Post on 07-Aug-2015
transcript
Preparatory work for Carbon Financing
through System of Rice Intensification in
Khagaria District, Bihar
Field Research Report Submitted By: Debotosh Mahato
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 2
Acknowledgments:
At the outset, we feel great pleasure to pronounce our gratitude to Management Trainee Segment
(MTS) Coordinator, Prof. Prasun Kr.Das, KSRM, KIIT University, for giving us the opportunity
to participate in the MTS program. We are thankful to his for his guidance and constant
observation throughout the program. We also express our immense gratitude to Prof. L. K.
Vaswani, Director, KSRM, KIIT University, for his able guidance. We are particularly thankful
to Prof. Prasun Das for their sincere guidance, constructive criticism and valuable suggestions in
every step of this work.
This report could not have been prepared without the committed support of JEEVIKA staffs
those who are related to the preparatory work for carbon financing project. In particularly, we
gratefully acknowledge time and effort invested by the local committee of khagaria block, Bihar
VRP (village resource parson) and SRI farmers to share their views and provided the valuable
feedback on the program through the preparation of this report.
Special thanks to Mr. Debaraj Behera (SPM Livelihood BRLPS)(Reporting Officer), Mr. Samir
Kumar (Livelihood Manager), Mr. Kshovan Guha (CEO of JWAPCL) and Ms. Dipa
Gupta(BPM),who have provided input on SRI to this study.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
The percentage of green house gases in our atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate which
caters to further global warming and climate change which affects the livelihood of the bottom of
pyramid. In the context of India the industrialization started after our independence which had
made India today as one of the fastest growing economies, but on the other side we are one of the
countries which emit most of the green house gases.
From the Kyoto protocol, the developed countries can invest in projects that reduce the carbon
emission in developing countries through World Bank. Jeevika, BRLPS is an NGO started with
the help of Bihar government and World Bank with commitment to bring changes in the lives of
the poor people. From 2007 Jeevika is working in six districts of Bihar reaching more the five
lakh poor families. Its main projects are promoting SWI and SRI method of cultivation to
increase the rice production among farmers. So, Jeevika has recognized the livelihood project
that they promote can take as means to create carbon credit through which can be sold in world
market.
This report involves the preparatory phase of farmers of Khagaria district, who cultivate rice
through SRI method which reduces the green house gas emission which high in the traditional
paddy cultivation. This study also brings out the farmers perception regarding the SRI
methodology adoption and their view regarding the organic farming and fertilizer usage. VRP
(village resource person) who acts as ground level motivator of farmers to adopt SRI is
interviewed and their views are shown in the report with regard to difficulties at the ground level
in SRI adoption. The preliminary emission estimation from the traditional and SRI method of
paddy cultivation has been calculated and the potential of credit that can be generated in the area
for the study was conducted had been shown in the monetary terms. Finally this report shows the
preparatory phase at the ground level to generate carbon credit through enhancing the livelihood
of marginal farmers for whom SRI practice has been introduced through BRLPS.
Findings and Analysis:
Though the farmers and SHG members are aware about SRI, but they have the mindset
that use of more fertilizers increases the yield. They are not aware about the harmful
effects of fertilizer.
High yield, less seed requirement, less water requirement and less fertilizer requirement
are the motivating factor behind adoption of SRI. SRI means low investment and high
yield to the farmers, but high labour cost is a big challenge for them.
On an average a farmers are using 21% of their land for SRI therefore there is a vast
scope for the expansion of SRI.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 4
Conclusion:
In SRI farmers are able to increase their yield(2500kg/acre) and income
For reducing GHG(CO2,N2O,CH4) emission is necessary to produce organic fertilizer in
domestic level
Organic fertilizer plays a vital role in restoring fertility and organic matter in the soil.
It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level and makes it sustainable.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: ____________________________________________________ 3
CHAPTER 1: [INTRODUCTION] ______________________________________________ 8
1.1 ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE: _________________________________________________ 8
1.2. BACKGROUND OF STUDY ____________________________________________________ 8
1.2.1. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION _____________________________________ 8
1.2.2. BENEFITS OF SRI _________________________________________________________ 8
1.2.3 SRI ENHANCE FARM HOUSEHOLD RESILIENCE PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CONDITION: _ 10
1.2.4 CARBON FINANCE _____________________________________________________ 10
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: ____________________________________________ 13
CHAPTER 2: [METHODOLOGY] ____________________________________________ 13
2.1. SAMPLE DESIGN__________________________________________________________ 13
2.2. DATA COLLECTION _______________________________________________________ 14
2.2.1. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: ______________________________________________ 14
2.2.2. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION: ____________________________________________ 14
2.3. FLOW CHART FOR METHODOLOGY __________________________________________ 15
2.4. PROJECT LOCATION ______________________________________________________ 15
2.5. GANTT CHART REPRESENTING TIME FRAME OF THE STUDY _______________________ 16
2.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY: ________________________________________________ 16
CHAPTER 3: [FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS]____________________________________ 17
A. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION: ___________________________________________ 17
3. A.1 FIELD DATA ___________________________________________________________ 17
3.1.2 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE ACCORDING TO FARM SIZE: ___________________________ 18
3.1.3 APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER IN CONTROL PLOT: _______________________ 18
3.1.4 APPLICATION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER IN TREATMENT PLOTS: ______________________ 19
3.1.5 COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS: _________________________________________________ 21
3.1.6 VILLAGE ORGANIZATION (VO) WISE SCORE CARD: ______________________________ 22
3.2.1 ANALYZING THE FARMERS PERCEPTIONS: ___________________________________ 24
FARMER’S PERCEPTION ABOUT THE TREATMENT PLOTS ____________________________ 24
3.2.2 FARMERS PERCEPTION TOWARDS FERTILIZER: __________________________________ 25
3.2.3 FARMER’S PERCEPTION TOWARDS VERMIN COMPOST: ____________________________ 26
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 6
3.2.4 THE PERCEPTION OF VRP ON SRI AND FOLLOWING ORGANIC METHODS OF SRI: ________ 27
3.3 BEST PRACTICES VIS-À-VIS CURRENT PRACTICES ________________________________ 28
3.3.1 YIELD DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SRI AND CONVENTIONAL METHOD ___________________ 28
B. CARBON FINANCING ____________________________________________________ 29
CARBON EMISSION____________________________________________________________ 29
CHAPTER 4: [SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION] _____________________________ 32
4.1 SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVING ORGANIC SRI: __________________________________ 32
4.2 CONCLUSION: ____________________________________________________________ 32
REFRENCE________________________________________________________________ 34
ANNEXURE:_______________________________________________________________ 35
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND APPENDIX: __________________________________ 41
