Post on 28-Jan-2015
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Factors effecting positional
accuracy of iBeacons
Chris Thomson (chris@codepilots.com)
Background
Indoor localization
?Where
am I
iBeacons
Small (50x30mm)
Cheap (£8-30 per beacon)
Range of up to 75m
Battery powered
Supported by Apple (unlike RFID tags)
Distance to a iBeacon
Anon (2014) 'Adjust beacon range with Estimote’s new App and change UUID using Estimote’s new SDK', Reality matters [Online]. 28/1/2014. Available at http://blog.estimote.com/post/74816977799/estimote-app-v1-2 (Accessed 19/3/2014).
iBeacon localization
Estimote iBeacons, from http://estimote.com
The only maths: distance
Qiu, T, Zhou, Y, Xia, F, Jin, N, & Feng, L 2012, 'A localization strategy based on n-times trilateral centroid with weight', International Journal Of Communication Systems, 25, 9, pp. 1160-1177, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 March 2014.Bulusu, N, Heidemann, J, & Estrin, D n.d., 'GPS-less low-cost outdoor localization for very small devices', Ieee Personal Communications, 7, 5, pp. 28-34, Science Citation Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 March 2014.
Overcoming Environmental factors
Bayesian learning (Öktem & Aydin, 2010)
Real-time reference measurements (Hyo-Sung & Wonpil 2009)
Clever uses of the radio (Wu et al, 2013)
Öktem R, & Aydin, E 2010, 'An RFID based indoor tracking method for navigating visually impaired people', Turkish Journal Of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 18, 2, pp. 185-196, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 March 2014.
Hyo-Sung, A, & Wonpil, Y 2009, 'Environmental-Adaptive RSSI-Based Indoor Localization', IEEE Transactions On Automation Science & Engineering, 6, 4, pp. 626-633, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 March 2014.
Wu, K, Xiao, J, Yi, Y, Chen, D, Luo, X, & Ni, L 2013, 'CSI-Based Indoor Localization', IEEE Transactions On Parallel & Distributed Systems, 24, 7, pp. 1300-1309, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 March 2014.
Practical issues to consider
Differences in devices:
Tablets, Smart phones and iBeacons
Noisy environments
Objects in the environment
Cost of deployment and maintenance
Limited access to raw hardware
Solutions?
Experimental setup
4mx3m Test ‘Lab’
IPad Air (2013 wi-fi only model)
3 Estimote pre-production iBeacons (early 2014)
Core Location SDK and Estimote SDK
Trilateration algorithm (wwnick &Austin, 2010)wwnick, Austin, J. (2010) 'Trilateration using 3 latitude and longitude points, and 3 distances', Geographic Information Systems Stack Exchange [Online]. 26/6/2012. Available at http://gis.stackexchange.com/a/415 (Accessed 18/3/2014).
Technical stuff
Estimotes x 3
Hardware: D3.2, Software: A1.9
Power: 4 dBm, Interval 200ms
Estimote API dated 19/02/2014
Elevation: 210cm (wall) or 240cm (celling)
iPad Air
Elevation: 130cm (held) or 70cm (on stool)
Held flat, home button to left of operator, hands under the device.
Estimote Uniformity
Measured power levels (typical) at 1 meter.
Receiver iPad Air, home button towards Estimote spot.
Typical RSSI values: -65 dBm, -71 dBm, -66 dBm
Levels fluctuated approximately ±5 dBM
Stayed within this range with other WiFi and Bluetooth devices disabled.
Test ‘lab’
Operator and facing direction
Trilateration location
Beacon and reported distance
Test ‘lab’ obstructions
WiFi access point
Lamp shade
Mac with WIFI
Beacon on bookshelf,obstructed to left
Shelf belowbeacon
Window
Door
Door
Operator Rotation
iPad rotation
No Operator
Rotation of iBeacon
Bottom right beacon rotated only, stuck to wall, vertical orientation facing iPad, operator stood in front of iPad, iPad at 70cm elevation on stool.
Rotation of iBeacon
Bottom right beacon rotated only, stuck to wall, Horizontal orientation, base facing iPad
Rotation of iBeacon
Bottom right beacon rotated only, stuck to celling, horizontal orientation facing iPad, operator stood in front of iPad
Recommendations
Ceiling mounting of Estimotes reduces variance and may also help with blocking by the operator
Signal transmission and reception are dependent on the orientation of both the transmitter and receiver. So this should be built into positioning models.
Radio absorption by the operator is significant in determining distance. Again models should take account of the direction of the operator.
Other radio interference does not seem significant in practice.
Future research
Does other hardware suffer from the same directionality issues?
Improve experimental protocol to eliminate operator issues, and take more accurate measurements.
Collect further data on the variation in signal strength, to check for statistical significance of effects observed.
Experiment with a predictive model to take observed effects into account.