Post on 17-Dec-2015
transcript
Federal AviationAdministrationBest Practices for
Taxi Operations at Towered &
Non-Towered Airports
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Challenges Facing Air Crews and Air Traffic Controllers
• Taxi operations may be difficult and hazardous
• Aircrew workload during taxi has increased
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Technology improvements at airports have not kept pace with demand
• Air traffic volume increases yearly
• Air traffic system is more complex
• Airport layout design is more complicated
Challenges Facing Air Crews and Air Traffic Controllers
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Taxi Operations at Towered Airports
CAUTION: Follow the taxi clearance or instructions that are ACTUALLY received and not those EXPECTED to be received
Conduct Pre-Taxi Planning• Study airport diagram BEFORE taxi
• Identify complex intersections and potential runway crossings
• Plan timing of checklists and conduct them while stopped
• Plan timing of company communications
• Listen to ATIS
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NOTE: Common sense should be used in determining this need.
Don’t be afraid to ask for “progressive taxi directions”
Write Down Taxi Instructions
Copying complex taxi instructions can reduce a pilot’s vulnerability to forgetting
“Cessna 34 Papa Uniform, taxi to Runway 19 right, at Alpha 3 intersection departure, via Taxiway Charlie to Taxiway Alpha, hold short of Runway 19 right.”
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• Be vigilant if instructed to “taxi into position and hold”
• Be extremely cautious when directed to use a runway as a taxiway
Maintain Situational Awareness
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Monitor ATC instructions issued to other aircraft
LOOK before crossing intersecting taxiways or runways
Maintain Situational Awareness
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Use
Extra
Caution!
at Night
or in Periods of Reduced Visibility
Maintain Situational Awareness
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Use utmost caution when exiting the runway if the exit taxiway intersects with another runway
(see next three examples)
Know where you are and where you’re going
Maintain Situational Awareness
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4
D
D
35
Runway
Safet
y
Area
for 4
Ru
nw
ay S
afet
y A
rea
fo
r 3535
4
Note: Because of the relative short Taxiway D stub, the hold markings are not SEQUENCED in the “usual order” as one would expect to see exiting either runway.
Following landing, blue aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 4. Blue aircraft is expected to hold at this position even if the aircraft has not cleared the landing runway and remains inside the safety area for Runway 35. Follow ATC instructions.
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32L
32R
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
Runway Safety Area 14R/32L
14R
The orange aircraft is expected to HOLD AT THIS POSITION even if it HAS NOT Cleared the landing runway and remains inside the Runway Safety Area Runway 14R/32L (blue circle)
Following landing, the orange aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L
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L
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
Runway Safety Area 14R/32L
Runway Safety Area 14L/32R
Following landing the blue aircraft is expected to clear the hold position marking associated with the landing runway (black circle) unless otherwise instructed by ATC.
The orange aircraft has been instructed to “hold short” Runway 14L
32R
14R
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• On taxi instructions for takeoff
• On identifying runway intersections
• On identifying the correct departure runway
• On performing other “heads down” cockpit tasks
Coordinate Crew Communications
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• On landing and hold short clearance
• On ATC instructions to parking
• Before crossing hold short lines
Coordinate Crew Communications
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• Maintain a “sterile cockpit”
• Use standard ATC phraseology
• Focus on what ATC is instructing
• Read back all hold short and runway crossing instructions
NOTE: Air Traffic Controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a readback of all runway hold short instructions
Maintain the “Communication Loop”
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The Two Most Common Pilot Errors Resulting in Runway Incursions are:
Taxiing onto the runway after acknowledging ATC “hold short” instructions
AND
Taking off without clearance
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Potential “TRAPAircraft #1 is holding on the runway for an intersection departure Runway 14 at Taxiway Echo, while aircraft #2 is told to “taxi into position and hold”
A/C 2
A/C 1
As the pilot of either aircraft,what should you be listening for?
Answer:
ATC will soon give takeoff clearance to one of the aircraft holding on the runway. Ensure that clearance is directed to A/C 1
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Aircraft # 1 is landing Runway 35L and told to “If able, turn right Taxiway Kilo” while aircraft # 2 is given landing clearance to same runway.
A/C 2
As the pilot of aircraft 2, what are you expecting to happen?
Answer:
As pilot of A/C 2 you are expecting A/C 1 to clear the runway prior to your crossing the runway threshold or ATC to instruct you to “go around”
A/C 1
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• PRIOR TO TAXI have a copy of and be familiar with the airport diagram
• Use the compass or heading display to supplement orientation
• Use all resources during “low” visibility taxi
• If uncertain of position, STOP and advise ATC
• Inform ATC of any delay on runway when crossing or taking off
Keep “Heads UP” When Taxiing
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DO NOT exit onto another runway after landing without ATC clearance.
DO NOT stop on a runway. If possible, taxi off the runway and then initiate communications with ATC to regain your orientation.
CAUTION
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Recommend Review Advisory CircularsAC 91-73 and AC 120-74
These circulars contain information concerning flight crew procedures
during taxi operations
NOTE: Additional information on this subject can be obtained from the local Flight Standards District Office
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• Familiarize yourself with the local traffic pattern. Not all airports use a standard traffic pattern.
• Be especially alert during calm winds. Aircraft may be utilizing an instrument approach to a runway other than the one in use for VFR operations.
• Remember to check Airport Facility Directories, NOTAMS, and airport web sites for site specific information.
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airportsor at Airports without an Operating Control Tower
CAUTION: Some aircraft operating at the airport may not be radio equipped
ALWAYS Use Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
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Always Use CTAF!
CAUTION: Some aircraft operating at the airport may not be radio equipped
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airportsor at Airports without an Operating Control Tower
Use extreme caution when operating from a
runway where the opposite end of the
runway is not visible
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Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airportsor at Airports without an Operating Control Tower
Be vigilant if terrain features blocks the
view of the approach end of crossing
runways
Always Use CTAF!
CAUTION: Some aircraft operating at the airport may not be radio equipped
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• Scan the full length of the runway before crossing
• Maintain a “Sterile Cockpit”
• Use CTAF - always!
Taxi Operations at NON-TOWERED Airports
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CTAF – Use It!Self Announce Your Position and Intentions
At Towered Airports
(when the tower is not operating)
and
at Non-Towered AirportsCheck Airport/Facility Directory (AFD) for Frequencies
CTAF frequency @ this airport: ___________________
Avoid a Surface Incident
A Fully Developed Surface Incident = An ACCIDENT!
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• Monitor the appropriate frequency for other traffic activity
• Monitor approach control, if possible, to alert you to IFR traffic inbound
• Use exterior lighting to be more conspicuous
Where is the hold position?
Hold Sign Hold Line
Maintain Situational Awareness
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• Ensure your radio is tuned to the appropriate CTAF frequency
• Listen before transmitting
• Always state the name of the airport at the beginning and end of the transmission
• Transmit intentions clearly but be brief
• Use your full call sign when broadcasting
Communications at NON-TOWERED Airports
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Recommend Review Advisory Circulars
AC 90-42 and AC 90-66
Additional information on this subject can be obtained from the local
Flight Standards District Office
These circulars contain information concerning
operations at airports WITHOUT operating Control Towers
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WHETHER YOU FLY INTO HERE…..
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OR HERE…..
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OR HERE…..
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LOOK, LISTEN, and EXPECT the unexpected!
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• Plan Your Taxi Route
• Understand Your Taxi Route
• Execute Your Taxi Route
If You Operate from a Towered or Non-Towered Airport
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