Post on 18-Dec-2015
transcript
Equine Restraint Equine Restraint
Chapter #2Chapter #2
Pages 29-46 Pages 29-46
Large Animal Clinical Large Animal Clinical ProceduresProcedures
Physical Restraint of Physical Restraint of Horses Horses
Restraint Restraint is the term used to imply is the term used to imply control of an animal and may be control of an animal and may be necessary for medical reasons and necessary for medical reasons and nonmedical proceduresnonmedical procedures
The two types of animal restraint are The two types of animal restraint are physical restraintphysical restraint and and chemical chemical restraintrestraint
Some times both must be used to Some times both must be used to accomplish a procedure accomplish a procedure
Type of restraint Type of restraint
Physical restraintPhysical restraint refers to refers to methods that are applied to the methods that are applied to the animal with or without use of special animal with or without use of special equipment equipment
Chemical restraintChemical restraint refers to the refers to the use of pharmaceuticals to alter the use of pharmaceuticals to alter the animal’s mental or physical abilities animal’s mental or physical abilities
Know your horseKnow your horse
Good restraint involves understanding Good restraint involves understanding the natural instinct of the horse, being the natural instinct of the horse, being able to read an individual’s able to read an individual’s temperament , and recognize the temperament , and recognize the extent of handling and training that an extent of handling and training that an individual has (or has not) had. individual has (or has not) had.
Each animal is an individual and each Each animal is an individual and each has different background has different background
Horses are natural Horses are natural suspicious and suspicious and respond best to a respond best to a calm, deliberated calm, deliberated approach (slow but approach (slow but confident)confident)
Good horsemen Good horsemen typically maintain typically maintain vocal and physical vocal and physical contact with the contact with the animal they are animal they are handling handling
Horses are traditionally Horses are traditionally handled primarily from handled primarily from their left side (also their left side (also called the called the near sidenear side.) .)
If the horse starts to If the horse starts to move away from you at move away from you at this point, attempt to this point, attempt to stay with the horse by stay with the horse by moving along side and moving along side and hold on to it’s mane. hold on to it’s mane. See where his hand is?See where his hand is?
NeverNever stand directly in front or directly stand directly in front or directly behind the horse during a procedure, unless behind the horse during a procedure, unless protected by a barrier or mechanical device.protected by a barrier or mechanical device.
Horses may also throw their heads Horses may also throw their heads violently , causing injuryviolently , causing injury
Even a normally “good horse” may display Even a normally “good horse” may display these responses when in pain or fear these responses when in pain or fear
Watch eyes, ears, nostril, tail, and body Watch eyes, ears, nostril, tail, and body movement of horse movement of horse
Fear/fearfullness- “flighty”Fear/fearfullness- “flighty”
Aggressive- ears back flat, nostrils Aggressive- ears back flat, nostrils largelarge
Reactive to sudden noveltyReactive to sudden novelty
Approachable Flighty/Fearful Approachable Flighty/Fearful listening listening
angry!angry!
Halter and Lead Rope Halter and Lead Rope Basic act of Basic act of
horsemanship is horsemanship is placing a halter placing a halter and lead rope- and lead rope- BE PREPARED! BE PREPARED!
The horse should The horse should be approached be approached from from the left side the left side
For initial For initial control control place the place the lead rope around lead rope around the neck the neck
Once the halter is Once the halter is positioned and the positioned and the buckles/snaps buckles/snaps secured, the lead secured, the lead rope is attached rope is attached
Alternate Alternate attachment of lead attachment of lead rope to halter rope to halter
Fingers should not be placed Fingers should not be placed through the buckles or snaps of through the buckles or snaps of
the halterthe halter
Don’t….Don’t…. Improper coiling of Improper coiling of
lead rope around the lead rope around the arm. arm.
Improper coiling of Improper coiling of lead rope around lead rope around the hand.the hand.
Chain shankChain shank
When a simple lead When a simple lead rope does not provide rope does not provide enough control, the enough control, the chain portion or a chain portion or a chain shank can be chain shank can be placed over the nose placed over the nose or in the mouth for or in the mouth for increasing restraint increasing restraint
Placing the chain Placing the chain over the nose is a over the nose is a mild restraint mild restraint
Chain shankChain shank
Chain shank Chain shank attached to right attached to right upper ring upper ring
Chain shank Chain shank attached between attached between the mandibles the mandibles
Chain shanksChain shanks The chain should cross the The chain should cross the
nosepiece to provide some nosepiece to provide some protection for the horse. protection for the horse.
