Post on 31-Dec-2015
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Rachel L. TaulbeeUniversity of West
Georgia
Erik Erikson believed….. Development is social in
nature and a result of a desire to affiliate with other people.
A person encounters 8 developmental stages in life.
Each stage presents individuals with a crisis that must be faced.
“The more successfully an individual resolves the crisis, the healthier development will be” (Santrock, 2008, p. 18).
Age Infancy: First year of life
Virtue Hope
Question Is the world a good and pleasant place to live?
Characteristics Infants need food, comfort, and warmth to
develop a sense of trust. If these needs are not meet, a sense of mistrust will follow.
Age Infancy: 1 to 3 years
Virtue Will
Question Can I do things by myself or must I always rely on
others? Characteristics:
Caregivers provide a strong sense of security and encourage children to accomplish self-sufficient behaviors such as crawling, walking, changing clothes, and bathing. “If restrained too much or punished too harshly, they are likely to develop shame and doubt.”
Age Preschool: 3 to 5 years
Virtue Purpose
Question Am I good or bad?
Characteristics Children are faced with new challenges and
learning to master the world around them. They begin to act with purpose and also experience guilt when a particular action does not occur as planned. It is important not to belittle or make a child feel anxious about their attempts.
Age Elementary: 6 years to puberty
Virtue Competence
Question Am I successful or worthless?
Characteristics Children begin mastering knowledge and
intellectual skills. This stage is imperative to foster self-confidence. Children should be encouraged to create and do things and then receive praise. If children are made to feel incompetent, they will develop feelings of inferiority and may be unwilling to try new things.
Age Adolescence: 10 to 20 years
Virtue Fidelity
Question Who am I and what am I all about?
Characteristics Adolescents try a variety of roles to identify
where they fit in. They must decide who they are and decipher who society expects them to be. They start using their experiences to influence their future.
Age Early adulthood: 20s and 30s
Virtue Love
Question Am I loved or wanted by someone?
Characteristics Upon establishing identity, people are able to
form long term commitments. Without healthy friendships and intimate relationships, isolation occurs.
Age Middle adulthood: 40s and 50s
Virtue Care
Question Will I produce something of real value?
Characteristics “Generativity” is a concern for helping the
younger generation lead successful lives. In contrast, feeling like they’ve done nothing to help leads to stagnation.
Age Late adulthood: 60s onward
Virtue Wisdom
Question Was my life well spent?
Characteristics A person reflects on the past. If a person feels
their life was well spent, they develop a sense of integrity. If they look back on a life of disappointments and missed goals, they develop a sense of despair or gloom.
Santrock, J. W. (2008). Essentials of life-span development. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Erikson's psychosocial development theory. Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm.