Figure 5.0 Spider’s web made of protein
Figure 5.1 Building models to study the structure and function of macromolecules
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids; differences between DNA and RNA
Figure 5.3x Hexose sugars
Glucose Galactose
Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
Figure 5.5x Glucose monomer and disaccharides
Glucose monomer
Sucrose
Maltose
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures
Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures
Figure 5.7x Starch and cellulose molecular models
Glucose Glucose
Starch
Cellulose
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha
Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow
Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Figure 5.11x Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids: butter and oil
Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid
Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid
Figure 8.6 The detailed structure of an animal cell’s plasma membrane, in cross section
Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones
Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
Figure 5.0 Spider’s web made of protein
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar
Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged
Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain
Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein
Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein
Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein
Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme
Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins
Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease
LE 5-21b
Primarystructure
Secondaryand tertiarystructures
1 2 3
Normal hemoglobin
Val His Leu
4Thr
5Pro
6Glu Glu
7Primarystructure
Secondaryand tertiarystructures
1 2 3
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Val His Leu
4Thr
5Pro
6Val Glu
7
Quaternarystructure
Normalhemoglobin(top view)
Function Molecules donot associatewith oneanother; eachcarries oxygen.
Quaternarystructure
Sickle-cellhemoglobin
Function Molecules interact withone another tocrystallize intoa fiber; capacityto carry oxygenis greatly reduced.
Exposedhydrophobicregion subunit subunit
Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure
Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein
Figure 5.26 A chaperonin in action
Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick
Figure 5.28 DNA RNA protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell
Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids; differences between DNA and RNA
Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication
Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin
Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships