BAHAN AJARENGLISHGRADE X

by : Esni Singkay, S.Pd

Expressing Thanking

A. When someone gives

you something

   

- Thanks (a lot).- Thank you very much (followed by):- It’s very nice/ beautiful.- It’s just what I want.- But you really didn’t have to / You- shouldn’t have (if the gift is not expected)

Thanking

Responses- You are welcome.- No problem.- It’s OK/alright.- Don’t mention it.- I’m glad you like it

B. When someone does a    favor or helps you

Thanking

- Thanks (a lot) for your help.- Thanks (a lot) for helping me.- I really appreciate your help.- It was very kind of you to help me.

- I’m very grateful to you for your visit.

- I’m very grateful to you for inviting me.

Responses- You are welcome.- No problem.- That’s OK/ alright.- Never mind.- Forget it.- Any time.

- Think nothing of it.- I’m glad I could help.- Don’t mention it.- It was my pleasure/ My

pleasure.- It’s no trouble at all.

D. Apologizing

Here are the expressions used to

apologize and their responses(from the more formal to lessformal expression):

APOLOGYForgive me. I’m terribly sorry about …

Please accept my apology for …Please excuse … (e.g., my cat)I would like to apologize for …I apologize for …I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to …I’m sorry that …Sorry…

RESPONSEThat’s quite all rightI completely understandYou don’t need to apologize.Oh, that’s all right. It can happen toanyone.It’s not your fault.Don’t worry about itIt’s OKNo problem.Forget it

F. Personal Pronoun

To replace someone or thing that we havementioned and we want to use it again, wereplace it into pronoun. form pronoun we canfind the possessive.

The change of person or thing into pronounor possessive are as follow. 

Pronoun

Possessive

Poss. Pronoun

Subject Object Poss. Adj.

Person SelviDoniBetaI + Rino

SheHeTheyWeIYou

HerHimThemUsMeYou

Her ...His ...Their ...Our ...My ...Your

HersHisTheirsOursMineYours

Thing A bookBooks

ItShe

ItThey

ItsTheir ...

ItsTheirs

F.  Simple Present

Simple present is used to express an action

happened at the time of speaking. The adverb

of time used are: today, at present, on.

Adverb frequency :1. always 5. ever2. usually 6. once, twice3. often 7. seldom/rarely4. sometimes 8. never

1. Present to be: it is nominal sentence (a sentence which doesn’t have verb)

(+) S + To be (am,is,are) + noun/adjective/adverb

(-) S + To be (am,is,are) + not + noun/adjective/adverb

(+) S + To be (am,is,are) +noun/adjective/adverb + ?

2. The Simple Present tense : To BeAFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Full Short Full Short

I am I’m I am not - Am I ?

You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are You?

He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he?

She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she?

It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it?

We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we?

They are They’re They are not They are’t Are they?

This is This is not This isn’t Is this?

That is That’s That is not That isn’t Is that?

Present to be : its for nominal sentence ( a sentence which doen’t have verb)

+ S + to be + noun/adjective/adverb- S + to be + not + noun/adjective/adverb? To be + S + noun/adjective/adverb + ?Present with verb: it is used for verbal

sentence (a sentence which has verb)+ S + Ves/s + O/adv- S + do/does + not V1 + O/adv? Do does + S + V1 + O/adv ?

Describing Thing and PersonA. Kind of adjectives from

adjective Phrase 1. Opinion - Nice - interesting

- beautiful - handsome- dirty - friendly

2. Size- big - small- large - tall- high - short- deep - thick- tin - etc

3. Age 4. Shape- old - round- new - rectangular-young - square

- cylindrical

5. Colour 6. Origin 7.Material-red - italian -plastic-yellow- Australia - wooden- black - American - leather-blue - Indonesian

- Malaysian - Chinese

The pattern noun modifier Article (a, an, the) + (opinion + size + Age + Shape + colour + origin + material) + nounExample : - it is a beautiful tall

young girl- This is a famous old book

B. Noun showing Time, Day, Date, Month, Year

To show the time we can use the cardinal or ordinal number.

1. Showing Time15’ : a quarter 1’-30’ : past (lebih)30’ : a half 31’-59’ : to (kurang)

Example :

- 10.00 : ten o’clock - 10.15 : a quarter past

ten - 10.30 : a half past ten - 10.50 : ten to eleven

2. Showing Day, Date, Month, Year

Example:- Sunday, May 1st 2008- Saturday, April 2nd 1998

C. Noun1.Noun is devided into

Singular Noun and plural Noun

- The words “singular” means

single or only one. The articles to show

singular nouns are :

a/an/this/that/the and one.

- The world “plural” means more than

one.

The articles to show plural nouns are: many, some, several, these, those, the and number more than one (Two, ten, fifty,.....ets)

a. Singular Nouns :Examples: - a book - this pencil

- one pen - that room - an eraser - the girl etc.

b. Plural nouns: Examples : - some pencils

- several letters - many books

- these novels, etc

2.  Some nouns have exceptional forms

- a child → children - a man → men

- a deer → deer - an oxe → oxen - a mouse →mice - a fish → fish- a woman → women

3. Some nouns are concidered plural in English

Examples: - People - scissors- Police - spectacles- pants -

trousers

4. Uncountables nounsSome nouns are uncountable, we can’t count uncountable nouns using number we should use certainmeasurements for uncountable nouns .Example :- ink → a bottle of ink- water → much water- bread → a slice of bread- milk → ten cans of milk, etc

D. Nation, Nationalities and Languages

Nations indicate the country wheresomeone is from, of nation; indicate some

one’s nationality.Languages are indicating someone’sspeaking.Pay attention to this table!

No Country Nationlity Language

1 Brazil Brazilian Spanish

Nederland Holland Dutch

Germany Germany German

Italia Italian Italian

India India Hindi

Indonesia Indonesia Indonesian

Japan Japanese Japanese

China Chinese Chinese

Mexico Mexican Spanish

England English English

Malaysia Malaysian Malaysian

France French French

Spain Spanish Spanish

No

Country Nationality Language

Saudi Arabia Arabian Arabic

Canada Canadian English/French

America American English

Australia Australian English

Singapore Singaporean English

East Timor Timorese Portugues

Russia Russian Russian

E. ProfessionIt’s someone’s job. It has relation with someone’s doing to get money, to earn their living.Example:- A journalist : someone who make a writing report to be a news- A typist : someone who type some letters at the office.- A teacher : Someone who teach the students at school