Fig. 5-00.

transcript

Fig. 5-00

Fig. 5-01

Climbing the stepsconverts kineticenergy of musclemovement topotential energy.

On the platform,the diver has morepotential energy.

Diving convertspotential energyto kinetic energy.

In the water, thediver has lesspotential energy.

Fig. 5-02

Fuel rich inchemicalenergy

Energy conversionWaste productspoor in chemicalenergy

Gasoline

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

WaterEnergy conversion in a car

Energy for cellular work

Energy conversion in a cell

Heatenergy

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

Combustion

Cellularrespiration

Kinetic energyof movement

Fig. 5-03

(a) Food Calories (kilocalories) invarious foods

(b) Food Calories (kilocalories) weburn in various activities

Cheeseburger

Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup)

Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice)

Peanuts (1 ounce)

Bean burrito

Fried chicken (drumstick)

Garden salad (2 cups)

Popcorn (plain, 1 cup)

Broccoli (1 cup)

Baked potato (plain, with skin)

Food Calories Food

Activity Food Calories consumed perhour by a 150-pound person*

Running (7min/mi)

Sitting (writing)

Driving a car

Playing the piano

Dancing (slow)

Walking (3 mph)

Bicycling (10 mph)

Swimming (2 mph)

Dancing (fast)

*Not including energy necessary for basic functions, suchas breathing and heartbeat

Fig. 5-03a

(a) Food Calories (kilocalories) in various foods

Cheeseburger

Spaghetti with sauce (1 cup)

Pizza with pepperoni (1 slice)

Peanuts (1 ounce)

Bean burrito

Fried chicken (drumstick)

Garden salad (2 cups)

Popcorn (plain, 1 cup)

Broccoli (1 cup)

Baked potato (plain, with skin)

Food Calories Food

181 166

Fig. 5-03b

(b) Food Calories (kilocalories) we burn in various activities

Activity Food Calories consumed perhour by a 150-pound person*

Running (7min/mi)

Sitting (writing)

Driving a car

Playing the piano

Dancing (slow)

Walking (3 mph)

Bicycling (10 mph) Swimming (2 mph)

Dancing (fast)

*Not including energy necessary for basic functions, such as breathing and heartbeat

Fig. 5-04

Triphosphate Diphosphate

Adenosine Adenosine

Energy

ATP ADP

P P P P P P

Phosphate(transferred to

another molecule)

Fig. 5-05

PX X YY

(a) Motor protein performing mechanical work

(b) Transport protein performing transport work

(c) Chemical reactants performing chemical work

Solute

Solute transported

Protein moved

Product madeReactants

Transportprotein

Motorprotein

Fig. 5-05a

ATP ADP PADP P

(a) Motor protein performing mechanical workProtein moved

Motorprotein

Fig. 5-05b

ATP ADP P

(b) Transport protein performing transport work

Solute

Solute transported

Transportprotein

Fig. 5-05c

ATP ADP P

PX X YY

(c) Chemical reactants performing chemical workProduct madeReactants

Fig. 5-06

Cellular respiration:chemical energyharvested fromfuel molecules

Energy forcellular work

Fig. 5-07

(a) Without enzyme (b) With enzyme

Reactant Reactant

Products Products

Activationenergy barrier Activation

energy barrierreduced byenzyme

Enzyme

Fig. 5-07a

(a) Without enzyme

Reactant

Products

Activationenergy barrier

Fig. 5-07b

(b) With enzyme

Reactant

Products

Activationenergy barrierreduced byenzyme

EnzymeEn

Fig. 5-08

Gene for lactase

Mutated genes(mutations shown in orange)

Mutated genes screenedby testing new enzymes

Gene duplicated andmutated at random

Genes coding for enzymesthat show new activity

Genes coding for enzymesthat do not show new activity

Genes duplicated andmutated at random

After seven rounds, somegenes code for enzymes that canefficiently perform new activity.

Ribbon model showing the polypeptidechains of the enzyme lactase

Fig. 5-08aGene for lactase

Mutated genes(mutations shown in orange)

Gene duplicated andmutated at random

Genes coding for enzymesthat show new activity

Genes coding for enzymesthat do not show new activity

Genes duplicated andmutated at random

After seven rounds, somegenes code for enzymes that canefficiently perform new activity.

