Post on 13-Jul-2015
transcript
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
OVERVIEW OF WORKING
CAPTITAL MANAGEMENT
Working capital
Significance of WC Management
Kinds of working capital
Working Capital Issues
Financing Current Assets
Combine structure of CA & CL
Motives for holding cash
Speeding up CR & slowing down CP
WORKING CAPITAL
working capital management involves the
relationship between a firm's short-term assets and
its short-term liabilities.
The basic goal of working capital management is to
ensure that a firm is able to continue its operations
and that it has sufficient ability to satisfy both
maturing short-term debt and upcoming
operational expenses.
SINGNIFICANCE OF
WORKING CAPITAL
MANAGEMENT
In a typical manufacturing firm, current assets
exceed one-half of total assets.
Excessive levels can result in a substandard Return
on Investment (ROI).
Current liabilities are the principal source of external
financing for small firms.
Requires continuous, day-to-day managerial
supervision.
Working capital management affects the company’s
risk, return, and share price.
WORKING CAPITAL CONCEPTS
Net Working Capital:
net working capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are those claims of outsider, which are expected to mature
for payment within an accounting year & include creditors, bills payable & the outstanding expenses. In other words you can say that this is the excess of current assets over current liabilities.
Current Assets – Current Liabilities
Gross Working Capital:
• It refers to the firm’s investment in current assets.
• Current assets are the assets, which can be converted into cash within an accounting year or within an operating cycle
• cash, short-term securities, debtors (accounts receivable & book debts), bills receivable and stock.
Working capital turnover:
Working capital turnover= sales/working capital
Working Capital Management:
The administration of the firm’s current assets and the financing needed to support current assets.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL
CONCE
PT
BASIS
TIME
BASI
S
NWCPerm
anent
WC
Temp
orary
WC
Regu
lar
WC
Rese
rve
WC
Seas
onal
WC
Spec
ial
WC
GWC
CURRENT ASSETS
Inventories: Inventories represent raw materials and components, work-in-progress and finished goods.
Trade Debtors: Trade Debtors comprise credit sales to customers.
Prepaid Expenses: These are those expenses, which have been paid for goods and services whose benefits have yet to be received.
Loan and Advances: They represent loans and advances given by the firm to other firms for a short period of time.
Investment: These assets comprise short-term surplus funds invested in government securities, shares and short-terms bonds.
Cash and Bank Balance: These assets represent cash in hand and at bank, which are used for meeting operational requirements. One thing you can see here is that this current asset is purely liquid but non-productive.
CURRENT LIABILITY
Sundry Creditors: These liabilities stem out of purchase of raw materials on credit terms usually for a period of one to two months.
Bank Overdrafts: These include withdrawals in excess of credit balance standing in the firm’s current accounts with banks
Short-term Loans: Short-terms borrowings by the firm from banks and others form part of current liabilities as short-term loans.
Provisions: These include provisions for taxation, proposed dividends and contingencies.
WORKING CAPITAL FORMAT
CURRENT ASSETSCURRENT
LIABILITIES
Cash
Accounts receivable
Notes receivable
Marketable securities
Inventory
Prepaid expenses
Total current assets
Accounts payable
Notes payable
Accrued expenses
Taxes payable
Total current liabilities
DETERMINANTS OF WORKING
CAPITAL
• Nature of business
• Terms of sales and purchases
• Manufacturing cycle
• Business cycle
• Changes in technology
• Seasonal variation
• Market conditions
• Seasonality of operation
• Dividend policy
• Working capital cycle
WORKING CAPITAL ISSUES
Assumptions
50,000 maximum units
of production
Continuous production
Three different policies
current asset levels are
possible
IMPACT ON LIQUIDITY
Liquidity Analysis
Policy Liquidity
A High
B Average
C Low
Greater current asset levels generate more
liquidity; all other factors held constant.
IMPACT ON EXPECTED
PROFITABILITY
Return on Investment
=Net profit/Total Assets
Let,
Current Assets
=(Cash+Rec.+Inv.)
Return on Investment
=(Net Profit/Current +Fixed Assets)
IMPACT ON EXPECTED
PROFITABILITY
Profitability Analysis
Policy Profitability
A Low
B Average
C High
As current asset levels decline, total assets will decline and the ROI will
rise.
IMPACT ON RISK
Decreasing Cash reduces the firm’s ability to meet its financial obligations. “More risk!”
Stricter credit policies reduce receivables and possibly lose sales and customers. “More risk!”
Lower inventory levels increase stock outs and lost sales.