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 7
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: SRI enhances farm resilience production and Climate Change .............................. 10
Table 2: Timeline of Study ......................................................................................................... 16
Table 3: Village wise data........................................................................................................... 17
Table 4: village wise land holding capacity .............................................................................. 18
Table 5: Application of chemical fertilizer in SRI plots .......................................................... 19
Table 6: Application of organic fertilizer in SRI plots ............................................................ 20
Table 7: Cost Benefits Analysis ................................................................................................. 21
Table 8: Number Distribution Pattern ..................................................................................... 22
Table 9: Detail analysis of village organization ........................................................................ 23
Table 10: Rank Card (Farmer’s Perception) ........................................................................... 26
Table 11: Rank Card .................................................................................................................. 27
Table 12: Yield different between conventional and SRI method/acre of Paddy Cultivation
............................................................................................................................................... 28
Table 13: Calculation of Methane Emission ............................................................................. 30
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Emission reductions purchase agreements by sector .............................................. 12
Figure 2: Map of Bihar ............................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3: Farmers following the SRI manual........................................................................... 25
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 8
CHAPTER 1: [INTRODUCTION]
1.1 Organizational Profile:
Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (BRLPS) is an independent society set up by the
Government of Bihar and supported by the World Bank. BRLP (Bihar Rural Livelihood Project)
also Known as JEEVIKA working with the poor and. BRLP was established in 2007 with the
support of World Bank and Bihar Government for poverty alleviation in the state and
livelihood. The word jeevika is derived from the word ‘life’ or ‘life source’. So much in the
name of globalization is happening which is not just indifferent to those life processes, but
against them. India is seeing the increased polarization of wealth. The jeevika of rural
communities is under threat because the source of their livelihood is ecological wealth.
Ultimately humans can only work with what nature has given them—work is a partnership
between humans and nature. The issues of poverty and ecology were always the same thing —
rebuilding nature means rebuilding people – and if we want sustainability then the resources of
the Earth have to stay in the hands of the people. To enhance the livelihood option for the poor
people the BRLPS is implementing JEEVIKA Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project with the objective
of enhancing the social and economic empowerment of the rural poor in Bihar particularly
women. The BRLP intervenes with the community through the following four themes or
programs: institution and capacity building, social development, microfinance.
{Annexure 1: Organogram of BRLPS}
1.2. Background of Study
1.2.1. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION
System of Rice Intensification or SRI as it is popularly called; is a fascinating case of rural
innovation that has been developed outside the formal rice research establishments both in India
and the rest of the world. It was developed in Madagascar by Fr. Henri De Laulanié a French
priest with a background in agriculture and passion for rural development. SRI method is
emerging as a potential alternative to traditional way of flooded rice cultivation and is showing
great promise to address the problems of water scarcity, high energy and chemical usage, thus
offers a noble breakthrough in the way of growing more rice with fewer inputs. It requires less
water and less expenditure yet gives more yields, so is highly beneficial for small land marginal
farmer.
1.2.2. Benefits of SRI
Farmers, with less expense, are able to produce more rice to eat or sell, improving both
their food security and income.
It also benefits their health and the environment by using less water and agrochemicals.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 9
SRI increases the productivity of resources used in rice cultivation, reducing
requirements for water, seed, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides etc
SRI represents an unprecedented opportunity for developing economies to enable these
households to be more secure, and self-reliant, while buffering and even reversing the
trends that contribute to climate change.
The SRI can also reduce GHG (green house gas) Emission and improves soil health. A study at
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi showed that the global warming potential
(GWP) in the SRI was only 28.9% over the conventional method. It increased the water
productivity by 44% compared to conventional planting method. Even though the yield was
same but the seed rate in SRI was much lower which reduced the input cost. The SRI, therefore,
seems to be a ‘win-win’ method.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 10
1.2.3 SRI Enhance Farm Household Resilience Production and Climate Condition:
Table 1: SRI enhances farm resilience production and Climate Change
1.2.4 CARBON FINANCE
Rice is the staple food on earth and it is grown on 140 million hector of the whole world. To
enhance the rice production SRI technique has been developed. Most of the lands are being used
for rice production which is the major reason for the emission of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O
and CO2). It will directly affect in the soil condition. Due to which it is very necessary to
mitigate green house gases. The emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 are discussed but most focus
Reported and Validated Benefits Contribution to Resilience and Climate Change Adaptability
Higher yields per unit of land,
labor and capital invested Grain yields are increased on average by 300%, but often more. This not only generates more food,
but releases some land and labor for other productive activities. Higher productivity per unit of land reduces pressure to expand cultivated area at the expense of other ecosystems.
Lightened workload for women Women farmers widely report that SRI methods save them time and reduce the drudgery of rice cultivation, due to less time for nursery management and transplanting, ease of working with
Smaller seedlings and less time laboring in standing water. It frees their time for activities of their
choice (such as vegetable growing for profit or improved family diet) and enables other family
Members to seek non-farm employment, thereby diversifying household income. Reduced requirements for irrigation water With SRI, irrigation water use is generally reduced by 25-50%, as water is managed to maintain
mostly aerobic soil conditions. Farmers can continue to cultivate rice where water is becoming Scarcer or rains unpredictable, and can mitigate losses from late monsoons or less rainfall. Less
water used at the head of canals means more water is available for farmers at the end. Water can
Be freed up for other crops and people, and for the maintenance of natural ecosystems. Reduced seed rate Since farmers need 80-90% fewer seeds for transplanting, they need much less space to sow the
seed nurseries.
Reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers
herbicides, and pesticides The high and rising cost of fertilizer and other inputs is one of the main attractions for farmers to
use SRI as it allows them to reduce chemical applications without loss of yield. Fewer chemical around farmsteads has health benefits for people and their livestock. Reduced chemical loads and
better soil and water quality has beneficial effects throughout the environment.
