Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most...

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Essential QuestionEssential Question

Industrialization increased the standard

of living and the opportunities of most

Americans, but at what cost?

Industrialization increased the standard

of living and the opportunities of most

Americans, but at what cost?

Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-

1850s.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other

industries.

1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other

industries.

Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization3. Technological innovations.

* Bessemer and open hearth process

* Refrigerated cars

* Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

3. Technological innovations.

* Bessemer and open hearth process

* Refrigerated cars

* Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison

“Wizard of Menlo Park” “Wizard of Menlo Park”

The Light BulbThe Light Bulb

The Phonograph (1877)

The Ediphone or Dictaphone

The Motion Picture Camera

Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

Telephone (1876)

Alternate CurrentAlternate Current

George Westinghouse

Alternate CurrentAlternate Current

Westinghouse Lamp ad

The AirplaneThe Airplane

Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Orville Wright

Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903

Model T AutomobileModel T Automobile

Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that

they can afford my product!

Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that

they can afford my product!

“Model T” Prices & Sales

U. S. Patents Granted

1790s 276 patents issued. 1790s 276 patents issued.

1990s 1,119,220 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.

4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.

5. Abundant capital.6. New, talented group of businessmen

[entrepreneurs] and advisors.7. Market growing as US population

increased.8. Government willing to help at all

levels to stimulate economic growth.9. Abundant natural resources.

4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.

5. Abundant capital.6. New, talented group of businessmen

[entrepreneurs] and advisors.7. Market growing as US population

increased.8. Government willing to help at all

levels to stimulate economic growth.9. Abundant natural resources.

Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization

New Business CultureNew Business Culture1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the

Industrial Age.1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the

Industrial Age.

* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.

* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.

* The market was not man-made or invented.

* No room for government in the market!

* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.

* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.

* The market was not man-made or invented.

* No room for government in the market!

2. Social Darwinism2. Social Darwinism British

economist. Advocate of

laissez-faire. Adapted

Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.

Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

British economist.

Advocate of laissez-faire.

Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.

Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

2. Social Darwinism in America

William Graham Sumner

Folkways (1906)

William Graham Sumner

Folkways (1906)

$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.

$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!

$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.

$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!

New Business Culture:“The American Dream?”

3. Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” * Horatio Alger [100+ novels]

Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

New Type of Business Entities

New Type of Business Entities1. Pool

1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.

2. Trust John D. Rockefeller

1. Pool 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.

2. Trust John D. Rockefeller

* Standard Oil Co.

Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.

2. Trust:

* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller

2. Trust:

* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller * Vertical Integration:

A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing * Vertical Integration:

A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing

B. Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel

Iron & Steel ProductionIron & Steel Production

U. S. Corporate Mergers

Industrial Consolidation:

Iron & Steel Firms

Industrial Consolidation:

Iron & Steel Firms

New Financial BusinessmanNew Financial Businessman

The Broker: * J. Pierpont Morgan

Wall Street – 1867 & 1900

The Reorganization of Work

Frederick W. TaylorThe Principles of Scientific Management

(1911)

Frederick W. TaylorThe Principles of Scientific Management

(1911)

The Reorganization of Work

The Assembly LineThe Assembly Line

Wealth Concentration Held by

Top 1% of Households

Wealth Concentration Held by

Top 1% of Households

% of Billionaires in 1900

% of Billionaires in 1918

“The Protectors of Our Industries”

The “Bosses” of the Senate

The “Robber Barons” of the Past

Cornelius [“Commodore”]

Vanderbilt

Cornelius [“Commodore”]

Vanderbilt

Can’t I do what I want with my money?

William VanderbiltWilliam Vanderbilt

$ The public be damned!

$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

$ The public be damned!

$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

The Gospel of Wealth:

Religion in the Era of Industrialization

The Gospel of Wealth:

Religion in the Era of Industrialization

Russell H. Conwell

$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.

$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.

$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.

$ Should not help the poor.

$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.

$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.

$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.

$ Should not help the poor.

“On Wealth”“On Wealth”

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie

$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.

$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).

$ Inequality is inevitable and good.

$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.

$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).

$ Inequality is inevitable and good.

$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

Regulating the Trusts

1877 Munn. v. IL

1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific

Railroad Company v. IL

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole

1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co.

1877 Munn. v. IL

1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific

Railroad Company v. IL

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole

1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co.

The Changing American

Labor Force

The Changing American

Labor Force

Child LaborChild Labor

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

The Molly Maguires(1875)

JamesJamesMcParlaMcParla

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:

PinkertonAgents

Management vs. Labor

““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement

““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor

““scabs”scabs”

P. R. campaignP. R. campaign

PinkertonsPinkertons

lockoutlockout

blacklistingblacklisting

yellow-dog yellow-dog contractscontracts

court injunctionscourt injunctions

open shopopen shop

boycottsboycotts

sympathy sympathy demonstrationdemonstrationss

informational informational picketingpicketing

closed shopsclosed shops

organized organized strikesstrikes

““wildcat” wildcat” strikesstrikes

Goals of the Knights of Labor

Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

ù Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.

ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

ù Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.

ù Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.

ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

The Tournament of Today:

A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

Haymarket Riot (1886)

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

The American Federation

of Labor: 1886

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workers

How the AF of L Would Help the

Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.

ù Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.

ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.

ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.

ù Prevented disputes among the many craft Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.unions.

ù Mediated disputes between management Mediated disputes between management and labor.and labor.

ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

Homestead Steel Strike

(1892)

The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of

Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers

Homestead Homestead Steel WorksSteel Works

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Government by injunction!Government by injunction!

The SocialistsThe Socialists

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the

Violence was justified to overthrow Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.capitalism.

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”

Mary Harris.Mary Harris.

Organizer for theOrganizer for theUnited MineUnited MineWorkers.Workers.

Founded the Founded the SocialSocialDemocratic Democratic Party Party in 1898.in 1898.

One of the One of the founding founding members of the members of the I. W. W. in 1905.I. W. W. in 1905.

Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

Workers Benefits Today

Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most...

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