IMPACT ON RISK
Risk Analysis
Policy Risk
A Low
B Average
C High
Risk increases as the level of current assets are
reduced.
SUMMARY OF THE OPTIMAL
AMOUNT OF CURRENT
ASSETSSUMMARY OF OPTIMAL CURRENT ASSET ANALYSIS
Policy Liquidity Profitability Risk
A High Low Low
B Average Average Average
C Low High High
1. Profitability varies inversely with liquidity.
2. Profitability moves together with risk. (risk and return go hand in hand!)
ASSETS:
SHORT-TERM AND LONG-
TERM MIX
Spontaneous Financing:
It refers to the automatic source of short term funds
arising in the normal course of business
Example: trade credit &outstanding expenses.
No explicit cost is requried and firm expect to use it
to full extent.
We are concerned with managing non-spontaneous
financing of assets.
HEDGING(or MATURITY
MATCHING) APPROACH
A method of financing
where each asset would
be offset with a
financing instrument of
the same approximate
maturity..
HEDGING(or MATURITY
MATCHING) APPROACH
Less amount financed
spontaneously by
payables and accruals.
In addition to
spontaneous financing
(payables and
accruals).
FINANCING NEEDS AND THE
HEDGING APPROACH
Fixed assets and the non-seasonal portion of current
assets are financed with long-term debt and
equity(long-term profitability of assets to cover the
long-term financing costs of the firm).
Seasonal needs are financed with short-term loans
(under normal operations sufficient cash flow is
expected to cover the short-term financing cost).
SELF-LIQUIDATING NATURE
OF SHORT-TERM LOANS
Seasonal orders require the purchase of inventory
beyond current levels.
Increased inventory is used to meet the increased
demand for the final product.
Sales become receivables.
Receivables are collected and become cash.
The resulting cash funds can be used to pay off the
seasonal short-term loan and cover associated long-
term financing costs.
RISKS VS. COSTS TRADE-OFF
(CONSERVATIVE APPROACH)Long-term Financing Benefits:
Less worry in refinancing short-term obligations
Less uncertainty regarding future interest costs
Short-term Financing Risks:
Borrowing more than what is necessary
Borrowing at a higher overall cost(usually)
Result:
Manager accepts less expected profits in exchange for taking less risk.
RISKS VS. COSTS TRADE-OFF
(CONSERVATIVE APPROACH)
Firm can reduce risks
associated with short-
term borrowing by using
a larger proportion of
long-term financing.
COMPARISON WITH AN
AGGRESSIVE APPROACHShort-Term Financing Benefits:
Financing long-term needs with a lower interest cost than
short-term debt
Borrowing only what is necessary
Short-Term Financing Risks:
Refinancing short-term obligations in the future
Uncertain future interest costs
Result:
Manager accepts greater expected profits in exchange
for taking greater risk.
RISKS VS. COSTS TRADE-OFF
(AGGRESSIVE APPROACH)
Firm increases risks
associated with short-
term borrowing by using
a larger proportion of
short-term financing.
SUMMARY OF SHORT- VS.
LONG-TERM FINANCING
COMBINING LIABILITY
STRUCTURE AND CURRENT
ASSET DECISIONS
The level of current assets and the method of
financing those assets are interdependent.
A conservative policy of “high” levels of current
assets allows a more aggressive method of financing
current assets.
A conservative method of financing (all-equity)
allows an aggressive policy of “low” levels of current
assets.
MOTIVES FOR HOLDING CASH:
TRANSACTION MOTIVE
SPECULATIVE MOTIVE
PRECAUTIONARY MOTIVE
SPEEDING UP CASH PECEIPTS &SLOWING
DOWN CASH PAYOUTS
CUSTOMER
MAILS
CHECK
FIRMS
RECEIVES
CHECK
FIRM
DEPOSITS
CHECK
FIRM’s
BANK A/C
credit
COLLECTION FLOAT &ITS COMPONENTS
Availability
floatProcessing floatMail float
Deposit float
SPEEDING UP CASH RECEIPTS:
EARLIER BILING
LOCKBOX SYSTEM
ARC
CHECK 21 AND BEYOND
CONCERATION SERVICE FOR TRANSFERRING
FUNDS:
• DTC
• ACHET
• WT
SLOWING DOWN CASH PAYMENTS:
PAYABLE THROUGH DRAFT
PAYROLL AND DIVIDEND PAYMENT
REMOTE DISBURSEMENT
CONTROLLED DISBURSEMENT