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Final Psychology
PortfolioSarah Swindell
January 20th, 2012University of Phoenix
Dr. Vicki Koenig
Introduction and Table of Contents
Behavioral Theories Cognitive Theories Developmental Theories Humanist Theories Personality Theories Social Psychology Theories Freud Future of Psychology EMDR (My new method to research) My World View Critical and Creative Thinking
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Relevant TheoriesBehavioral Theories
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov Learning associated with
stimulus Unconditioned stimulus▪ Causes natural reaction▪ Reinforcement
Conditioned stimulus▪ Neutral reaction
When US and CS are paired with CS first, CS can be cause of natural reaction from US
INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING Skinner Box
Reinforcement contingent upon behavior
When desired behavior is not displayed, it is not reinforced
Eventually association between action and reward is seen, and behavior is learned
OPERANT CONDITIONINGBehavior is:
• reinforced by desirable results
• Punished by undesirable results
• Extinguished by no result
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Relevant Theories Cognitive Theories
PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Schemas Mental and physical
actions involved in understanding and knowing
Assimilation Process of taking new
information into previously existing schemas
Accommodation Adaptation involving
changing or altering schemas
Equalibration Balance between
assimilation and accommodation
4 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2 years old Preoperational stage
2 to 4 years old Concrete Operations
7 to 11 years old Formal Operations
11 to 15 years old
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Relevant TheoriesDevelopmental Theories
Attachment Theory Emotional bond to
another person
John Bowlby
“lasting psychological connectedness between human beings”
4 Key Components Safe haven▪ Comfort and soothing
when threatened or afraid Secure base▪ Secure, dependable base
for child to explore world Proximity Maintenance▪ Child stays near
caregiver, keeping child safe
Separation distress▪ When separated from
caregiver, child is upset
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Relevant Theories Humanist Theories
MASLOW’S HOLISTIC DYNAMIC THEORY
Whole person motivated
Self-actualization Satisfy needs of safety,
love, esteem Motivation
Once satisfied, loss of motivational power replaced with other need
Needs arranged in hierarchy
MAY’S EXISTENTIALISM Looking at humans
based on clinical experience
Individuals are responsible for life and outcomes
Face and challenge destiny to gain freedom
Recognize inevitability of death
Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Relevant Theories Personality Theories
PERSONALITY
From Latin word “persona,” referring to theatrical masks (Feist & Feist, 2009).
Psychological term refers to a pattern of traits and characteristics give consistency and
individuality to an individual’s behavior.
PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY
•Childhood experiences shape personality•Based on personal experience•Based on clinical experience•Children need to be shown love and affection•Lack of love and affection can lead to internal and external issues
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Relevant Theories Social Psychology Theories
Social Thinking Humans construct their
own social reality Social Influences
Shapes behavior Displayed in culture
Individual Attitudes Attitudes shape behavior and are shaped by behavior
Biologically Based Natural selection Neuroscience (Microsoft Office,
2007).
Theories I Dislike
Freud Psychoanalytic
Theory▪ Sex and Aggression▪ Unconscious,
Preconscious, and Conscious
Critique▪ Scientist, not
Psychologist▪ No understanding of
women
Freud Psychosexual Development
Theory▪ Personality established by age
5▪ Most controversial▪ Male Focused▪ Difficult to test scientifically▪ Vague▪ Case studies, not empirical
research
▪ Id, Ego, Superego▪ Stages▪ Oral▪ Anal▪ Phallic▪ Latent▪ Genital
(Halberstadt, 1921).
Future of Psychology
Dependant upon relevant theories Dependant upon outdated theories Groundwork for further research and
theory development Offer valuable information and insight
Behavior Motivation Learning
New Treatments
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
Psychotherapy Trauma treatment Incorporates
elements from different approaches
One or more 60-90 minute session required
8 phases1. Client History2. Preparation3. Assessment4. Desensitization 5. Installation 6. Body Scan7. Closure8. Reevaluation
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
My Worldview
Empathy Understanding Education Psychological disorders don’t =
shame Health care reform Treatment is all-encompassing Learning differences
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Critical and Creative Thinking
Deciding which theories to use Which do I like?▪ Why do I like them?
Which do I agree with?▪ Why do I agree?
Which do I not like?▪ Why do I not like them?
Future of Psychology?
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
Conclusion
Theories Behavioral Cognitive Developmental Humanist Personality Social Psychology Freud
Future of Psychology EMDR Views
(Microsoft Office, 2007).
References
American Psychiatric Association (2000), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Washington DC.
Cherry, K. (2010). Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development . Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev_7.htm
Cherry, K. (2010). Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentecourse/a/dev_psychoanaly.htm
Cherry, K. (2010). Attachment Theory. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/loveandattraction/a/attachment01.htm
EMDR International. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://emdria2.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=2
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality, Seventh Edition. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. New York,
NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc... Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSY405 - Theories of Personality website.
Halberstadt, M. (1921). Sigmund Freud. Image. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud
Myers, D. (2010). Social Psychology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Microsoft Office. (2007). Clip Art.
Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Schunk, D. H. (2007). Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective (5th Edition). New York: Prentice Hall.