Resistance to lodging and storm damage
(possibly also cold spells) Climate change is contributing to more frequent and more severe storms, which cause rice plants to fall over or lodge. This can be devastating to farmers. A fallen crop is vulnerable to rotting and
also more difficult to harvest. SRI practices produce stronger straw (tillers) and larger, deeper root
systems that make rice plants less susceptible to being blown down or pushed over.
Increased resistance to pest damage Climate change is expected to increase the prevalence and distribution of pest species as
temperatures and rainfall patterns change. With SRI management, farmers observe less loss to
pests and diseases even though they use fewer agrochemicals. Increased drought tolerance SRI rice plants exhibit stronger root systems that grow deeper into the soil profile. At greater depth
they can access deeper reserves of soil moisture (and nutrients). This is particularly important given the increasing risk of rainfall variation during the growing season.
Shorter growing season SRI crops can often be harvested 1-2 weeks, even sometimes 3 weeks earlier than the same variety
conventionally grown. A shorter growing period reduces water needs and the crop’s exposure to pests and storms that arrive late in the season.
Fewer seeds and faster time to planting give
more flexibility If a farmer’s crop succumbs to adverse weather patterns, farmers can more easily find the seed sand
time to replant the nursery and replant the crop since SRI requires only one-tenth of the seeds, and seedlings can be planted within 8-14 days of sowing,
Improved farmer knowledge,
experimentation and innovation Good SRI extension promotes farmer initiative and evaluation. It encourages farmers to take more
responsibility for adaptation and innovation, contributing to human resource development in rural Areas and the prospect of farmers being able to identify and exploit other innovations as they
emerge.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 11
will be put on methane as it is the most dominant gas emitted from flooded rice fields. The
general causes why these three GHGs are produced will be introduced, but the focus lies on the
potential of SRI to mitigate CO2, N2O and CH4. Other GHGs are not included.
Due to which carbon financing a new project has been started by World Bank to mitigate GHG
gases emission in whole world to reduce the effect of global warming. A carbon project helps to
mitigate climate change and thus to safeguard the planet. Through the establishment of carbon
markets, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions became a tradable commodity. Tackling climate
change is widely acknowledged as one of the biggest challenges of this century and its negative
effects will disproportionately affect poor countries, which make it even more urgent to act.
Emissions of various gases that arise from industrial activities and the burning of fossil fuels and
biomass need to be reduced in order to limit the negative impacts of climate change. The most
important of these so-called ‘greenhouse gases’ is CO2. Transport is responsible for 14% of
greenhouse gas emissions. It is the only sector of the world economy in which carbon emissions
have risen consistently since 1990.The cement production industry alone represents about 5% of
total carbon dioxide emissions.
Key elements of carbon finance projects:
Available only for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions
They must contribute to the sustainable development of the host country
These emission reductions need to be measured and verified before they can be sold as carbon
credits
The link between Climate Change, GHG emissions, Carbon and Carbon Finance:
Climate change is one of the biggest threats we face. Everyday activities like driving a car or a
motorbike, using air conditioning and/or heating and lighting houses consume energy and
produce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), which contribute to climate change. When the
emissions of GHGs are rising, the Earth’s climate is affected, the average weather changes and
average temperatures increase.
Types of GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
2006-2007: Emission Reductions Purchase
Agreements by Sector:
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 12
Figure 1: Emission reductions purchase agreements by sector
Sources: Indian Council for Climate Change Assessment Report
Agriculture is a major contributor to emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N
2O), and
carbon dioxide (CO2). On a global scale, agricultural land use in the 1990s has been responsible
for approximately 15% of all GHG emissions. One third of all carbon dioxide emissions come
from changes in land use (forest clearing, shifting cultivation and intensification of agriculture).
Approximately two thirds of methane and most of nitrous oxide emissions originate from
agriculture.
At the same time, agriculture offers options to reduce GHG significantly. One is to reduce
emissions and, thereby, to minimize the production of atmospheric CO2, CH
4 and N
2O.
Agriculture shares this emission reduction potential with industry and other sectors. The second
option consists in systematically sequestering carbon dioxide in soils and in plant biomass. It is
unique for all types of land use. Mainly from rice cultivation the amount of GHG gas emission is
higher than other because maximum land is used Organic Agriculture can significantly reduce
carbon dioxide emissions. As a viable alternative to shifting cultivation, it offers permanent
cropping systems with sustained productivity. For intensive agricultural systems, it uses
significantly less fossil fuel in comparison to conventional agriculture. rganic fertilizers can be a
source of essential nutrients for plants as well as for the improvement of soil productivity. On the
other hand, use of chemical fertilizers has been blamed relentlessly for the deterioration of soil
and water resources and the environment as a whole.
Chemical fertilizers have been generally considered a bane in farming. Pollution of groundwater
and of bodies of waters like rivers and lakes has been caused by irresponsible application of
fertilizers. Besides the deleterious effect on our waters, fertilizer use has caused the decline in of
soil productivity.
Land-use,Land-use change and Forestry:26%
Renewable Energy: 41%
Waste Management:21%
Energy Efficiency:9%
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 13
The deterioration is not due to the material itself but is due to improper use of chemical
fertilizers. The harmful consequences of applying fertilizers can be eliminated or minimized if
only we follow this cardinal rule: application has to be based mainly on the need of the crop and
on the capacity of the soils to store and provide the essential nutrient.
As a consequence, the organic variants have in most cases a more favorable energy balance.
Nevertheless there are reasons for organic farmers to do more to further reduce their dependency
on fossil fuel and there are reasons to pay attention to the energy use on the food distribution
system.
Organic Agriculture has a very important role to reduce the emission of green house gases.
Through the promotion of aerobic microorganisms and high biological activity in soils, the
oxidation of methane can be increased. Secondly, changes in ruminant diet can reduce methane
production considerably. However, technology research on methane reduction in paddy fields –
an important source of methane production - is still in its infancy. Nitrous oxides are mainly due
to overdoses and losses on nitrogen. These are effectively minimized in Organic Agriculture.
Mainly in Paddy cultivation the methane emission is much higher. Due to which SRI has been
implemented to reduce the emission of green house gases. Now organic SRI has been introduced
to reduce the emission of gases and also enhance the production.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
The objective of the study is as follows
1. Compilation of hundred acres of Treatment plot1 of SHG members.
2. Compilation of hundred acres of Control plot2 of SHG members.
3. Validation of 100 acres of control and treatment plot through continuous field visit.
4. Farmer’s perception behavior study on chemical or organic agriculture.
5. Study of farmer’s perception on only organic agriculture.
CHAPTER 2: [Methodology]
2.1. Sample Design
The data collected represents the population of the farmers as designated by field team members
of BPIU and DPCU. The focus was to collect data of farmers constituting 200 acre of land. Total
number of Farmers included in the database is 824.
