Post on 17-Jan-2016
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Figure 11.0 Yeast
Figure 11.1 Communication between mating yeast cells
Cell Communication
•Between separate organisms
•Between cells within an organism
Figure 11.2 Communication among bacteria
Figure 11.3 Local and long-distance cell communication in animals
Communicating cells can be close together or far apart.
Paracrine Signaling
•Histamine released by mast cells.
•Inflammation of nearby tissue
•Increased secretion of stomach acid
Figure 11.4 Communication by direct contact between cells
Three Stages of Cell Signaling1. Reception: detection of signal2. Transduction: signal converted to form
that yields cellular response3. Response
Earl Sutherland
Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 1)
Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 2)
Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 3)
Signal Reception• Receptors
– Membrane protein– On surface of cell– Specific– Ligand binds receptor causing a change in
conformation– Signal transduction pathway initiated
• Types of membrane receptors– G-Protein Linked Receptors– Tyrosine kinase receptors– Ion-channel receptors
Figure 11.6 The structure of a G-protein-linked receptor
Figure 11.7 The functioning of a G-protein-linked receptor
Figure 11.8 The structure and function of a tyrosine-kinase receptor
Figure 11.9 A ligand-gated ion-channel receptor
Figure 11.10 Steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor
Signal Transduction Pathways• Process of relaying signal to produce
response.• Often several steps/processes• Amplification• Involves second messengers
– Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Ca2+
• Protein Kinase: Enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to a protein
• Protein Phosphatase: enzyme that removes phosphate from a protein.
Figure 11.11 A phosphorylation cascade
Figure 11.12 Cyclic AMP
Figure 11.13 cAMP as a second messenger
Examples of Hormone-induced Cellular Responses Mediated by cAMP
Target Tissue Hormone Major Response
Thyroid gland TSH TH synthesis/secretion
Muscle Adrenaline Glycogen breakdown
Heart Adrenaline Increase heart rate/force of contract
Liver Glucagon Glycogen breakdown
Figure 11.14 The maintenance of calcium ion concentrations in an animal cell
Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 1)
Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 2)
Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 3)
Some Cellular Responses Mediated by G-Protein-linked Receptors Coupled to Inositol Phospholipid Signaling
Pathway
Target Tissue Signaling Molecule
Major Response
Liver Vasopressin Glycogen breakdown
Pancreas Acetylcholine Amylase secretion
Smooth Muscle Acetylcholine Contraction
Mast cells Antigen Histamine secretion
Figure 11.16 Cytoplasmic response to a signal: the stimulation of glycogen breakdown by epinephrine
Figure 11.17 Nuclear response to a signal: the activation of a specific gene by a growth factor
Amplification of Signal Response
Figure 11.18 The specificity of cell signaling
Figure 11.19 A scaffolding protein