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Experimental methodsSensors of displacement and its derivation
07/10/2016 KTS/EXM1 - Sensors of displacement and its derivation1
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Source: www.honeywell.com
Position sensors with discrete signal
Limit Switches (contact)
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Position sensors with discrete signal
Inductive proximity sensors (non-contact)
Main technical parameters:
Operating voltage
Operating current
Assured operating distance
Max. switching freq.
hystereis
Protection
Switching output (PNP x NPN)
Balluf induction sensor
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Hall effect sensors (non-contact)
mT,A,,CmV; * 1-3
d
BIRU
pHH
A hall effects sensor is a transducer
that varies its output voltage in
response to a magntic field.
where RH is Hall materiál constant
d is the semi-conductor thickness
in the direction of magnetic flux density B
Hall effects sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications.
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Hall effect sensors (non-contact)
Differencial layout of the hall effect sensor
– linearization of the voltage/distance characteristic
BkUH *
xfkBkU
xfB
H **
and nonlinear
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Examples of usage of Hall effect sensors
Speed hall effect sensor, XS 06A905161B, Skoda Octavia
Hall effect sensor TLE4905L: 3÷24V, 40÷+150°C, P-SSO-3-2, 3x4x1,5mm
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Other sensors type of position with discontinous signal
• Optical sensors
• Ulstrasonic sensors
• Laser sensors
• Capacity sensors
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Displacement sensors with continous signal
• Potentiometer
• Magnetostrictive sensor
• Inductive sensors
• Inductosyn (Linear encoder)
• IRC (Incremental Rotary Encoder)
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Potentiometer
Source: www.electronics-tutorials.ws
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Potentiometer
V
11
U
K
U
z
xx
xz
R
RK
zz
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Resistive sensor of displacement
Advantages:• Absolute values in the whole measuring range• Simple construction – inexpensive
Disadvantages:• Output voltage singal• Low reliability (lifespan)• Temperature dependancy• Output signal noise
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Magnetostrictive sensor of displacement (continous output signal)
Advantages:• Absolute values in the whole measuring range• Simple construction – inexpensive
Disadvantages:• Output voltage singal• Low reliability (lifespan)• Temperature dependancy• Output signal noise
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Magnetostrictive sensor of displacement
A - electrical signal is initialised in the magnetostrictive wire, B – current pulse and magnetic fieldexcitates a mechanical impulse - strain (Viedemann effect) in magnetostrictive material, the excitedimpulse is propagating along the wire and detected in the induction pickup coil. Position of magnet (measured quantity) is evaluated from the time between the initial signal and reflectected pulse. (elasticwave in ferromagnetic material v=3000 m/s)
Source: www.electronics-tutorials.ws
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Magnetostrictive sensor of displacement
Technical parameters:• Measuring lenght – segments up to 7 600 mm (standard
50 up to 1 500 mm)• System resolution – min 10 μm • Repeatibility – min 20 μm• Sampling rate – 1 up to 10 kHz• Output signal - absolute
http://www.balluff.com/balluff/MDE/en/products/overview-micropulse-transducers.jsp
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Inductance displacement sensor
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Inductive displacement sensor
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Inductive displacement sensor
Example of inductve displacement sensor WA 200 (Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik)
Stroke: 200 mm
Input signal: 80 mV / V
Supply voltage and frequency: 2,5 Vef / 4,8 kHz
Linearity tolerance: 0,2 %
Maximal acceleration: 2 500 m/s2
Weight: 130 g
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Inductive encoders:• Inductosyn (linear displacement)• Resolver (angular displacement)
Measured element that is connected to a rider with 2 coils (mutualy shiftedof 0,25 loop) is sliding above a static scale. Riders coils are supplied with AC voltage with 90o phase shift.
