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l e d b y i m e c , E C N a n d T N O
Solliance
▪ Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program
TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 2
Bringing together research and industry
Materials Equipment PV Manufacturers End users
▪ Providing insight and know-how to all partners in the value chain
▪ Accelerating thin film PV developments with our industrial partners
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 3
Bringing together research and industry
Materials Equipment PV Manufacturers End users
▪ Providing insight and know-how to all partners in the value chain
▪ Accelerating thin film PV developments with our industrial partners
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 4
▪ Efficiency:
• Thin film PV
PSC, CdTe & CIGS
between
mc-Si and c-Si
▪ Maturity:
• PSC << CIGS < CdTe
▪ Cost targets (€/Wp):
• PSC < CIGS ≈ CdTe < cSi
• PSC < 0,25 €/Wp)
Hero Solar Cell efficiency evolution: 2006 - 2016
Multi-junction
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 5
Thin Film PV allows customized integration
▪ Current solutions:
• Add-on
• Nothing on façades
• Nothing on windows
• No proper fit
• Severely affected appearance
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 6
Solliance Ambition
▪ Develop low-cost production processes for
flexible PV modules with any shape and size
▪ Demonstrate these unique features in integrated PV
products for infrastructure, buildings and vehicles
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 8
Solliance: production of PV: from Lab to Fab
▪ Specific process development for CIGS and Perovskite based PV
▪ Process preferences/requirements:
• Low temperature processes: throughput, energy consumption low-cost
• Non-vacuum processes: low cost
• Short tact times (S2S) or fast R2R processes
• Large area well-controlled thin layer deposition of multi layers
▪ Defect free
▪ Layer thickness homogeneity
▪ Performance homogeneity
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 9
Solliance: Key infrastructure
▪ S2S and R2R production tools
• Slot die coating
• Ink jet printing
• Rotary screen printing
• Spatial ALD
• PECVD
• Electro-chemical deposition
• …
▪ New production tools developed by
Solliance and its partners
▪ Shared tools between
Holst Centre (flexible electronics) and
Solliance (thin film PV)
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 10
Preferred industrial deposition technologies
Wet layer deposition
Slot die coating
S2S15x15cm2 & 30x30cm2
R2R30 cm width
Dry layer deposition
Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (sALD)
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 15
High potential for Perovskite based PV (PSC)
perovskite:
CH3NH3PbI3
[PbI6]4−
octahedron
CH3NH3(+)
▪ Potential:
• High efficiency (> 22%)
• Low cost: very thin, low cost materials & processes
▪ Compare cSi wafer: 150 µm, CIGS layer 2,5 µm, Perovskite layer ≤ 0,5 µm
▪ Main challenges:
• Scale-ability: demonstrate low-cost and large scale industrial production
▪ Materials
▪ Processes
▪ Sheet-to-Sheet (S2S) Roll-to-Roll (R2R)
• Reliability: improving stability whilst maintaining high performance
• Toxicity: assessment of potential toxicity (Pb) and alternative materials
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 16
Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm2)
▪ Lab baseline V1.0:
• 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature
R2R compatible
• Dual Perovskite precursor
▪ Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:
2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing
▪ MAPbI3
• Glass: 14,5%
• PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 17
▪ Advantages:
• Short research cycles:
ideal for efficient stack optimization
• Not critical
▪ Disadvantage:
• Not scalable > 15x15cm2
• Low layer thickness uniformity
• > 90% material waste
• Batch wise
Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm2)
▪ Lab baseline V1.0:
• 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature
R2R compatible
• Dual Perovskite precursor
▪ Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:
2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing
▪ MAPbI3
• Glass: 14,5%
• PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%
▪ Lab scale process: spin coating
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 18
Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm2)
▪ Lab baseline V1.0:
• 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature
R2R compatible
• Dual Perovskite precursor
▪ Pb(Ac)2/PbCl2:
2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing
▪ MAPbI3
• Glass: 14,5%
• PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%
Introduce scale-able
industrial processes
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 19
Introducing up-scaling processes: S2S Keeping lab scale performances @ ≥ 95%
▪ Vacuum e-beam TiO2
Ambient S2S sALD TiO2
TiO2 deposition Efficiency
e-Beam TiO2
(reference)15%
ALD TiO2
(setting 1)2%
ALD TiO2
(setting 2) 14.1%
sALD TiO2
(setting 3) 9.5%
sALD TiO2
(setting 4) 14.9%
▪ Small area spin coating
Large area S2S slot die coating
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 20
Laser scribe process development
▪ All processes developed and
optimized
• type of laser, pulse frequency,
pulse power density, …
▪ P1
▪ P2
▪ P3
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 21
Up-scaled 6x6 inch2 PSC module on glass
▪ Combining up-scaling processes
• S2S Slot Die coated layers
• E-beam TiO2
• S2S Laser scribed interconnections
• S2S Packaged with laminated flexible
barrier
▪ Glass based PSC with 2 TCO’s
• Tandem applications (cfr. Sjoerd)