1 Treatment plot: only using vermin compost or organic manure
2 Control plot: using chemical fertilizers and organic manure.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 14
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Primary data collection:
1. Structured questionnaire
Data on the number of farmers practicing SRI by using vermin compost was collected through
structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of general questions on family background,
about the SHG and VO name, land under SRI and the total own land etc.
2. Field visit
Field visit was done to validate the farmers practicing SRI. The focus was to check whether the
farmers are following the methodologies as per the SRI manual.
3. SHG/VO meeting
To understand the working of the organization at the grass root level and to get information
about the knowledge among the SHG members about SRI, SHG/VO meeting was attended.
4. Focused group discussion with the farmers
FGD was conducted in different villages to understand the farmer’s perception and behavior
toward SRI, towards use of Vermin compost etc.
5. On farm meeting with the farmers
To understand the adoptively level of SRI and the process followed by them in paddy cultivation.
6. Direct observation
2.2.2. Secondary data collection:
Information on the working of the organization, about the SRI methodology and carbon
financing was collected through the following sources:
1. Through internet
2. Through the manuals provided by host organization
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 15
2.3. Flow chart for Methodology
2.4. Project Location
Figure 2: Map of Bihar
Methodology
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
Secondary Data
Collection
Study of
Organization
Study of SRI Manual
Preparatory Work
Research Design
Framing of
questions
Field visit
Data Collection
Validation of
Farmers
Focused group
discussion
On farm meetings
Study of farmers
perceptions
Data
interpretation
Data Analysis
Draft report
Presentation
The project area
falls under 8
Villages of Khagaria
block of Khagaria
district,Bihar.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 16
2.5. Gantt Chart representing time frame of the Study
Table 2: Timeline of Study
2.6 Limitation of the Study:
Although most of the objectives of the study were fully covered during the project period, a few
limitations were identified in the course of this study. They are -
Data is collected for one season (Kharif). To analyze the data for two month is not sufficient.
Delayed monsoon may also affect the overall outcome of the project.
Data collected as per farmer’s recall. Farmers are not able to remember exact information
related to dose and time of application of agro.- input, net working hour of wage labour etc.
Sample size – there is a difference between sample size of treatment and control area.
Time Frame (in Days)
Act
ivit
y
4-8 9-
13
14-
18
19-
23
24-
28
29-2 3-7 8-
12
13-
17
18-
22
23-
26
Attend VO and SHG
meetings
Inception report
submission and
discussion with RO
Interaction with farmers
(SHG Members)
Attending SHG/VO
meetings and sharing the
concept of carbon credit
and its importance
Preparation of farm wise
database
Mobilizing identified
farmers to adopt and
follow the instructions as
per SRI
Preparation of draft report
Final presentation
Total Period 52 Days
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 17
CHAPTER 3: [FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS]
A. System of Rice Intensification:
3. A.1 Field Data
3.1.1 Village wise complied data:
The study was conducted in one block of Khagaria district. In the block 7 villages were selected
randomly for our analysis of treatment and control area. From each village the data of treatment
and control area have been taken by VO (village organization) wise. It is helping us to analyze
how much treatment area and how much control area exiting in that Village Organization.
Table 3: Village wise data
VILLAGE
NAME
VILLAGE
ORGANIZATION
TREATMENT
AREA(acre)
CONTROL
AREA(acre)
Total
Farmers(No.)
CHANDRAPURA Narishakti,Ujala & Tulsi 27.15 - 187
CHAKKIPAR Akta & Yadav - 8.26 23
OLAPUR Jyoti. - 6.66 8
GANGIA Sitara,Azad,Kamal &
Bharat
19.73 33.31 206
BHADASH Pragati,Maa Bhuban,Jyoti,
Sagar & Tulsi
3.82 33.82 205
MARAR Suraj,Radha
Krishna,Deepak,Amar
Jyoti,Roshni,Sabitri,Pragati
& Milan
21.46 63.46 173
SIMRA &
RAMUNIA
Chandni 8.22 - 22
GRAND
TOTAL(acre)
225.89 Acre 80.38 145.51 824
(Source: Structure Questionnaires)
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 18
3.1.2 Distribution of Sample According To Farm Size:
The table below is shown about the distribution of land according to farm size. Mainly here three
pattern of land has been shown here own land, lease land, share cropping. Through our analysis
we have seen that most of the farmers do not have their own land and they are using lease land
and share cropping. But still the percentage of own land is higher than lease land and share
cropping. Most of the farmers are cultivating corn, wheat, rice, mung etc.
Table 4: village wise land holding capacity
(Source: Structure Questionnaires)
3.1.3 Application of Chemical Fertilizer In Control Plot:
Urea, DAP, Zinc and MP are chemical fertilizers most commonly applied by rice farmers. There
is a difference between the amounts of recommended and actual dose of fertilizers for rice
production.
A Quantitative Analysis has given in the table. Urea (nitrogen) is a major component of
proteins, hormones, chlorophyll, vitamins and enzymes, essential for rice. Rice plants require a
large amount of nitrogen at the early and mid-till ring stage to maximize the number of panicles.
The recommended doses of other nutrients are also necessary for potential rice yield. But use of
Chemical fertilizer in the SRI is responsible for the reduce the production .In control are of our
analysis which has been taken is 100 acre. Here SRI is being done by using chemical fertilizer
totally which will affect their production. Mainly three times chemical fertilizer is being given in
the field and the total cost incurred for it is Rs 1615.
Village Name Land ( In Acre)
Own land Lease land & Share cropping
Chandrapura 65 35.5
Chakkipar 25.5 5
Olapur 10 5.5
Gangia 106 39
Bhadash 216 110
Marar 52.4 97
Simra & Ramania 9 20
Total 483.9 316.5
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 19
Table 5: Application of chemical fertilizer in SRI plots
(Source: FGD, discussion with VRP)
3.1.4 Application of organic fertilizer in treatment Plots:
35%- 40% of the farmers are being applied green manure(GM) that is vermin compost and
compost to their SRI fields while 50% of farmers applied both chemical fertilizer and vermin
compost because in most of the village do not have vermin compost pit due to which vermin
compost is being supplied from put side. No correlation is found between the different kinds of
fertilizers and the C and N content in the soil which is not surprising as only long term
experiments can identify such correlations. In table the details on application rates and cost have
given. Average application rates for green manure and compost were 400 kg to 425 kg per acre.