Placement of chain shank Placement of chain shank
under the chin.under the chin.
Placing the lip shank.Placing the lip shank. A,A, Holding the chain for placement of the lip Holding the chain for placement of the lip
shank.shank. B, B, Slack is given to the chain. Slack is given to the chain. C, C, Elevating Elevating the upper lip to position the chain.the upper lip to position the chain. D, D, Elevating the Elevating the
upper lip to position the chainupper lip to position the chain
Proper position of the chain Proper position of the chain against the upper gum. Note that against the upper gum. Note that
the chain lays flat against the the chain lays flat against the
gums.gums.
Never place your hand on Never place your hand on the chain shank for the chain shank for
restraining restraining
Always tie the horse to an Always tie the horse to an object at its shoulder level or object at its shoulder level or
higher!higher! Always tie to Always tie to
something grounded, something grounded, tree, post, etc.tree, post, etc.
Never to a fence or Never to a fence or anything the horse anything the horse can pull down – if so can pull down – if so you now have you now have something chasing something chasing your horse!your horse!
Never tie up with a Never tie up with a reins on a bridle or reins on a bridle or with a chain shankwith a chain shank
Blocking vision Blocking vision
A,A, Improper method for blocking vision. Improper method for blocking vision. B, B, Proper method Proper method
for blocking visionfor blocking vision
Lifting the limbs Lifting the limbs Before elevating any leg of the horse, one Before elevating any leg of the horse, one
should position the horse in a square stanceshould position the horse in a square stance To lift a forelimb, the hand is run down the To lift a forelimb, the hand is run down the
back of the leg and the tendons or back of the leg and the tendons or suspensory ligament gently squeezed suspensory ligament gently squeezed
Lifting the limbs Lifting the limbs
Alternative method is Alternative method is squeezing the chestnut squeezing the chestnut
To elevate a hind limb, face the rear of the To elevate a hind limb, face the rear of the horse and maintain contact with one hand on horse and maintain contact with one hand on the horse’s hindquartersthe horse’s hindquarters
As with the forelimb shoulder pressure into As with the forelimb shoulder pressure into the horse’s hindquarters can help shift its the horse’s hindquarters can help shift its weight to the opposite limb and encourage weight to the opposite limb and encourage lifting the leglifting the leg
Once the leg has been lifted, it can be Once the leg has been lifted, it can be held with the hands or cradled in the held with the hands or cradled in the lap/thigh area, depending on the lap/thigh area, depending on the procedure to be performed.procedure to be performed.
HindlimbHindlimb
A,A, The hindlimb can be supported with one hand.The hindlimb can be supported with one hand.
B,B, The hindlimb can be supported on the thighs to The hindlimb can be supported on the thighs to free up the hands.free up the hands.
Twitches Twitches
Twitches are among the oldest and most Twitches are among the oldest and most commonly used methods of restraint commonly used methods of restraint
There are two methods of twitches: There are two methods of twitches:
NaturalNatural and and Mechanical Mechanical Natural Natural twitches are applied with the hand twitches are applied with the hand
directly on the horse: no especial equipment directly on the horse: no especial equipment is requiredis required
Mechanical Mechanical twitches are manmade devices twitches are manmade devices that are applied directly on the horse that are applied directly on the horse
*Twitches of any type are NOT for foals*Twitches of any type are NOT for foals
Natural Twitch Natural Twitch The shoulder twitch (“shoulder roll” or The shoulder twitch (“shoulder roll” or
“skin twitch”)“skin twitch”)
Improper grasping of the Improper grasping of the ear tip for an ear twitch ear tip for an ear twitch
Mechanical twitches.Mechanical twitches. Mechanical twitches are designed to “pinch” the Mechanical twitches are designed to “pinch” the
upper lipupper lip Long wooden handle with rope loop Long wooden handle with rope loop (top)(top). Short . Short
wooden handle with chain loop wooden handle with chain loop (middle)(middle). . Aluminum humane twitch Aluminum humane twitch (bottom)(bottom). .
Placing a mechanical Placing a mechanical twitch.twitch.
