Post on 16-Dec-2015
transcript
FIR Fuel Activator FIR Fuel Activator ®
Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (U.S.A.) Save fuelSave fuelSave the EarthSave the Earth
Dr. Albert C. Wey
IR-Excitation for Improved HC Fuel Combustion Efficiency of Engines
(a review)
An Invisible Story
Introduction
• How infrared works to improve fuel combustion
• Underlying science testified by academic
• Fuel saving effect verified by accredited testing facilities
• The IR application in SCR of NOx
• Summary
IR-Fuel Technology Review
• In Organic Chemistry HC molecules are IR-active and absorb 3 – 20 μm
IR photons causing vibrations.
• In Photoselective Chemistry Lab dynamics studies have demonstrated
increasing reactant vibrational energy is most effective at promoting reaction.
• Known IR-Technology IR-Emitters have been widely used for agricultural
applications in Japan.
EM-Wave Caused Excitations
Change in Electron
Distribution
Affect Molecular Structure
Change in Direction
Change in Self-spin
InnerElectron
Transition
OuterElectron
TransitionMolecularVibration
MolecularRotation
ElectronSelfSpin
NuclearMagnetic
Resonance
Wavelength (nm)
Frequency (Hz)
MICRO WAVE
RADIO WAVEINFRARED
VISIBLEUV
X–RAY
Γ-RAY
IR Classification• Visible lights: 0.3 – 0.7 μm
• Infrared: 0.83 – 1,000 μm– Near IR: 0.83 – 2.0 μm– Mid IR: 2 – 4 μm– Far IR: 4 – 1,000 μm(Ref.: “Quanta”, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991)
• NASA Classification– Near IR: 0.83 – 3.0 μm– Mid IR: 3 – 25 μm– Far IR: 25 – 1,000 μm
• Desired wavelength band: 3 – 20 μm
A Quantum Mechanic view
it absorbs IR at 7.66 μm to jump to v4 orbit, causing bending vibration,
Molecular energy levels
absorbing IR photon causes molecular vibration.
Using methane as an example,
Bending v4 = 1305 cm-1
(7.66 μm)
Asymmetric stretching
v3 = 3012 cm-1
(3.32 μm)
and absorbs 3.32 μm IR to jump to v3 orbit, causing stretching vibration.
Energy level diagram
Molecular Vibrations
• IR radiation can cause excitation of quantized molecular vibration states.
• Vibration frequency can be determined by Hooke’s Law:
ω = (1/2 πc) [ k /m ] ½
ω = vibration frequencies c = speed of light (3 x 1010 cm/s) k = force constant
m = mass Single Harmonic Oscillation
Vibrations of Benzene C6H6
Single Harmonic Oscillator(There are 30 possible modes)
= 10.1 m = 6.27 m = 16.5 m
Benzene: 30 Vibrational Modes
The pathways for collision-induced intermolecular vibrational energy transfer from the 61 level of 1B2u benzene
For your information
Symmetrical Stretching
Anti-symmetrical Stretching
Scissoring
WaggingRocking Twisting
molecules vibrate in 6 ways:
H–Csp3
stretching
C–Hstretching
O–Hstretching
C2H5OH
203 10
C–Cstretching
Wavelength, μm
C–Hbending
–CH2bending
–CH3bending
The following spectral info is called “Infrared Finger Prints”
Functional GroupsSignature Zone
6
IR-Absorption Profile
First, look at “Functional Group Region”. It contains C-H bonds and O-H bond; it must be one of “alcohols”
alcohol+ ethane =
ethanol
Now, look at “Signature Region”. The -CH3 bond and -CH2 bond suggest it contains “ethane”
So, it must be
The consequence of Vibrations
Activation Barrier
IR-ExcitedHC molecule
Regular HC Molecule
Ei
Reaction Rate: W = k e – E / RT
in Quantum Mechanics
Er
With IR-excitation,
HC molecule absorbs photons to increase vibrational states;
It reduces the activation energy
Er required for overcoming Activation Barrier
so that the reaction rate W is increased. Therefore,
IR-excitation can increase chemical reaction rate
K: constant T: Temperature
Reaction Profile
Dual-band IR-Emitter approachConventional Japanese 8 – 20 μm IR Emitter
contains 2 MgO . 2 Al2O3 . 5 SiO2
but, we add zirconia to make a new 8 – 20 μm far-IR Emitter
We also add CoO to make a3 – 14 μm mid-IR Emitter
8 – 20 μm far-IR Emitter
3 – 14 μm mid-IR Emitter
We use a “dual-band” approach to cover the entire 3 – 20 μm range.