Aperture
Area
Sub
cellsVoc Isc FF
Aperture
Efficiency
168 cm2
GFF ≥ 95%25
21.2 V
848 mV/cell
116 mA
17.3 mA/cm267.9% 10.0 %
World record (March 2016)
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 22
▪ Tandem = cSi cell AND semi-transparent Perovskite cell
• Potential: cSi efficiency (20 – 25%) > 31%
▪ Solliance works on semi-transparent perovskite stack optimization
and integration into 4T tandem modules
• Example: First-ever fully integrated 64 cm2 4T tandem module:
Semitransparent
16 cm2 PSC module (10%)
4 cm
Development of tandem application
PSCcSi
light
4 4x4 cm2
MWT cSi cells
integrated on
back sheet at
the bottom
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 23
Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Humidity stability
• Intrinsic
Irreversible
water
up-take
1 H2O
2 H2O
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 24
Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Humidity stability
• Intrinsic
RH↑
Baseline V1.0
Fast device deterioration by increased
exposure to humidity
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 25
Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Humidity stability
• Intrinsic
RH↑
Baseline V1.0, no Al2O3 Additional ALD Al2O3 on PER
Almost no device deterioration by
increased exposure to humidity
RH↑
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
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Not only stability …
▪ Humidity stability
• Intrinsic
ALD Al2O3 (PCE↑) spatial ALD Al2O3 (PCE↑)
6
8
10
12
14
16
PC
Ea
fte
r 5
min (
%)
No (s)ALD sALD1 sALD2 sALD3
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
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Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Humidity stability
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic:
▪ Flexible R2R produced water barrier foil
• WVTR tune-able:
10-4 ≤ 10-6 g/day.m2
RH↑
Baseline V1.0, no Al2O3 Additional ALD Al2O3 on PER
RH↑
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
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Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Temperature stability
▪ Introducing improvements:
• Hinder escape of small Methyl Ammonium cation:
▪ Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 29
Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Temperature stability
▪ Introducing improvements:
• Hinder escape of small MA cation:
▪ Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers
85⁰C
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
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Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Temperature stability
▪ Introducing improvements:
• Hinder escape of small MA cation:
▪ Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers
85⁰C
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 31
Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Temperature stability
▪ Introducing improvements:
• Hinder escape of small MA cation:
▪ Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers
85⁰C
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 32
Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years
▪ Temperature stability
▪ Introducing improvements:
• Hinder escape of small MA cation:
▪ Dense (sALD) inorganic (inter)layers
• Larger cation/Smaller anion:
▪ Formamidinium/Bromide
▪ Lab baseline V2.0:
• Planar and low temperature
R2R compatible
• Introducing Formamidinium & Bromide
▪ Two step process
▪ FA1-xMAxPbI3-xBrx
▪ More stable and …
• Glass: 19%
• PET: 16,5% World record
(August 2016)
Next step towards R2R
on dedicated infrastructure
& know-how
Up
-
sc
ale
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
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Towards R2R processed PSC
▪ Substrate: PET + ITO
▪ Step 1:
• sALD TiO2 S2S R2R or
• Slot Die SnOx
▪ Step 2:
• Slot Die PER S2S R2R
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 34
Towards R2R processed PSC: results
▪ Substrate: PET + ITO
• R2R slot die of SnOx &
• R2R slot die of PER
• Devices by: S2S OMeTAD + Au
▪ Device performance:
• PCE:
▪ 12,6% MPPT, 13,7% JV scan
• Withstand 100x bending with r=10 mm
Dense crystalline layer
Solliance PSC Program - TKI Urban Energy Days - 2017-06-21
▪ 35Performance Targets PSC Program for 2017 and beyond
20172016 2018 2019Main Platform
module targets
Rigid Non-tr.
Flexible Non-tr.
Mod.
Size15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2
Mod. Eff. 10% 15% 17% / 12% 18% / 15%
Stability
Failure mechanisms
analysis report
% losses determined @
70⁰C/85%RH/1kh
≤ -20% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh
≤ -10% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh
≤ -10% @
85⁰C/85%RH/2kh
Mod. Size5x5 cm² on glass with
metal BE (lab scale)*
15x15 cm² on foil
(up-scaled)
all-R2R
15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2
all-R2R
15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2
Mod. Eff. 10% 10% 12% / 10% 14% / 12%
Stability
Start stress assessment
on stability
% losses determined @
70⁰C/85%RH/1kh on cell
Stress assessment on
stability + start failure
mechanisms
assessment
% losses determined @
65⁰C/85%RH/1kh
Failure mechanisms
analysis report
≤ -20% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh
≤ -10% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh* + Metal-based lab scale
baseline stack on foil:
≥ 12% on 0,13cm² cell
Mod.
Size5x5 cm² on glass (lab scale) 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm2
Mod. Eff. 10% 12% 14% 16% / 12 %
Stability n.a.≤ -20% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh
≤ -10% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh
≤ -10% @
85⁰C/85%RH/1kh
Rigid Semi-tr.