Proper positioning of the loop of the Proper positioning of the loop of the twitch twitch
B, Place the hand on the nose and slide it toward B, Place the hand on the nose and slide it toward the upper lip. the upper lip. C, Grasp the upper lip and elevate it slightly. C, Grasp the upper lip and elevate it slightly. D, Elevate the hand and wrist to help transfer the D, Elevate the hand and wrist to help transfer the loop from the hand over the lip. E, Transfer the loop loop from the hand over the lip. E, Transfer the loop
onto the upper lip.onto the upper lip.
Avoid blocking the nostrils Avoid blocking the nostrils while placing the twitch. while placing the twitch.
To place the twitch first control the twitch To place the twitch first control the twitch handle with a hand under an armpit while handle with a hand under an armpit while
placing the twitch loopplacing the twitch loop
Otherwise, the handle is free to swing and hit Otherwise, the handle is free to swing and hit the handler and/or the horse and cause an the handler and/or the horse and cause an
injuryinjury
Humane twitch Humane twitch It consist of two arms that function as a scissor type It consist of two arms that function as a scissor type
“clamp” on the nose.“clamp” on the nose. Pressure is controlled by opening or closing the arms of Pressure is controlled by opening or closing the arms of
the clamthe clam Apply only enough pressure with the twitch to Apply only enough pressure with the twitch to
accomplish the procedure and only as long necessary accomplish the procedure and only as long necessary
A, Approach to place the humane twitch. B, Grasp A, Approach to place the humane twitch. B, Grasp the upper lip. C, Proper placement of the humane the upper lip. C, Proper placement of the humane twitch, with the lip between the straight portion of twitch, with the lip between the straight portion of the twitch arms. D, Improper placement of the the twitch arms. D, Improper placement of the humane twitch, with the lip between the rounded humane twitch, with the lip between the rounded portion of the twitch arms.portion of the twitch arms.
Proper way to hold the twitch. Proper way to hold the twitch. The lead rope is not wrapped The lead rope is not wrapped around the twitch handle.around the twitch handle.
Tail tie Tail tie
Tail is strong Tail is strong enough to be use enough to be use to move , lift or to move , lift or support the support the hindquarters hindquarters
The tail tie is The tail tie is performed just performed just beyond the end of beyond the end of the last coccygeal the last coccygeal vertebrae vertebrae
Tail Tie Restraint Method: good for Tail Tie Restraint Method: good for rectal palpations and vaginal rectal palpations and vaginal
examinationsexaminations
Horse stock Horse stock
They are designed They are designed to confine the to confine the horse to small area horse to small area with restricted with restricted movement, usually movement, usually only 1 to 2 feet only 1 to 2 feet lateral movement lateral movement and 1 to 2 feet of and 1 to 2 feet of front to back front to back movement movement
Horse stock Horse stock SPECIFICATIONS:SPECIFICATIONS: Sides measure 80" Sides measure 80"
long long Front measures 38" Front measures 38"
long with 32" open at long with 32" open at the top and 40" of the top and 40" of wood at the bottom wood at the bottom
12" from mounting 12" from mounting plate to steel bar plate to steel bar
Stocks may be Stocks may be adaptable adaptable
The first thing that should be done after leading a horse into the stock is to close and latch the rear gate. Notice how the guy to the left is getting ready to nudge the horse into the
stock.
This muzzle is to prevent the horse from This muzzle is to prevent the horse from eating prior to sx. It does however have eating prior to sx. It does however have
small holes to allow for water consumption.small holes to allow for water consumption.
Restraint of Foals Restraint of Foals Always begins with Always begins with
catching and catching and controlling the controlling the mare mare
Touching the foal Touching the foal neck or withers neck or withers simulates the simulates the natural approach of natural approach of the mare, but the mare, but human touch is human touch is seldom appreciated seldom appreciated at this age at this age
Restraint of FoalsRestraint of Foals Foals are properly restrained with Foals are properly restrained with
one arm around the shoulder or one arm around the shoulder or base of the neck, the hind end is base of the neck, the hind end is controlled by placing the arm controlled by placing the arm around the hind quarter or by around the hind quarter or by using a tail hold with the hand using a tail hold with the hand
Chemical Restraint Chemical Restraint
Many surgical and Many surgical and medical medical procedures can be procedures can be accomplished in accomplished in the standing horse the standing horse if appropriate if appropriate combinations of combinations of physical and physical and chemical restraint chemical restraint are employedare employed
Chemical Restraint Chemical Restraint
It's preferable to It's preferable to perform procedures perform procedures with the horse with the horse standing rather than standing rather than under general under general anesthesia where anesthesia where possible because possible because horses have a greater horses have a greater risk of complications risk of complications from general from general anesthesia than other anesthesia than other speciesspecies
"No single drug produces 'ideal' "No single drug produces 'ideal' standing chemical restraint in standing chemical restraint in
every horse," every horse," There are nine medications There are nine medications
approved in the United approved in the United States for restraining States for restraining horses, only five are horses, only five are currently on the market: currently on the market:
Acepromazine, Acepromazine, butorphanol, butorphanol, detomidine, detomidine, romifidine, and romifidine, and xylazine.xylazine.