Key elements of IR-emitters
Transition Metals
When the excited electron returns to its initial level, it emits an IR photon in 3 - 20 μm wavelength, depending on the elements used.
The oxides of transition metals have such a unique property:
Its constituent electrons can be thermally agitated to a neighboring higher energy level;
No additional energy source is required and it lasts forever.
As such, the IR-emitter absorbs radiation heat and converts the heat into IR photons.
The Innovative Concept
Step 1: IR-Emitter absorbs engine heat.
Step 2: IR-Emitter emits 3 – 20 μm IR.
Step 3: IR excites HCmolecules in fuel.
Heat EnergyRecycling
IR-Emitter
IR-excited fuel combusts Efficiently
In cylinders
In engine applications,
It starts with placing IR-Emitters on a supply fuel line.
IR-Emitter serves as an energy conversion system.
The basic Science has been verified by
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
Proving the ScienceMethane-Air Counter-Flow Flame ExperimentMethane-Air Counter-Flow Flame Experiment
Air
Methane
Zucrow Lab, Purdue UniversityPurdue University
Flow = 10 cm/s
Air
MethaneFlame
LaminarFlame
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mole Fraction
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Count, ppm
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mole Fraction
Fuel Duct …....… X, mm …….... Air Duct
NOBaseline
NOIR-Excited
CH4Baseline
CH4IR-Excited
Experimental results
CO2IR-Excited
COIR-Excited
IR-ExcitationIR-Excitation makes fuel
combust combust fasterfaster and
more completelymore completelythat results in• 8% Less Fuel Consumption• 25% Less CO emissions• 15% Less NO emissions
Thanks to Purdue’s experimental verification
science is served!science is served!
Summary of Observations
Carbon Monoxide
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (sec)
Count (ppm)
More Complete Combustion
on Chrysler 2.5 L, 4-cyl. gas engine
Prof. Keshav Varde
Baseline
IR-excited
Nicolet FT-IR ExhaustEmissions Analyzer
University of Michigan-DearbornUniversity of Michigan-Dearborn
Result: FIRFIR reduced COCO 3030 %% (i.e. burn more completely)
at 1,800 RPM and 20 ft-lb load
using COCO as an indicator of combustion completenesscombustion completeness
CO counts (ppm) real time scan plot
More Engine and Beta-Site Tests
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 3400
Engine Speed, RPM
SFC, lb/hp-hr
GM Quad-4 Gas Engine
RPM 1800 2200 3000
Measured Specific Fuel Consumption (unit: lb/hp-hr)
Baseline
IR-Excited
on a GM Quad-4, 4 cyl. 2.4 L gasoline engine
Results: FIR reduced 6.2 % specific fuel consumption
Change - 6.8 % - 6.7 % - 5.0%w/ FIR 0.7839 0.7852 0.7693
Baseline 0.8369 0.8381 0.8072
Tested at Engine Lab, Purdue University
NO & CO Emissions
Speed, RPM 1500 2000 2500
Speed, RPM 1500 2000 2500
NO Measurement
(ppm)
CO Measurement (ppm)
PowerTek Single Cylinder Dynomometer
13 in3 7.5 HP
tested at Engine Lab, Purdue University
Result: FIR simultaneously reduced CO and NO emissions
average reduced 14.5%
average reduced 10.2%
Baseline 542 1051 1596
with FIR 468 820 1472
Change -13.7 % -22.0 % -7.8 %
