Post on 17-Dec-2015
transcript
Europe after NapoleonLiberalism, Conservatism, Romanticism and
Idealism
Theories of Society
Liberalism - freedom was of fundamental importance
essential that men should have the liberty to speak freely and to criticize openly any ideas and institutions
Romanticism - it was a characteristic that men sought a cause in which to affirm their belief
instincts and emotions were glorified
fondness for humility and interest in folklore
Theories Continued
Idealism - was a rejection of the rationalism and excessive dependence upon reason of the previous age
the ideas of the nature of truth, morality, or the existence God, could not be solved by logic but only by faith
Nationalism - it can be explained as being an emotional awareness of the common ties of language, customs, and race that are possessed by a people
It manifests itself when a people unite to promote a common political and cultural goals
Theories Continued
Conservatism - the force that defended stability and continuity
many in Europe believed in a strong monarchy, an established Church, and heredity rights
Aristocracy (education & upbringing) were the only ones qualified to govern and set the social and moral values of a society
Congress of Vienna was dominated by conservative statesmen, who were determined to return European society and politics to the way it has been before the French Revolution
Congress of Vienna
Balance of Power - prohibit any of the great powers from threatening the security of its neighbours
domestic security was to be preserved from the unsettling new ideologies of nationalism (Gr.11) and liberalism (Gr. 12)
The meeting was chaired by Prince Metternich of Austria
Struggle with Liberalism and Nationalism
1814 - Louis XVIII had granted a constitution
Recognized many of the changes produced by the Revolution
Two-house legislature with a limited franchise
1824 - Charles X (brother of Louis XVIII)
Revoked the Charter and restored some land to nobles
Louis-Philippe
Louis XVIII
Represented a compromise between Royalists and Republicans
He issued a constitutional charter (legal equality of French (male) citizens, reconciliation with the Church, abolition of feudalism and maintenance of Napoleonic Code
Buffer Zones
To contain future French expansion, strong states were established along its borders
Netherlands & Belgium (under the House of Orange)
Austria (northern Italy)
Prussia (left bank of the Rhine River)
Piedmont-Sardinia (Genoa, Nice, Savoy)
Concert of Europe
Congress of Vienna was the first attempt to establish some system of collective security
Metternich provided leadership in the establishment of the collective will
Reinforced through annual meetings
1818, Quadruple Alliance becomes Quintuple after France agreed to pay 700 million francs in reparation payments
Age of Metternich
The Hapsburg empire emerged in a much stronger position after the Napoleonic era
He imposed rigid control over the multinational empire (Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Poles, Serbs, Croats)
No criticism of government policy was allowed
No one could criticize foreign governments
Foreign news was censored (books too)
however, there is not much evidence to suggest that the system was very diligent
Charles X
France prospered from 1815 - 1826, but in 1827 the international economy became depressed and French goods were difficult to trade
1827 - 1829
Harvest failures compounded the problem (wine industry too)
only 30% of the population met the requirements for elections
he fled to England and Louis-Philippe (a Bourbon) was chosen as his replacement
changed the age to 30 and an elector to 25
Louis Philippe - bourgeois king
LP was unable to solve France’s growing social and economic problems
February Revolution (1848)
more democratic system of government demanded
protest against the corruption of LP regime
resistance of Catholics against anticlericalism (opposed the influence of the church)
socialist philosophy of amongst the proletariat (Marx)
Napoleon III
born to Napoleon I’s brother (king of Holland)
tried to take over from LP (1836, 1840)
promised order and stability
proclaimed the Second Republic of France