Experience you can trust. 1

Electric Infrastructure Hardening

Rebuilding Utility InfrastructureLSU Center for Energy Studies

Bill Snyderbsnyder@kema.com

Baton Rouge, LAFebruary 22, 2006

2

The Depth and Breadth of KEMA

From the Generator to the Consumer Serving The Diverse Needs of the Energy Marketplace

Generation PowerExchange

Transmission System Operation

Substation Distribution Customer

3

Who We Are

Independent and impartialRecognized in Core Areas

Transmission and Distribution–Information technology and automation implementation and integration–Power Generation–Renewable Energy–Energy demand side management–Management Consulting–Supply Chain Management–Energy market restructuring–Power equipment testing–Quality Certification–Unique Power Labs

Management Expertise

TechnicalExpertise

4

Agenda

Hurricanes Design criteria Hardening concepts

Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of

DOUG

(Dumb ol’ utility guy)

© 2006 KEMA Inc.

5© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Power Systems

GenerationPlant

GenerationSubstation

TransmissionTransmission

Substation

Subtransmission

DistributionSubstation

Distributio

nDistributionTransformer

ServiceDrop

Customer

6© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Should a system be designed to withstand this?

Page 6© 2006 KEMA Inc.

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HurricanesHurricanes

Page 7© 2006 KEMA Inc.

8© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Damage

Wind only

Trees

Debris

Flooding

9© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Wind Only

10© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Trees

11© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Debris

12© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Flooding

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Underground

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Underground

15© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Design Criteria

National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)– Grades of Construction– Combined ice and wind loading– Extreme Wind Conditions

Reliability– Sometimes set by regulators– Sometimes set by utilities

Economic– Improve spending efficiency– Spend money to save money

16© 2006 KEMA Inc.

NESC for Distribution Poles

NESC specifies two grades of construction:

– Grade C – most commonly used, minimum standard

– Grade B – requires stronger poles Freeway crossings “Grade B” Railroad crossings “Grade B” Most other locations “Grade C”

Grade B is 50% stronger than Grade C

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Pole Strength

Load factor x Load < Strength factor x Resistance

Load = the force applied to pole by weight of conductors,weight of attachments, wind force

Resistance = strength rating of the pole

Strength factor = “derating” factor for pole material to allow for deterioration over life of pole or lack of uniformity of material. Load factor = “overload factor” varies by type ofconstruction and storm design.

18© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Distribution Pole Strength*

* Grade C is the minimum requirement for most distribution poles. Extreme wind based on 145 mph gusts.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

WoodGrade C

WoodGrade B

Wood(Extreme

Wind)

ConcreteGrade C

ConcreteGrade B

Concrete(Extreme

Wind)

Rel

ativ

e S

tren

gth

.

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Recent Survey

12 utilities with service territories from W. VA to Texas

2 reported using Grade B construction as their standard, all others Grade C

All observe the 60 foot extreme wind exemption These companies have approx. 12.5 million poles in

service 93% wood, 5% concrete, 2% other 59% creosote treated, 33% CCA, 8% Penta

20© 2006 KEMA Inc.

HardeningHardening

Page 20© 2006 KEMA Inc.

21© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Wind onPole

Wind Forces on a Pole Wind onConductors

Wind onAttachments

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22© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Design for Extreme Winds

Based on 3-second gusts

Extreme wind rating (equivalent)– Grade B 104 mph– Grade C 85 mph

Louisiana extreme winds– Southeast Coast 145 mph– Central 95 mph

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50-year Wind Storm Isoclines

24© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Extreme Wind Speeds (3 second gusts)

25© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Hurricane Categories

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5Huricane Category

Win

d S

pee

d (

mp

h)

.

1 minute average3 second gust

104

85

145

26© 2006 KEMA Inc.

“Storm Hardening” Toolkit

Stronger poles More guying Shorter spans Anti-cascading Conductor size Fewer attachments Undergrounding Vegetation management Technology & innovation

27© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Cost of Hardening

New 3-Phase Construction

– Typical Overhead: Typical cost– Hardened Overhead: 2 to 4 times typical– Underground: 5 to 10 times typical

Existing System

– Much more expensive– Much more complicated– Could take 15 to 30 years

28© 2006 KEMA Inc.

Some Hardening Approaches

Entire system New construction Critical customer facilities Customer-driven Targeted hardening

10-20Years

Today

Hardening Roadmap

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Basic Questions

What is the critical infrastructure to be protected?

What are the specific risks to that infrastructure?

What standards should be adopted to address the risk?

How and where should new standards be applied?

When and how will the plan be implemented?

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Thank you

Bill Snyderbill.snyder@kema.com919-256-0839 ext. 116

Blake Morrisonblake.morrison@kema.com703-669-5909