Baseline 254 95 37
with FIR 247 79 33
Change -2.8 % -16.8 % -10.8 %
on a single-cylinder enigne with propane fuel
U.S. EPA Standard Test
Test Item HC CO NOx CO2 MPG
Test Item HC CO NOx CO2 MPG
tested at AutoResearch Lab (Harvey, IL), an EPA-recognized Lab
FTP– Federal Test Procedure (City Driving)
HFET– Highway Fuel Economy Test
on a V8, 4.6L Mercury Grand Marquis at 16,300 odometer mileage
Result: FIR increased fuel economy and reduced all emissions
Baseline 0.208 2.709 0.362 520.74 16.98
Baseline 0.084 1.227 0.342 330.39 26.84
With FIR 0.130 1.776 0.196 438.29 20.22
With FIR 0.069 0.993 0.280 281.41 31.52
Change - 37.5% - 34.4% - 45.9% - 15.8% + 19.1%
Change - 17.9% - 19.1% - 18.1% - 14.6% + 17.4%
Save FuelReduce CO2
Heat Release in Cylinders
0
1.8
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Heat ReleaseKJ / c.a. deg.
Crank Angle, deg.
regular diesel
IR-excited diesel
IR-excitation improves engine performance on the basis of that it changes heat allocation in engine cylinders.
more heat is released within 15o TDC to do mechanical work
and less heat released in later cycle as heat loss for heating exhaust gas (EG)
Result: increased power and reduced specific fuel consumption
With IR-excited diesel,
Torque/Power Dyno Test
1900cc Multi-jet turbo-diesel4 cyl., 110 kW @4000 rpmOdometer: 110,000 km
at Carburatori Bergamo, ITALY on 7/20/2007
0
25
50
75
100
125
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Speed, RPM
Power, kW
Result: FIR increased torque & power significantly
Measured Power at 6th Gear (ratio 0.614:1)
with FIR
Baseline
2004 Alfa Romeo 147 JTD
Diesel Emissions: NOx & Smoke
Speed, km/h 30 40 50 60 Avg.
Speed, km/h 30 40 50 60 Avg.
(a) NOx Emissions, ppm
(b) Smoke Emissions, % Opacity
Iveco Motor Co. (Nanjing, China)4.2 Ton Light-Duty Pickup4 cyl. 2.8 L Diesel Engine (max. 78 KW) with a 60 Nm load
Result: FIR simultaneously reduced smoke and NOx.
tested at Shanghai Vehicle Performance Testing Center
Baseline 642 567 505 431
Baseline 16.6 15.8 10.6 6.6
With FIR 12.4 11.2 7.3 6.0
Change - 6.8% - 6.5% - 8.3% - 4.6%
Change - 25.3% - 29.1% - 31.1% - 9.1%
With FIR 598 530 463 410
- 6.6%
- 23.7%
School Bus Road Tests
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Odometer mileage
Fuel economy MPG
FIR installed on 10/14/05
FIR removed on 5/8/06
2004 International School Bus CEVT365 diesel engine V8, 6.0 L with EVRT
6.235.67 mpg
5.40
Result: FIR improved fuel economy 12 %
Greenwood Community Schools (Indiana)
The re-fueling records indicated
Baseline
Diesel Trucks Fleet Test
Test Tractor #: 2066* 2086 2246 2320 2325 2398 Averageor Total
2005 Kenworth T600A Tractor
Cummins ISX475 15 L, 475 HP
HD diesel engine
4 sets FIR installed
Result: FIR saved 7.8% fuel, or 105 gallons per tractor per month
Heritage Transport, LLC. (Indianapolis, Indiana)
5/12/07 Baseline MPG 6.84 6.20 6.84 6.57 7.88 6.51
6/13 – 11/9 w/FIR MPG 6.67 6.69 7.38 7.26 8.19 7.05
Drive Distance, miles 50560 49689 40487 46912 46608 36054
Fuel Used, gallons 7922 7430 5486 6459 5692 5114 30181
MPG Change % -2.5 % 7.9 % 7.9 % 10.6 % 4.0 % 8.4 % 7.8 %Fuel Saved, gallons no FIR 587 433 685 228 430 2363
