ETHERNET

Under esteemed guidance ofS.V Ravi Kumar B.Tech. Presented by:

K.SRI GOPINATH (07X91A0441). K.VIJAY KUMAR (07X91A0462). K.V PRAVEEN KUMAR (07X91A0456). M.RAMANJANEYULU (07X91A0430).

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OBJECTIVEEthernet is a least expensive high speed LAN Alternative.

Ethernet is supposed to be a single common medium with

multiple connections. Roots in Aloha packet-radio network.

Ethernet have high scalability and availability at low cost,

but it is poor in error detection and peak utilization. It

provides greater security, because the desktop user cannot

spy on traffic addressed to other nodes. How it works on the

principle of CSMA/CD.2

INTRODUCTIONed by Bob Metcalfe and others at Xerox PARC in mid-1970s

Developed by Bob Metcalfe and others at Xerox PARC in mid-1970s. Roots in Aloha packet-radio network Standardized by Xerox, DEC, and Intel. LAN standards define MAC and physical layer connectivity : -IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD - Ethernet) standard – originally 2Mbps -IEEE 802.3u standard for 100Mbps Ethernet -IEEE 802.3z standard for 1,000Mbps Ethernet

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CSMA/CD: Ethernet’s Media Access Control (MAC) policy

CS = carrier sense.(Send only if medium is idle)

MA = multiple access.

CD = collision detection.(Stop sending immediately if collision is detected)

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State Diagram for CSMA/CD

Packet?

Sense Carrier

Discard Packet

Send Detect Collision

Jam channel b=CalcBackoff();

wait(b);attempts++;

No

Yes

attempts < 16

attempts == 16

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Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2

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10BaseT and 100BaseT• 10/100 Mbps rate• T stands for Twisted Pair• Hub(s) connected by twisted pair facilitate “star topology”

- Distance of any node to hub must be < 100M

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Gigabit Ethernet (1,000Mbps)

- Compatible with lower speeds

- Uses standard framing and CSMA/CD algorithm

- Distances are severely limited

- Typically used for backbones and inter-router connectivity

- Becoming cost competitive

GIGABIT ETHERNET

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Ethernet Frames

Preamble is a sequence of 7 bytes, each set to “10101010” - Used to synchronize receiver before actual data is sent

Addresses-It is a fourty-eight byte uni cast address assigned to each adapter• example: 8:0:e4:b1:2• Each manufacturer gets their own address range

Type field is a demultiplexing key used to determine which higher level protocol used to the frame.

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TYPES OF FRAMESMainly it contains two types those are• Ethernet II or DIX

• IEEE 802.3 and 802.2

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ETHERNET DEVICES• Repeater: Physical device that restores data and collision signals: a digital amplifier

WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL

• Hub: Multi-port repeater + fault detection

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• Bridge: Data link layer device connecting two or morecollision domains. MAC multicasts are propagatedthroughout “extended LAN”.

• Router: Network layer device. IP, IPX, AppleTalk. Doesnot propagate MAC multicasts.

• Switch: Multi-port bridge with parallel paths.

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Connect PC and LAPTOP via BSNL ETHERNET HUB:

how to configure BSNL Broadband connection for

desktop and Laptop using Dynamic IP, ADSL Modem

and use dial-up screen to connect.

Following is LAN Configuration

IP Address :

192.168.1.2

subnet mask :

255.255.255.0

default gateway :

192.168.1.1

preferred DNS server :

202.56.224.153

alternate DNS server :

202.56.230.6

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ApplicationsFast Ethernet is an enabling technology for

connecting devices such as:

– Digital Camcorders and VCRs

– Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite audio/video

– Cable TV and MMDS (microwave) set-top boxes

– DVD Players

– Video Games

– Home Theater

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– Musical synthesizers/samplers with MIDI and digital audio

capabilities

– Digital audio tape (DAT) recorders, mixers, hard-disk recorders,

video editors

– Digital Video (DV) applications (including security cameras)

– Fixed and removable PC disk drives

– PC-to-PC networking and PC peripheral component sharing

– Printers for video and computer data

– Scanner.

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Experiences with Ethernet

• Ethernets work best under light loads

-Utilization over 30% is considered heavy

- Network capacity is wasted by collisions

• Most networks are limited to about 200 hosts

-Specification allows for up to 1024 bits

•Ethernet is inexpensive, fast and easy to maintenance.

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Ethernet Problems

• Ethernet’s peak utilization is low .

• Peak output is worst with more hosts.

•More collisions needed to identify single sender

due to Smaller packet size

• Collisions take longer to observe, more

bandwidth is wasted.

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Why did Ethernet Win?

• There are lots of LAN protocols

• low Price

• High Performance

•Ease of use

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CONCLUSIONEthernet is a least expensive high speed LAN Alternative.

Ethernet is supposed to be a single common medium with

multiple connections. Has the technology has been evolving,

Various Ethernet-based products are being developing. but it is

poor in error detection and peak utilization even though ,It

provides greater security.

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References:

www. Wikipedia.com

www.bsnl.gov.in

Data communication by “Thomasi”.

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ANY QUERIS ?

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THANK YOU

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