The vermin compost is given three times in the land in an equal quantity. The total application
rate and cost of vermin compost has given below.
Application
Period
Chemical
fertilizer
Application Rate Unit Price Total Cost
1st Application Urea 20kg/acr Rs.120
DAP 27kg/acr Rs.320
MOP 25kg/acr Rs.175
Zinc 5kg/acr Rs.200 Rs.815
2nd
Application Urea 40kg/acr Rs.240
DAP 27kg/acr Rs.320
MOP - -
Zinc - - Rs.560
3rd
Application Urea 40kg/acr Rs.240
DAP - -
MOP - -
Zinc - - Rs.240
Rs.1615
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 20
Table 6: Application of organic fertilizer in SRI plots
(Source: FGD, discussion with VRP)
APPLICATION
PERIOD
ORGANIC
FARTILIZER
USED IN SRI
APPLICATION
RATE
UNIT PRICE
@Rs4
TOTAL COST
1st Application Vermin compost 155kg/acre Rs.620
2nd
Application Vermin compost 135kg/acre Rs.540
3rd
Application Vermin compost 135kg/acre Rs.540
TOTAL COST Rs.1700
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 21
3.1.5 Cost benefits analysis:
Here the importance of analyzing the Cost benefit analysis in both treatment area and control
area is to find out the difference between the costs of production of both and also to find out the
enhancement in production by using organic manure instead of chemical fertilizers. In SRI the
use of chemical fertilizer is partly substituted and complemented by application of organic
manures. Vermin compost is only being adopted by farmers in SRI in the village and the data
shown there is highest gap between the productions of SRI by using vermin compost.
Table 7: Cost Benefits Analysis
(Source: FGD, discussion with VRP)
Input Cost/acre
Control Area(Chemical
fertilizer)
(@Rs.)
Treatment Area(Organic
manure)
(@Rs.)
Land Preparation 900 900
seed(@Kg) 60 60
Fertilizer 1615 1700
Transplantation cost 1320 1320
Pest and disease
management
120 120
Irrigation 400 400
Harvesting 900 900
Total Cost 5315 5400
Yield 2000 KG 2500KG
Total Sale Rs 40000 Rs 50000
Profit 34685 44600
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 22
3.1.6 Village Organization (VO) wise Score Card:
We have selected 7 villages of Khagaria block for our survey. Each village organization of each
village has been analyzed during our survey by taking certain parameter into consideration. The
parameter are equipment (cone weedier, pump set etc), input supply (seed, fertilizer, pesticides
etc) vermin compost supply, awareness of SHG member, knowledge of VRP (village resource
person) and rapport of VRP. In each parameter we have given certain rank and after that total
score have been given to each VO. By analyzing this we found out the best VO in the Khagaria
block. From this table given below we have found out that the Ujala and Tulsi have performed
well as compared to others.
Table 8: Number Distribution Pattern
PARTICULAR
NUMBER
EQUIPMENT
YES=1 & NO=0
INPUT ON TIME =1 & DELAY=0
VERMIN COMPOST
SUPPLY
ON TIME =1 & DELAY=0
AWARNESS OF SHG
MEMBER
HIGH=3,MIDDLE=2 & LOW=1
KNOWLEDGE OF
VRP
HIGH=3,MIDDLE=2 & LOW=1
RAPPORT OF VRP HIGH=3,MIDDLE=2 & LOW=1
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 23
Table 9: Detail analysis of village organization
V.O. VILLAGE EQUI
P-
MEN
T
INPUT VERMIN
COMPOST
SUPPLY
AWARN
ESS OF
SHG
MEMBE
R
KNOWLE
DGE OF
VRP
RAPPO
RT OF
VRP
TOT
AL
SCO
RE
Y N T D T D H M L H M L H M L
UJALA CHANDR
APURA
YES ON
TIME
ON TIME HIGH HIGH HIGH 12
NARIS
AKTI
CHANDR
APURA
YES ON
TIME
ON TIME HIGH MIDDLE HIGH 11
TULSI CHANDR
APURA
YES ON
TIME
ON TIME HIGH HIGH HIGH 12
CHAD
NI
SIMRA&
RAMUNIA
YES ON
TIME
ON TIME MIDDLE HIGH HIGH 11
SITAR
A
GANGIA NO DELA
Y
ON TIME MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDL
E
7
PRAGA
TI
BARARA YES DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDL
E
7
SURAJ MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE LOW LOW 5
RADH
A
KRISH
NA
MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE LOW MIDDL
E
6
UJALA BHADAS YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW MIDDLE LOW 5
AKTA CHAKKIP
AR
YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW MIDDLE HIGH 7
YADAV CHAKKIP
AR
YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW MIDDLE HIGH 7
JYOTI OLAPUR YES DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE LOW LOW 5
DEEPA
K
MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW LOW MIDDL
E
5
AMAR
JYOTI
MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW LOW MIDDL
E
5
MILAN MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW LOW MIDDL
E
5
ROSHN
I
MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW LOW LOW 4
SABIT
RI
MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE LOW MIDDL
E
6
PRAGA
TI
MARAR YES DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE LOW LOW 5
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 24
3.2.1 Analyzing the Farmers Perceptions:
Farmer’s Perception About the treatment plots
The villages have been covered up during our analysis were 7 villages. From which in
Chandrapura village was the best. This is the completely treatment area and the treatment area in
this village is 27.15 acre. They have their own 8 vermin compost pit in the village. They totally
use vermin compost in SRI. In this village all the farmers following the instruction required for
treatment area. Generally they use 18kg vermin compost per katha. In Simra also farmer have
given exact proportion of both chemical and organic fertilizer. They give it in three applications.
But in other villages (treatment area) Gangia, Marar have not followed the instruction required
for treatment area because of delay of supply of vermin compost and 25% farmers found in
Marar and Gangia who did not follow the instruction as because they think that SRI production
can be enhanced in by using more chemical fertilizer than organic manure like vermin compost.