Truck #2066 serves as Controller, no FIR installed
Municipal Buses in Albania
Result: FIR helped save 6.2 %6.2 % fuel
Municipal Bus Service of the City of Valona (2/5/2008)
FIAT Bus with an
Iveco 12 L diesel engine
Fuel consumption dropped from 48.0 L/100km to 45.2 L/100km
4 IR-Emitters installed
Power Generator on Train
Sistemi Territoriali S.p.A., Italy
Caterpillar 3512 DI-TA12 cyl, 51.8 L Diesel Engine1,450 KW Power Generator
Result: FIR helped save 6 % fuel, or 5,000 Euros per month
15 far-IR Emittes installed on
Cargo Ship in Shanghai, China
Result: FIR helped save about 5 %5 % fuel
Transporting between Shanghai and Tianjin (1/5/2008)
Cargo Ship with anDong-Fong 10 L diesel engine
The generator consumes fuel at a rate of ¼ ton a day
15 sets IR-Emitters installed
Many users have it !
Emission Regulation
For Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
Urea-SCR NOx System
Installation on Truck
System Diagram
Urea-SCR Strategy
To set free NH3 from urea by:
CO(NH2)2 → HNCO + NH3 ……. (thermolysis)
HNCO → NH3 + CO2 ………………. (hydrolysis)
The NH3 radical then reacts with NO and NO2
6 NO + 4 NH3 → 5 N2 + 6 H2O
6 NO2 + 8 NH3 → 7 N2 + 12 H2O
IR Excitation Examples:–HNCO– vibrates at 3.23 – 3.26, 6.45 – 6.62 μm
–NH2 at 3.029 (symmetric), 3.106 (asymmetric), 6.680 μm (bending)
biuret (NH2CONHCONH2) vibrates at 4.72 – 4.93, 6.80 – 6.92 μm
NOx (HC-SCR) System
2 C3H6 + 18 NO → 9 N2 + 6 H2O + 6 CO 2
For example, the propylene C3H6 reacts with NO
Conclusion: a proven technology
– IR-Excited fuels burn faster, resulting in reduced fuel consumption rate and less CO & NO emissions.
• Using IR photons shorter than 20 μm to excite hydrocarbons for improved combustion efficiency is scientifically predictable.
• We have developed IR-Emitters that absorb radiation heat and emit 3 – 20 μm wavelength IR photons.
– Increased torque/power– Improved fuel economy (up to 20% )– Reduced emissions (up to 46% )
• The underlying science of IR-excitation effect on fuel is verified by methane-air counter-flow flame experiments
• Engine/vehicle test results have demonstrated the IR-Effect on increasing engine efficiency, with
IR Technology Features
• Save fuel (8 – 10%) and reduce same % Greenhouse Gas CO2
• Reduce all tailpipe emissions (up to 40%)
• Increase power/torque (smoother engine)
• Easy installation in minutes
• Inexpensive one time investment and maintenance free
• Lower vehicle maintenance costs, due to less carbon deposits on engine parts and oil
Ever imagine such a simple device can do so much for you and our environment?!
Too good to be true?
Test it for yourself
Your own test counts
Test Results
smoke test printouts
The smoke drops from 1.1 down to 0.5 after installing FIR Fuel Activator.
Dr. Albert Wey (the Inventor) Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (USA)
e-mail: awey@allways.net
Thank You
Please give infrared a chance to prove itself
Contact Information:
Together we can ease Global Warming
An Invisible Story
Dario Franzoni Balos Technology (Italy)
e-mail: info@balostec.it Phone : (+39) 02.320.62.56.31