tkUtutkUtu cos and sin 1211
Due to the magnetic flux induction voltage in the static slace is:
tkUttkUtututu coscoscossinsin12112
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Inductosyn (measuring of linear displacement)
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Resolver – measuring of angular displacement
tUtu sin
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Resolver – measuring of angular displacement
tUtu
tUtu
cos
sin
cos
sin
tkUtu sin
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Resolver – measuring of angular displacement
Advantages:• High precision• High Measuring Stroke (in the lenght of CNC machine)• Independancy on distance change of scale and rider• Reliable for dusty environment
Disadvantages:• Cyclical absolute measruement (referent positioning
required)• Electronic for the step counting required
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Optical rotary encoders:• Incremental encoders (relative angular displacement)• Absolute position encoders (absolute angular displacement)
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IRC sensor – measuring of relative angular displacement
• Measurable valuesPosition (turning angle) – Relative
Rotation speed
• Principle of functionOptical (contactless switches)
Output: logic signals
• UsingCNC machines
Industry automatization
Laboratory experiments
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IRC sensor – measuring of angular displacement
• Two pairs of LED diodes + phototransistors
• Light beam chopped by rotary disk
• 90° phase shift between output signals A, B
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IRC sensor – measuring of angular displacement
IRC sensors are mainly used for the angular velocity measurement (given by
pulse frequency)
Relative angular position (given by pulse count – requires indexing of the
output pulse-signal)
Direction – given by phase difference
CW – A leads B
CCW – B leads A
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IRC sensor – measuring of angular displacement
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Absolute Postion Encoder – measuring of absolute angular displacement
• Measurable valuesPosition (turning angle) – Absolute
Rotation speed
• Principle of functionOptical (contactless switches)
Output: logic signals
• UsingCNC machines
Industry automatization
Laboratory experiments
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Velocity sensors
linear:
– inductive - electromagnetic (with movable magnet)
– inductive - electrodynamic (with movable coil, appropriate for measuringof vibration – NOT FREQUENCY)– laser – ultrasonic– incremental (inductosyn in the speed measuring mode – measure of theoutput pulse frequency)
angular:
– DC tachogenerators (AC tachogenerators)– stroboscope– incremental ( IRC in the speed measuring mode – measure of the output pulse frequency)
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The laser vibrometer serves for contactless and very fast measuring of vibrations. The output of the laser vibrometer is a signal of vibration velocities. It operates at a distance up to 3 meters from the monitored object.
Laser Doppler Vibrometer
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Laser Doppler Vibrometer
Laser vibrometer Brüel & Kjær 8338 and its adjustement
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Acceleration sensors
3 basic types of acceleration sensors:
- Piesoelectric
(appropriate for measuring of vibration, unable to measure static acceleration)
- Piesoresistive
( Accelarated mass pressure exerted on a piezoresistor the resistivity varies accordingly. Capable ofmeasuring of static accleration)
- Capacity
(Evaluation of the capacity of two plates affected by the acceleration
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The principal function of acceleration sensors is based on the 2. Newton´s Law(applying a force F on mass m): F = m * a
Mechanical dynamic system:
m - mass of the coil („seismic mass“)
M - sensor cover – connected with
measuring object
b - damping (depending on velocity
(viscouse damping)
k - spring stiffness
u - induced voltage
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Piesoelectric sensors of acceleration
– Use of piesoelectrical crystal for generation of electric charge as an results
of mechanical stress.
– Pair of piesoelectric elements are used for higher precision.
– Material damping of piesoelectric material is very low, enabling to measure
vibration up to 3*104 Hz.
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Inductive (electrodynamic) sensors of acceleration
– Based on system motion, coil vibration in the magnetic field of permanent
magnet induces voltage in the coil that is function of velocity
– The resonance frequency of electrodynamic sensors is in the range of 5-10 Hz
– If additonal damping (damping element placed below the coil) the frequnecy
can be in the range 1 – to 3000 Hz
1- measuring coil, 2- damping coil, 3- core of magnetic system, 4- permanent magnet, 5- membrane
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Capacity sensors of acceleration
– Capacity sensor MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System)
Ancors – connection with vibration objectMain beam – Seismic massCell – Differential capacity sensor
d
SC 0
C – capacity capacitor (F) ε0 – permitivity of vaccum (= 8,859. 10-12 F/m)
ε - relative permitivity of dielectricum (-) S – plates area (m2)
d - plates distance (m)