In Bhadash only 3.5 acre SRI land is coming under treatment area.
AZAD GANGIA NO DELA
Y
DELAY LOW MIDDLE HIGH 4
KAMA
L
GANGIA NO DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE MIDDLE HIGH 7
BHARA
T
GANGIA NO DELA
Y
DELAY MIDDLE MIDDLE HIGH 7
MAA
BHUBA
N
KASHIM
PUR
YES DELA
Y
DELAY LOW LOW MIDDL
E
5
SAGAR BHADAS YES DELA
Y
DELAY HIGH HIGH MIDDL
E
9
JYOTI BHADAS YES DELA
Y
DELAY HIGH HIGH HIGH 10
TULSI VACHOTA YES DELA
Y
DELAY HIGH HIGH HIGH 10
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 25
Figure 3: Farmers following the SRI manual
(Source: FGD)
3.2.2 Farmers Perception towards Fertilizer:
In control area:
Marar ,Bhadash , Olhapur, Gangia are the control area. Here farmers have wrong perception that
by using chemical fertilizer. 5 farmers have been selected in each village to know the perception
of farmers about chemical fertilizer. Farmers also said that the cost of production in SRI by using
chemical fertilizer is more than organic manure but due to lack of awareness about the organic
manure they chemical fertilizer is being used. Based on the interview with the farmers their
perception and our observation we tried to identified some observation adoption by the farmers
and rank them according to their severity. These are presented in the table below.
according to instruction
56%
not according to instruction
44%
Farmers working According to SRI Manual
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 26
Table 10: Rank Card (Farmer’s Perception)
Farmer’s Perception Rank Percentage
Production Enhancement 1. 90%
Lack Of Faith Over Using Of
Vermin Compost
2. 85%
Easily Available 3. 70%
High Cost Of Fertilizer 4. 62%
Cost of Production Increased
Due To High Dose Of
Fertilizer
5. 55%
Affect on The Soil health 6. 42%
Affect on human health 7. 35%
(Source: FGD, discussion with VRP)
3.2.3 Farmer’s Perception towards Vermin Compost:
Mainly in Chandrapura vermin compost is being used totally. Some other villages like Simra,
few farmers of Gangia, Bhadash and Marar are also giving vermin compost in their land. In
Chandrapura FGD has organized to interact with farmers to know the farmer’s perception. First
is good for the soil quality and also less expensive than chemical fertilizer. During interaction the
farmers also told that they will also get poison food and also there production is being increased
by 20 kg per katha. Based on the interview with the farmers their perception and our observation
we have tried to identified some observation adoption by the farmers. These are given in the
table below.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 27
Table 11: Rank Card
Farmer’s Perception Rank Percentage
Yield In Production 1. 95%
Improve Soil health 2. 82%
Less Expensive 3. 68%
Inferior Quality Of Fertilizer 4. 55%
Easily Available 5. 45%
(Source: FGD, discussion
with VRP)
3.2.4 The perception of VRP on SRI and following organic methods of SRI:
In khagaria district’s farmer mainly cultivated corns because of irrigation .and so many farmers
do not have own land. Through the SRI technique farmers are interest to cultivate paddy because
here seeds, water, fertilizer are easily available. The supply of organic manure should be in time
so that the outcome of the project is much better.
1. Production of the paddy day by day increased in khagaria.
2. In SRI technique labour charges are high but farmers were not ready for cultivated paddy
through chemical fertilizer. Because farmers more awareness of poison free food.
3. Reducing the recovery time seedling need after transplantation.
4. Optimizing soil and water condition.
5. Less time before transplanting, as seedling can be ready in 8-14 days instead of one
month.
6. 80-90% fewer seeds, due to much lower plant populations.
7. 60-70% less water, as the field in not continuously flooded.
8. Farmers, with less expanse, are able to produce more rice to eat or sell, improving both
their food security and income, while further benefiting their health and environment by
using less water and agrochemicals.
9. More and more pit should be increased to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 28
10. By using vermin compost in their land improve their soil health and also enhance
production.
3.3 Best practices vis-à-vis current practices
3.3.1 Yield difference between SRI and Conventional Method
From the field observation the difference between the best practices and current practices are
listed as below, The below table show SRI practice variation starts from seed treatment which
involves treatment of seed with fungicide which increases the germination and gives rise to
healthy seedlings.
Table 12: Yield different between conventional and SRI method/acre of Paddy Cultivation
(Source: SRI manual of jeevika)
INPUT CONVENTIONAL
Method
SRI Method
Seed 40kg 2kg
Transplanting of seedlings After 25-35 days After 8-14 days
Number of seedling 3 or more 1
Seed Treatment 0 5 gram
Fertilizer
DAP 27kg 27kg
MOP 0 27kg
URIA 54kg 39kg
ZINC 0 2kg
COMPOST 0 400kg
Water management Continuous flooding Keep soil moist but not
saturated.
Yield difference 900kg/acre 2500kg/acre
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 29
When we compare the inorganic fertilizer there is a complete reduction in usage which in turn
not only reduces the emission of green house gases but also the cost factor involved in it.
Systems of rice intensification or SRI is a methodology rather than a technology, in which the
management of soil, water, plant and nutrients is altered for greater root growth and nurturing
microbial diversity resulting in healthier soil and plant conditions.
In SRI, practices like seed rate, method of rising of seedlings in nursery, transplantation, control
of water in the main field, weeding / hoeing are modified to ensure higher ratios of tillers to
mother seedling, increased number of effective tillers per hill, enhanced panicle length and
bolder grains, or in short enhanced.
B. CARBON FINANCING
Carbon Emission
India emitted 3.3 million tons of CH4 in 2007 from 43.62 million ha cultivated for this
purpose (MOA, 2008). Of the total rice area cultivated, 52.6% was irrigated 32.4% was rain-
fed lowland, 12% was rain-fed upland and 3% was deepwater rice (Huke at el., 1997; WRS,
2008). The annual amount of CH4 emitted from a given area of rice is a function of the crop
duration, water regimes and organic soil amendments. The CH4 emissions from rice
cultivation have been estimated by multiplying the seasonal emission factors by the annual
harvested areas. The total annual emissions are equal to the sum of emissions from each sub-
unit of harvested area using the following equation.
