Evaluation of Silicon Photomultiplier Arrays for the GlueX Barrel Calorimeter

Carl Zorn

Radiation Detector & Medical Imaging Group

Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA

2009 NSS/MIC Symposium, Orlando, FlThursday, October 29, 2009

On behalf of the GlueX Collaboration

www.gluex.org

Jefferson Laboratory

www.jlab.org

AB

C

D

Under constructi

on

2

12 GeV upgrade – GlueX experiment

Study excited gluonic meson states

www.jlab.org/12GeV

3

Photodetectors in Strong Magnetic Field

2.2 Tesla

SciFi●LeadCalorimeter

4 meter length48 sectors

4

Chosen Photodetectors• Silicon

Photomultipliers (SiPMs)• Two companies: Hamamatsu and SensL

• Arrays (4x4) of 3mm2 cells • Size ~ 13 x 13 mm2

• Gain > 106 • Insensitive to B-fields• Dark rate ~ 100 MHz• Operation depends on

temperature

• Hamamatsu H8409-70• 1.5” PMT: R7761-70• Photocathode D = 27mm• 19 stages• Max. anode I = 10mA• Gain ~ 3x106 (0.5 T)• Dark rate ~ 0.5 kHz

• Fine Mesh PMTs (FM)

SensL

Hamamatsu

5

Readout Setups• SiPM Option:

– Inner: 6x4 SiPMs (2,304)– Outer: 2x2 FM PMTs (384)

FM PMT Option: Inner: 3x3 FM PMTs Outer: 2x2 FM PMTs (1,248)

SiPMs:Sum in 3’s toelectronics

Option 1 Option

2

6

Readout Setups• Full SiPM Option:

– Inner: 6x4 SiPMs– Outer: 2x2x4 SiPMs (3,840)

SiPMs:Sum in 3’s toelectronics

Option 3

7

Original Prototype Arrays

Array Size: 13 x 13 mm2

Active area: 2.85 x 2.85 x 16 mm2 (75%)

Cell: 3.15 x 3.15 mm2

Pixel Count: 3640 x 16 (35 μm)

Array Size: 16 x 18 mm2

Active Area: 3x3x16 mm2 (50%)Cell: 3.85 x 3.85 mm2

Pixel Count: 3600 x 16 (50 μm)

16 mm

18 mm

13 mm

SensL Hamamatsu

8

Sample Pulses

200 ns

200 ns

SensL

Hamamatsu

9

Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 1

10

Amplitude Distribution – Hamamatsu

11

“Dead” channel

s

Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 2

12

“Dead” channel

s

Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 2

X13

Effect of excessive bias in Hamamatsu MPPC

50 μm @ Vop

50 μm @ Vop + 1.0 v

14

Effect of Bias on Noise (SensL)

Overbias = +2 v

Overbias = +4 v

15

Temperature & Stability

Dark Rate dependent upon Overbias

Dark Rate decreases rapidly with decreasing

Temperature

Dark Rate can be improved with Temperature Control

At Constant Overbias Gain independent of

Temperature

Same goes for PDE

Gain varies rapidly with Overbias (1-4 volts)

Output Response strongly dependent upon

Temperature

Temperature should be stable for Stable Output

16

PDE/Dark Rate Requirements

Set by minimum detection threshold of Eγ = 60 MeV

17

PDE/Dark Rate Requirements

Hamamatsu 50 μm

Hamamatsu 25 μm

18

PDE/Dark Rate Requirements

SensL 20 & 35 μm

19

PDE/Dark Rate Requirements

SensL 35 μm

20

Performance Extrapolated to 5°C

SensL 35 μm

21

In Summary What We’re Getting

Temperature

dependent

Hamamatsu

SensL

22

BCAL Readout Modules

PreampPCB

SiPM

PeltierCell

Hot Plate

Cold Plate

ControlPCB

PowerConnector

PowerConnector

SMAOutputConnector

PreampPCB

SensL Hamamatsu

23

Temperature Stabilization of SiPM arrays

24

Option for HamamatsuControl Gain during Temperature Variations

25

First Signals from Hamamatsu Unit

Source – fast blue LEDOuput Risetime – 13-14 nsOutput Width – 75 ns

Low amplitude – 18 mV

High amplitude – 2.2 V

26

Array Evaluation Plan

Scan all elements of arrays to verify full operation

Relative PDE measurements

Compare arrays of both vendors

Verify operation at cooled temperature (SensL)

accelerated tests to simulate long-term stability

verification of radiation tolerance (< 1 krad)For GlueX < 2 Gy/10 yrs

27

In Summary

Converging to Final Detector Selection compare final

prototypes under equivalent conditions

For Hamamatsu need temperature stabilization

gain control thru thermistor feedback as possible

option

For SensL must be cooled this will also provide

stabilization cooling will allow for higher PDE/gain

Final selection tests to be completed by end of

Jan/2010 for final technology decision (SiPM vs

FineMesh PMT) 28

Backup Slides

Readout Configurations

SiPM/FM Option FM PMT Option

B1

Original Prototype Array Packages

SensL

Hamamatsu

B2

SPMA-16 – Problem channels

Ch. 12

Ch. 16

200 ns Gate

B3

Scanning Setup

SiPM

X/Y scanner

LEDs

diffuser

Aperture(2.5 mm

)

B4

Initial Alignment Setup

SiPM

Penta prism

Sighting scope

Aperture(5 mm )

B5

520 nm

Emission spectrum from scintillating fiber

470 nm

Kuraray SCSF-78

B6

Energy resolution

37

N 2 10,500 /GeV

N tubes 2 10

100ns

E

sampl

E

2

pe

E

2

ped

E

2

2const

sampl

E

5%

E

ped

E

N tubes Rdark

N feff E

pe

E

1

N feff E

stat

E

pe

E

2

ped

E

2

Set requirements for showersat center of Bcal module

feff fPDE fguide

Rdark dark rate

B7

Gain vs Temperature

Ref: Lightfoot et al., J. Inst., Oct. 2008

Vbr as temp. decreases

B8

Dark Rate vs Temperature

Ref: Lightfoot et al., J. Inst., Oct. 2008 B9

New Ceramic-base SensL Array

B10

New Ceramic-base SensL Array

B11

Ceramic-base Hamamatsu Array

B12

Ceramic-base Hamamatsu Array

B13

Effect of Irradiation

B14

Gamma Irradiation

40 Gy

For GlueX => < 2 Gy/10 yrs

B15

GlueX BCAL spec sheet

B16