a horizontal tangent. Meaning that there exists a point such that the tangent line is parallel to the line passing through (a,f(a)) and (b,f(b)).
Language Proficiency (WIDA & ACCESS)
Level 1: Entering– pictorial or graphic representation of the language of the
content areas; words, phrases, or chunks of language when presented with one-step commands, directions, WH-questions, or statements with visual and graphic support
Level 2: Beginning– general language related to the content areas; phrases or
short sentences; oral or written language with phonological, syntactic, or semantic errors that often impede the meaning of the communication when presented with one to multiple-step commands, directions, questions, or a series of statements with visual and graphic support
Language Proficiency (WIDA & ACCESS)
Level 3: Developing– general and some specific language of the content areas;
expanded sentences in oral interaction or written paragraphs; oral or written language with phonological, syntactic, or semantic errors that may impede the communication but retain much of its meaning
Level 4: Expanding– specific and some technical language of the content areas; a
variety of sentence lengths of varying linguistic complexity in oral discourse or multiple, related paragraphs; oral or written language with minimal phonological, syntactic, or semantic errors that do not impede the overall meaning of the communication when presented with oral or written connected discourse with occasional visual and graphic support
Language Proficiency (WIDA & ACCESS)
Level 5: Bridging – Uses the technical language of the content areas;
a variety of sentence lengths of varying linguistic complexity in extended oral or written discourse, including stories, essays, or reports; oral or written language approaching comparability to that of English proficient peers when presented with grade level material
Teaching Strategies
Know the Language Proficiency Level of your students as this will determine your instruction and assessment. For example:
Level 1 & 2 ELLs, their comprehension needs to be assessed through oral activities with the class, partner or team work, presentations and illustrations.
Level 3 & 4: their writing should be accepted as correct even when many grammatical errors may be present and may disturb the meaning.
Level 2-4, creative spelling should be encouraged throughout the lesson.
Do not try to correct each grammatical errors as they are part of the natural process of Language acquisition.
The materials used throughout the lesson should vary with the Language proficiency level.
Teaching Strategies
Total Physical Response ( TPR)– Allow students to respond by actions rather than words– Particularly useful during the silent period (Language
Proficiency L1)
Visuals and Manipulative– Hands-on artifacts, realia
Scaffolding– Model the skills and language, allow students to use your
example and modify as needed
Teaching Strategies
Cooperative learning : groups– Peer tutoring, small group activities
Plan opportunities for peer interaction– Maximize the time for oral interaction
Error vs. Mistake – error correction– Do not correct all the errors as they are part of the
language acquisition process
Teaching Strategies
Use authentic and functional language/lessons– Negotiate meaning, ask for clarification, argue persuasively
Comprehensible Input:– Support communication with gesture and body language,
paraphrase content, give additional examples, elaborate on students background knowledge, avoid jargons, run on sentences, be watchful of figurative language and idioms
Word Walls/Word List– word list reference book, writing process
Differentiated Instruction : Language Proficiency– Language proficiency and age appropriateness
Teaching Strategies
Teach and practice study skills– Structure note-taking, outlining, use of reference
material
Teach and model reading and writing strategies
Use a variety of graphic organizers
Activity 3 :
Alexis has been in this country for seven years. His ACCESS score placed him at level 3 of language proficiency development. He transferred to your school in the middle of the year.
What do you need to know about him? What are the challenges you will face? What strategies would you use to reach this student?