Phenothiazines (such as Phenothiazines (such as acepromazine)acepromazine) “ace” “ace”
Calm horses Calm horses (sedative), but do not (sedative), but do not provide analgesia provide analgesia (pain relief). However, (pain relief). However, they can enhance the they can enhance the analgesic effects of analgesic effects of some other some other medications. They can medications. They can be given orally, be given orally, intramuscularly, or intramuscularly, or intravenouslyintravenously
AcepromazineAcepromazine
In particular yields In particular yields sedation without sedation without significant ataxia significant ataxia (incoordination), but a (incoordination), but a known issue is rare known issue is rare persistent penile persistent penile prolapse/paralysis prolapse/paralysis
DOSAGE DOSAGE 0.044-0.088mg/kg (2-0.044-0.088mg/kg (2-4mg/100lbs) IV, IM, SQ4mg/100lbs) IV, IM, SQ
Good for 20 minutes Good for 20 minutes
Alpha-2 agonists (including Alpha-2 agonists (including xylazine, detomidine, and xylazine, detomidine, and
romifidine)romifidine) Provide sedation, muscle Provide sedation, muscle
relaxation, ataxia, and relaxation, ataxia, and analgesia when given analgesia when given sublingually (under the sublingually (under the tongue), intravenously, or tongue), intravenously, or intramuscularly. Sedation intramuscularly. Sedation is more powerful than is more powerful than that provided by that provided by phenothiazines.phenothiazines.
Xylazine is one of the Xylazine is one of the cheapest and most cheapest and most commonly used drugs in commonly used drugs in this classthis class Dosage XYLAZINE
1.1mg/kg IV2.2 mg/kg IM
DetomidineDetomidine It is 100 times more It is 100 times more
powerful than xylazine and powerful than xylazine and lasts at least twice as long, lasts at least twice as long, but it is more expensive. but it is more expensive.
Detomidine placed under Detomidine placed under the tongue can give you the tongue can give you good sedation after 30-45 good sedation after 30-45 minutes.minutes.
Simple dosing: 1 or 2 mL Simple dosing: 1 or 2 mL per 1,100 lbs horse IM or per 1,100 lbs horse IM or IV IV
DORMOSEDAN GELDORMOSEDAN GEL Produces sedation when Produces sedation when
administered sublingually administered sublingually at 0.018 mg/lb (0.040 at 0.018 mg/lb (0.040 mg/kg).mg/kg).
Dormosedan Gel must be Dormosedan Gel must be placed beneath the tongue placed beneath the tongue of the horse, and is not of the horse, and is not meant to be swallowed. meant to be swallowed. One 3 ml oral syringe One 3 ml oral syringe provides dosage for up to provides dosage for up to 1210-1320 lbs. body 1210-1320 lbs. body weight..weight..
alpha-2 agonistsalpha-2 agonists
Side effects of alpha-2 agonists can Side effects of alpha-2 agonists can include decreased heart rate and include decreased heart rate and cardiac output, heartbeat cardiac output, heartbeat irregularities, hypertension irregularities, hypertension (increased blood pressure), (increased blood pressure), decreased respiratory rate, and decreased respiratory rate, and reduced reduced salivation/swallowing/gastrointestinasalivation/swallowing/gastrointestinal motilityl motility
Cocktails Cocktails
Acepromazine Acepromazine 0.02mg/kg with 0.02mg/kg with Xylazine 0.6 Xylazine 0.6 mg/kg IVmg/kg IV
Xylazine 0.55 Xylazine 0.55 mg/kg with mg/kg with Ketamine 1.1 Ketamine 1.1 mg/kg IVmg/kg IV