Basic Principles of Aquaculture

Species, Economics, Water Sources

Water Systems, Conservative & Non-Conservative

Aspects Water Quality, Feeds Nutrition & Growth

Reproduction & Genetics, Disease & Predation

Harvesting Hauling & Processing

Environmental Concerns

Feeds Nutrition & Growth II

Energy & Growth

Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, Micronutrients

Other Factors

Binders, Attractants, Pigments, Off Flavors

Strategies for Offering Prepared Feeds

FCR & FC Efficiency,

Feeding Rate, Frequency & Their Interactions

Methods of Presenting Feeds

Adjusting Feeding Rates

Reproduction, Selection & Genetics

Spawning Techniques

Larval Rearing Techniques

Hormone Spawning

Sex Control –

Hybridization, Triploidy, Gynogenesis

Selective Breeding

Genetics & Genetic Engineering

Disease Predation & Cannibalism I

Mortality in Aquaculture

Sanitation

Treatment & Prevention Methodology

Vaccines, Isolation, Chemical Control,

Calculation of Treatment Levels

Examination for Disease

Common Aquaculture Diseases

Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan

Disease Predation & Cannibalism II

Common Parasites

Helminths

Nematode, Tapeworm, Flatworm

Copepods

Predation - from Land, Sea & Air

Cannibalism

Harvesting Hauling & Processing

Harvesting Culture Systems

Intensive, Extensive,

Specialized Techniques - Anesthesia

Live Hauling – Minimizing Stress

Depuration

Fee Fishing

Processing & Marketing

Common Environmental Concerns

1. Water Flow Considerations

2. Parasites - Native Populations Nearby

3. Pollution from Effluent

4. Handling Escapees

5. Unhealthy Culture Conditions

Common Carp

Cyprinus carpio

Carp Aquaculture

1. Largest Volume of All Aquaculture Species

2. Cyprinus carpio: Eastern European species,

in Danube Drainage, then Roman Europe.

3. In Culture for More than 2,500 years

475 BC Fan Lei - Carp Aquaculture

100 BC - 400 AD Romans Aquaculture Carp

4. Considerable Number of Small Farms

Eastern Europe, India, China

Carp Aquaculture Reference

Billard, R., (ed.) 1999. Carp: Biology and Culture.

Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and

Fisheries. Praxis Publishing, 342 pps.

(Translated from the 1995 French by

Dr. Lindsay Laird, Univ. Aberdeen, UK.)

Carp Aquaculture

Roman Aquarium & Fish Farm

Carp Aquaculture

Small Scale European Carp Farming

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Aqua Production Probably >20 Mmt / yr

Salmon Aquaculture ~ 2.2 Mmt per year

Term “Carp” is a grade not a taxon.

Carp are Members of the Family Cyprinidae

36 genera 280 species, 118 in 1 genus

15 Species account for Most Aqua Production

Abundant Aquacultured Carp Species

1. Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

2. Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

3. Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

4. Mud Carp Cirrhina molitorella

5. Bighead Carp Aristichthys nobilis

6. Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus

7. Catla Catla catla

8. Calbassu Labeo calbasu

9. Rohu Labeo rohita

10. Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

11. White Amur Bream Parabramis pekinensis

12. Crucian Carp Carassius carassius

13. Goldfish Carassius auratus

14. Tench Tinca tinca

15. Roach Rutilus rutilus

Common Carp

Cyprinus carpio

Silver Carp

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Silver Carp - Illinois River

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Grass Carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella

Mud Carp

Cirrhinus molitorella

Bighead Carp

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Black Carp

Mylopharygodon piceus

Catla (Indian) Carp

Catla catla

Calbassu Carp

Labeo calbasu

Rohu Carp

Labeo rohita

Mrigal Carp

Cirrhinus mrigala

White Amur Bream

Parabramis pekinensis

Crucian Carp

Carassius carassius

Goldfish (not Koi)

Carassius auratus

Tench

Tinca tinca

Roach

Rutilis rutilis

Carp General Observations

Unpopular as a Food Fish in North America

But Popular as Food In Europe & Asia

Higher Lipid Levels, Can Bring Off Flavors

Production Includes 15 Different Species

Term Carp used as a ‘grade’ like ‘salmon’

Production Numbers Are a Guess - Accurate

Data Nearly Impossible to Find

Huge % of Production is from Small Ponds

Mom and Pop Operations

Carp Life Cycle Closed

Carp Whose Life Cycles have been Closed

Cyprinus carpio (common carp)

Carassius carassius (crucian carp)

Carassius auratus (goldfish)

Control Over All Life History Stages

Can Include Stage Specific Requirements

Control Over Reproduction -

Produce Viable Offspring

from Cultured Parents

Carp Aquaculture

China Carp Pond

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Juvenile Pedicure

Carp Aquaculture

Czech Carp Harvest

Carp Aquaculture

Krakow Selling Aquacultured Carp

Carp Aquaculture

Trebon Harvesting Brail

Aquaculture Water Quality

Secchi Disc Measuring Turbidity

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Aquaculture

Carp Pituitary Extracts

Structure of Fish Eggs

SEM of Fertilization

Artificial Colors

Fertilization

Egg Cortical Reaction

Butterfly Egg

Carp Eggs

Zoug Jars

Carp Embryo Hatching

Carp Life Cycle

Common Carp Juvenile

Goldfish

Juveniles