Fig. 5-08b

Ribbon model showing the polypeptidechains of the enzyme lactase

Fig. 5-09-1

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Sucrase can accept amolecule of its substrate.

Fig. 5-09-2

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Substrate (sucrose)

Substrate bindsto the enzyme.

Fig. 5-09-3

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Substrate (sucrose)

The enzymecatalyzes thechemical reaction.

Fig. 5-09-4

Active site

Enzyme(sucrase)

Substrate (sucrose)

The enzymecatalyzes thechemical reaction.

Fructose

Glucose

The productsare released.

Fig. 5-10(a) Enzyme and substratebinding normally

(b) Enzyme inhibition bya substrate imposter

(c) Enzyme inhibition bya molecule that causesthe active site to changeshape

Substrate

Active site

Inhibitor

Enzyme

Fig. 5-10a

(a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally

Substrate

Enzyme

Active site

Fig. 5-10b

(b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter

Substrate

Active site

Inhibitor

Enzyme

Fig. 5-10c

(c) Enzyme inhibition by a molecule thatcauses the active site to change shape

SubstrateActive site

Inhibitor

Enzyme

Fig. 5-11

Cell signaling

Attachment tothe cytoskeletonand extracellular

matrix

Enzymatic activity

Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm

Transport

Fibers ofextracellularmatrix

Intercellularjoining

Cell-cellrecognition

Fig. 5-12Molecules of dye Membrane

(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule

(b) Passive transport of two types of molecules

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Fig. 5-12a

Molecules of dye Membrane

(a) Passive transport of one type of molecule

Fig. 5-12b

(b) Passive transport of two types of molecules

Fig. 5-13-1

Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution

Sugarmolecule

Selectivelypermeablemembrane Osmosis

Fig. 5-13-2

Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution

Sugarmolecule

Selectivelypermeablemembrane Osmosis

Isotonic solutions

Osmosis

Fig. 5-14

Animal cell

Plant cell

Normal

Flaccid (wilts)

Lysing

Turgid

Shriveled

Plasmamembrane

H2OH2O H2O H2O

H2OH2OH2O H2O

(a) Isotonicsolution

(b) Hypotonicsolution

(c) Hypertonicsolution

Fig. 5-14a

Animal cell

Plant cell

Normal

Flaccid (wilts)

H2OH2O

H2O H2O

(a) Isotonicsolution

Fig. 5-14b

Lysing

Turgid

(b) Hypotonicsolution

Fig. 5-14c

Shriveled

Plasmamembrane

(c) Hypertonicsolution

Fig. 5-15

Fig. 5-16-1

Lower solute concentration

Higher solute concentration

Solute

Fig. 5-16-2

Higher solute concentration

Solute

Fig. 5-17

Outside of cell

Cytoplasm

Plasmamembrane

Fig. 5-18

Fig. 5-19

Outside of cell Cytoplasm

Reception Transduction ResponseReceptorprotein

Epinephrine(adrenaline)from adrenalglands

Plasma membrane

Proteins of signal transduction pathway

Hydrolysisof glycogenreleasesglucose forenergy

Fig. 5-19a

Outside of cell Cytoplasm

ReceptionTransduction ResponseReceptor

protein

Epinephrine(adrenaline)from adrenalglands

Plasma membrane

Proteins of signal transductionpathway

Hydrolysisof glycogenreleasesglucose forenergy

Fig. 5-20

Fig. 5-UN01

Energy for cellular work

Adenosine

AdenosinediphosphateEnergy from

organic fuel

Phosphate

ATPcycle

ATP ADP

P P P P P PAdenosine

Adenosinetriphosphate

Fig. 5-UN02

Reactant Reactant

Products Products

Enzyme added

Fig. 5-UN03

Passive Transport(requires no energy)

Active Transport(requires energy)

Diffusion Facilitated diffusion OsmosisHigher solute concentration

Higher water concentration(lower solute concentration)

Lower water concentration(higher solute concentration)

Solute

Higher soluteconcentration

Lower soluteconcentration

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Fig. 5-UN04

Exocytosis Endocytosis

Fig. 5-00.

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