CH4 Rice = ∑ (EFi, j, k x Ai, j, k x 10-6)
Where CH4 Rice = annual methane emissions from rice cultivation, Gg CH4/yr;
EFijk = a seasonal integrated emission factor for i, j, and k conditions, kg CH4/ha;
Aijk = annual harvested area of rice for i, j, and k conditions, ha /yr;
i j, and k = represent different ecosystems, water regimes, type and amount of organic
amendments, under which CH4 emissions from rice may vary.
Separate calculations were undertaken for each rice ecosystems (i.e., irrigated, rain fed, and
deep water rice production).
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 30
Before method adaption:
Table 13: Calculation of Methane Emission
Area Ecosystem Water regime Rice area
(ha)
Emission
factor(Kg/ha)
Methane
emission(tons)
Khagaria Rain fed Flood prone 90 190 17.1
After method adaption:
Area Ecosystem Water
regime
After
technology
adaption
Rice
area
(ha)
Emission
factor(Kg/ha)
Methane
emission(tons)
Khagaria Rain fed Flood
prone
Single
aeration
90 66 5.94
Source: moef.nic.in
Data source: Majumdar et al. (2000), Pathak et al. (2002; 2004), Bhatia et al. (2005), Malla et
al. (2005), Jain et al. (2009)
Percentage reduction in methane emission = [(17.1-5.94) / 17.1]* 100
= 65.26%
1 metric ton methane = 21 metric carbon dioxide
After adapting new technology we reduce methane emission by 11.16 metric ton
Or 11.16 X 21 = 234.36 metric ton carbon dioxide equivalent
Nitrous oxide emission factor for Bihar region having the range from 0.8Kg/ha to 1.3Kg/ha
For estimated nitrous oxide emission we take average value i.e. 1.05Kg/ha
Nitrous oxide emission = 1.05x90
= 94.5 Kg or 0.094 ton
= 0.094 X 310
= 29.36 (carbon dioxide-equivalent)
(1 metric ton of nitrous oxide =310 metric ton of CO2 equivalent)
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 31
Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil due to fertilizer uses having 70% proportions in
total emission. By reducing fertilizer doses to half of conventional cultivation method, 35%
decrease in nitrous oxide emission.
Therefore we reduce nitrous oxide emission by= (29.36 X35) /100
=10.276 ton CO2-eq
Total reduction = 234.36 + 10.276
= 244.636 metric tonne CO2-eq (Credit).
As we know from the World Bank data that one carbon credit is sold for 11 euro in
international market we can arrive to estimate of Rs .885 per acre worth of carbon credit can
be generated per season. Total worth of Carbon credit that can be generated in Bihar by
BRLPS: Rs 2, 45, 53,800 (Approx.).
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 32
CHAPTER 4: [SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION]
4.1 Suggestion for Improving Organic SRI:
More and more organic pit should be established in the village so that they can use only
vermin compost in the cultivation which will reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
Training program should be give to the farmers to use vermin compost in their land who
are generally used chemical fertilizers
Exposure visits should be organized to any organization who is being involved in
preparation of organic manure.
Certain training program should be provided to prepare organic manure and also organic
pesticides.
Organic pesticides should be prepared by using cow urine and neem leafs which will
increase the yield.
It is also possible to tie up with an agricultural university in Bihar to provide and share
knowledge to the VRP about SRI technology.
4.2 Conclusion:
The farmers participating in the present study have successfully obtained a significant increase in
their rice yields by growing SRI on a small piece of their land. The main management difference
seems to be the use of one single transplant per hill and not several as in traditional growing. The
wider spacing will provide less competition for nutrients in the low fertility soils and hence a
higher yield. The farmers did not possess the equipment to control the water level in the fields,
but they were still able to increase their yields significantly. This would imply that SRI works
properly when farmers just use some of the concepts.SRI has been through many controversial
discussions about its potential in rural areas of the rice growing world. This study indicates that
by following only a few of the SRI concepts, farmers are able to increase their rice yields and
SRI could then be considered very appropriate for the poorest farmers groups with few
resources. In a world with a growing population and risks of food shortages, SRI can provide
security for the poorest groups and it should therefore receive more attention in the future
regarding research projects and recognition Nutrient balance for rice production system is very
useful in developing nutrient management strategies for sustainable production. But most of our
farmers do not know the recommended dose for SRI. The continuous and unbalanced use of the
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 33
chemical fertilizers under intensive cropping systems is one of the main causes for declining crop
yield. Moreover, the organic fertilizers can play a vital role in restoring fertility as well as
organic matter status of the cultivating soils.
The study shows that the demand of fertilizers would become significant in near future.
Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production organic fertilizer in domestic level. Under
such situations, there is no alternative but to add organic fertilizer in the soils to sustain crop
productivity and to increase fertility. The prices of the imported fertilizers will continue to
increase in the coming years due to high price of oil in internal market and raw materials for
fertilizer production. Therefore, mobilization of all organic resources and recycling them into
soil fertilization program must be considered. From this it can emphasize the use of organic
fertilizer for SRI.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 34
REFRENCE
1. National colloquium on system of crop intensification.
2. Indian Council for Climate Change Assessment Report
3. Financial Express
4. Majumdar et al. (2000), Pathak et al. (2002; 2004), Bhatia et al. (2005), Malla et al.
(2005), Jain et al. (2009)
5. Annual Report 2009-2010 of Jeevika
6. Carbon finance guide
7. SRI manual of Jeevika
8. http://etd.uasd.edu/ft/th8678.pdf
9. www.krishiseva.com
10. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/04/04/stories/2002040400120400.htm
11. www.moef.nic.in
12. www.mohfw.nic.in
http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/may252003/1317.pdf
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 35
Annexure:
Annexure 1:
Organogram of BRLPS
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 36
Annexture 2
SYSTEM OF RICE INTESIFICATION METHOD
In SRI technique frequent
weeding Is required and some weedier Machine is operated within an time Interval of 10-15 days.
Transplantation should take place after the seedlings are 10-12 days. It is very necessary maintain ten inch of space.
Where possible, small
applications of water, or
alternate wetting and drying
during the growth period.
just 1-2 cm of water on fields
after the plants flower.
After 8-14 the seedling is ready to transplant in the field. 1 -2 seedlings transplanted with shallow depth 1-2 cm in the soil.
To maintain the moisture level
of land SRI technique requires
leveling and ranking Land.
