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European Conservatism
AP European HistoryUnit 3/Ch. 21
The Dual Revolution • FR = Politics, IR =
Economics/Social• Growth of industrial
middle class • Revitalized
conservatism• Ideologies of change
liberalism, socialism, nationalism
The Peace Settlement: Congress of Vienna
• Quadruple Alliance: BR, PR, AUS, RS
• Congress of Vienna, 1814 w/ Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Bourbon monarchy restored principle of legitimacy
Balance of Power • International
equilibrium of political & military forces
• Defensive buffers around France
• New league of German states German Confederation
• Concert of Europe – regular meetings of QA
Ideology of Conservatism • Originated by Edmund
Burke, championed by Metternich
• Obedience to political authority
• Organized religion crucial to social order
• Community needs > individual rights
• Tradition best guide for order
• Supported by: monarchs, gov’t bureaucracies, nobility, churches
Principle of Intervention • Right to intervene in
states threatened by revolution & to restore legit monarchs
• Holy Alliance AUS, PR, RUS
• Crushed attempted revolutions in Spain & Italy (1820)
• Revolutions in Latin America (1818-1838)
• Greek Revolt (1821)
Great Britain• 1815 - Nobility
dominated parliament• Whigs & Tories• Corn Laws of 1815
economic strife, political discontent
• Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Restoration in France• Louis XVIII (r. 1814-
1824) restored to throne in 1814/1815
• Opposed by liberals & ultraroyalists
• Charles X (r. 1824-1830) more conservative
• Eventually accepted ministerial responsibility
Intervention in the Italian States & Spain
• Congress of Vienna established 9 states in Italy
• Carbonari• Ferdinand VIII
restored as king of Spain in 1814
• Broken promises, persecuted parliament revolt!
Repression in Central Europe • Metternich “chief
Minister of Police in Europe”
• Burschenschaften• Karlsbad Decrees
(1819)• Austria empire w/
11 ethnicities
Russia: Autocracy of the Tsars
• Rural population, autocratic ruler: Alexander I
• Reactionary after 1815
• Northern Union secret society
• Decembrist Revolt 1825
• Revolt transformed Nicolaus I (r. 1825-1855) into a reactionary