In SRI it is necessary to
prepare six seedbeds for
1acre land and it should be
nutrient rich.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 37
Annexure 3:
Basic SRI Management Practices
Rice plants -- Seedlings are transplanted:
very young -- usually just 8-12 days old, with just two small leaves
carefully and quickly to have minimum trauma to the roots
singly, only one per hill instead of 3-4 together to avoid root competition
widely spaced to encourage greater root and canopy growth
in a square grid pattern, 25x25 cm or wider in good quality soil
Some farmers are experimenting with direct-seeding adaptations of SRI principles, and even
with mechanized transplanting. So these recommendations concern how to transplant rice most
productively if transplanting is done. SRI is not a recipe of precise things to do, but rather a
menu for bringing out rice plants’ potential.
Soil -- This is kept moist but well-drained and aerobic, with good structure and enough organic
matter to support increased biological activity. The quality and health of the soil is the key to
best production.
Water -- Only a minimum of water is applied during the vegetative growth period, and thereafter
only a thin layer of water is maintained on the field during flowering and grain-filling.
Alternatively, to save labor time, some farmers flood and drain (dry) their fields in 3-5 day
cycles with good results. Best water management practices depend on soil type, labor availability
and other factors, so farmers should experiment on how best to apply the principle of having
moist but well-drained soil while their rice plants are growing.
Nutrients -- Soil nutrient supplies should be augmented, preferably with compost, made from
any available biomass. Better quality compost such as with manure can give additional yield
advantages. Chemical fertilizer can be used and gives better results than with no nutrient
amendments, but it does not enhance soil structure and microbial communities in the rhizosphere
as applying organic matter accomplishes. At least initially, nutrient amendments may not be
necessary to achieve higher yields with the other SRI practices, but it is desirable to build up soil
fertility over time. Root exudation, greater with SRI, enhances soil fertility.
Weeds -- Since weeds become a problem in fields that are not kept flooded, weeding is
necessary several times, starting 10-12 days after transplanting, and if possible, every 10-12 days
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 38
until before the canopy closes. Using a rotary hoe -- a simple, inexpensive, mechanical push-
weeder -- has the advantage of aerating the soil at the same time that weeds are eliminated. (They
are left in the soil to decompose so their nutrients are not lost.) Additional weedings beyond two
can increase yield more than enough under most conditions to more than justify the added labor
costs.
Advantages of SRI
Plants get proper environment to grow at an appropriate stage resulting in more number
of productive tillers and synchronous flowering.
Since 8-12 days old seedlings are planted, main field leveling becomes a necessity.
Proper leveling helps in water saving and better use of other inputs.
It helps in maintaining adequate plant population per unit area.
Timely weeding with cono- weeder makes more nutrients available to plants.
Proper spacing allows more sun light and aeration to the lower leaves, making them
active for a longer period.
This results in sturdy stem, active leaves, more number of filled grains per panicle and
more grain weight.
With proper sun light and aeration, micro-climate is not formed which helps in
minimizing incidence of insect-pests and pathogens.
SRI can increase both land and labour productivity compared to conventional practice.
An average paddy yield of 8-9 tons per hectare is possible with high yielding varieties.
Mechanical weeding adds about 2 t/ha weed- bio-mass during the whole crop season
thereby improves the soil health.
The cost of seeds is reduced drastically because only about 2.0 kg of seeds per acre is
required in this method.
It is a good method for organic farming as high-yield can be achieved by green manuring
and compost application.
Total water requirement for rice production is also reduced as continuous submergence is
not needed.
With large number of tillers the rice- bio-mass is also increased. Rice straw has multiple
uses to the farming families.
It is a very valuable alternative for small farmers with limited land endowment.
Higher yield: The yield of paddy by SRI is found to be two to three times higher than by
traditional method.
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 39
Annexure 5:
List of Identified Land (In Acre) For The Purpose Of Carbon Credit
Farmers Data base:
DATA BASE OF KHAGARIA.
Annexure 6:
Format of structured Questionnaire:
SHG
Name
SHG
Member
Husband
Name
VO
Name
Village
Name
Block
Name
District
Name
Total
Land
SRI
Land
Own
land
Lease
land
FGD Questionnaire
1. How you feel about the SRI technique?
2. Comparative analysis of cost between TM and SRI Method?
3. What are the major differences between TM and SRI Method?
4. What are the major reasons for the difference in production?
5. How much more is the average increase in grain production?
6. What are the difficult aspects of SRI?
7. Do you have any alternative method of weeding?
8. What and when the risks are if field cannot be moisten in short of irrigation?
9. How difficult is to control water during monsoon in water logging area to dry the land?
10. What age of seedling did you find better?
11. In future what do you prefer, Traditional method with hybrid variety or SRI with local
variety?
12. Do you think production will be more in SRI with hybrid seed?
13. Use of chemical fertilizer or compost: In which you think production will be more?
14. What are the advantages of getting more tillers?
15. What are the difference in the productive tillers between the traditional method and SRI?
16. How do you perceive water saving in SRI compare to TM?
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 40
17. Disease and pest resistant capability of SRI?
18. What would be the appropriate spacing for SRI?
19. What you have observed on the lodging of the rice plants?
20. What do you think about vermi compost usage?
21. Is vermi compost easily available?
22. Do you think the usage of vermi compost increases the yield?
23. Can you convince others easily about SRI?
PPrreeppaarraattoorryy wwoorrkk ffoorr CCaarrbboonn FFiinnaanncciinngg tthhrroouugghh SSyysstteemm ooff RRiiccee
IInntteennssiiffiiccaattiioonn iinn KKhhaaggaarriiaa DDiissttrriicctt,, BBiihhaarr 41
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND APPENDIX:
1. BRLPS - BIHAR RURAL LIVELIHOOD PROMOTION SOCIETY
2. BPIU - BLOCK PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT.
3. CER - CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION.
4. CDM - CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM.
5. DAP - DI - AMMONIUM PHOSPAHATE
6. DPCU - DISTRICT PROJECT COORDINATION UNIT.
7. SRI - SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION.
8. SWI - SYSTEM OF WHEAT INTENSIFICATION.
9. GHG - GREEN HOUSE GAS.
10. VRP - VILLAGE RESOURCE PERSON.
11. VO - VILLAGE ORGANIZATION
12. HA- HECTARE
13. CO2: CARBON DIOXIDE