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Fitting Cuneiform Encoding to Cuneiform Script Lloyd Anderson 29 January, 2004 Ecological Linguistics, PO Box 15156, Washington DC 20003 For Unicode Technical Committee, 4 February, 2004 If those who proposed N2664 withdraw their proposal, then this paper constitutes a re-introduction of it with changes to the text and tables as outlined below. Changed text will be provided promptly. A group which has been preparing a proposal for Cuneiform encoding went through several stages. Decisions included the encoding of signs in the sense traditionally understood in the field. 1. Encode signs not readings (script not language) 2. Encode signs not sequences of signs 3. Encode signs not variants 4. Encode signs not fragments of signs 5. Include sufficient distinctions for each stage covered (currently mostly UrIII and later) 6. Unify those signs which are primary relatives in lineal historical descent, encode them the
same. At a later time, the decision was taken to encode as sequences those elements of text which are referred to as SIGN.SIGN with a period between them, treating them as compounds of those existing signs which are the parts of their names. This is obviously consistent with the decision to not encode sequences of signs. But it also turned out to contradict other decisions taken previously, and the members had not anticipated some of the results. It was also somewhat vague, as it would cover both sequences of signs, and also single signs referred to in this same way for various historical reasons, such as lack of a known single-word reading. In other words, the naming pattern "SIGN.SIGN" was a glyph description languge at the same time as it sometimes represented sequences of signs, without any easy distinction between the two. The group decided to go ahead without yet attempting to consider all of the consequences. Some consider that the decision to split "SIGN.SIGN" superseded all earlier decisions. When the first results came back, a majority of the active participants were unhappy with some of the exclusions, as of the fundamental syllabary signs. They were also unhappy with encoded units which are fragments, not ever occurring independently. Some of those have been suggested for encoding in N2664R. But they are mere band-aids on a system which systematically disregards both the long-established scholarly tradition on what are signs, and the empirical evidence on what are the units of the script, which most of the participants in the small group have not discussed in any detail. The question: what is an appropriate encoding for Cuneiform? I argue that the present proposal would be very damaging to the field of cuneiform studies. The consequences should actually be examined, not shoved under the rug. Analogies will help to make clear what is being proposed for Cuneiform. Then I will survey those consequences which have not been presented systematically by the individuals whose proposal is document N2664 and revision. Han Characters vs. Components. CJK Han Characters are not split into fragments in encoding. The decision about what is a character is of course much easier for Han characters than for Cuneiform, because Han characters all fit a standard square block. Not having this tool in Cuneiform means that we must work hard to discover what are the distinctive units of the script. (Or accept that the long
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scholarly tradition has already done most of that!) But the Han analogy is close in that we clearly know the difference between full characters and components of characters. The long scholarly tradition of Cuneiform studies is also fully aware of the difference between Signs and Components of signs. The current proposal for Cuneiform violates that tradition in mixing the two, and omitting many standard catalogued signs from the encoding when there is no reason to do so. I here turn the characters sideways, partly also as a reminder that such a rotation occurred early in the history of Cuneiform.
b is not encoded as ac with ligaturing etc. Analogies from Latin script are closer in some other respects. Latin Historical Ligatures which are now Simple Letters
æ is not encoded as ae with ligaturing etc.
w is not encoded as vv with ligaturing etc. The last of these is very close to what is being proposed for Cuneiform, the encoding of single characters as parts which they may historically have arisen from, or which in the Cuneiform case they may later have dissolved into, but which are in the use of the script distinct from those. The <æ> digraph also raises an issue which affects any script of this kind. Whether or not Unicode favors this, implementers may possibly encode it as the sequence <a> <e> and render that via ligaturing as a surface glyph <æ>. This possibility is no argument that the single letter <æ> which looks the same should not have been encoded. This next example has been withdrawn in the revised proposal N2664R, but the fact that it could ever have been proposed shows how far off the track the interpretation went both from deliberations and consensus in the working group and from the reality of cuneiform script. There are many more examples of similar kinds, and N2664R has only touched the tip of the iceberg in correcting erroneous analyses from N2664.
w is not to be encoded as u v with ligaturing In this case an existing sign MASHGI (by default, a single character) was split into two fragments, neither one of which exists as a sign on its own. The sign which does exist was not proposed for encoding. This is not a unique example. In some way it must reveal the thinking which went into proposal N2664. I can only estimate that the ideas were something like: split any sign if vertical white space can be seen between fragments which would result, and rename
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any sign in terms of component parts, disregarding traditional names. A procedure based on white space certainly does not represent any reasonable interpretation of a consensus reached by the working group to encode signs named "SIGN.SIGN" as their parts. This sign was not traditionally named that way. The artificial creation in proposal N2664R itself of a new name (U OVER U U REVERSED OVER U REVERSED), the sequence of names of the two artificial fragments which were substituted for it in N2664, does not cause this to become a sign named "SIGN.SIGN". Or else that has no meaning whatsoever. The sign was split, based not on its actual name but on a theory reflected by this artificially created name. Quite a circular proceeding. It makes it clear that what is being proposed is in an important sense an encoding of a newly invented glyph description language, not an encoding of the units of cuneiform script. Our goal is a valid encoding for Cuneiform, so if we find empirical data refutes the assumptions or procedures of a claimed consensus, we must pay attention to the facts. The smallest group seems to have locked itself into a tunnel. There is another issue raised by the long history of the Cuneiform script, and very real changes which occurred in it. Some characters which were original single characters in the understanding of all of us have dissolved into an apparent sequence, as scribes used familiar elements. A wonderful example is that for the sign UMBIN, used to represent among other things 'talon'. It is composed originally of a leg with a superimposed turned hand which is used in meanings 'attach, join, knot' and similar (Labat 'nouer, attacher'), and went through this evolution. Intermediates exist between the last two not shown here.
f g de The first of these could be named (in a glyph description language, a component description language) something like "leg" x TAG4. The second would be named GAD.(DU x TAG4). The third would be named GAD.TAG4.DU. It appears that the cuneiform writing system of at least the last of these three stages may have changed its set of significant units. But we cannot be sure merely from these three illustrations. We simply cannot infer status as sign vs. sign sequence merely by thinking of components in later forms. That is deceiving oneself. The initial GAD of the middle example may never have been separated from the part which followed, they may have been merely components of one sign, not two separate signs. In that case the sign would more revealingly be named (GAD.DU) x TAG4 In fact that name would work for both of the last two illustrations, since the TAG4 part is infixed between the GAD and the DU parts! (In this instance, the TAG4 is not reduced in size, but the visual form of infixed signs is specified in fonts, not in encodings – see the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/ContainerTypes.htm ) I suspect that by the Neoassyrian period, the last of the three illustrations of UMBIN, the three components may possibly have been separable. But that would have to be verified empirically, it is not appropriate merely to speculate. How can we tell? There are ways, there is evidence. And that evidence strongly correlates with and thus confirms the long tradition in assyriology which is embodied in the sign catalogs, carefully worked on with each contributor building on what went before. We can question particular entries in those catalogs, but their compilers were fully aware of the difference between components, signs, and sequences of signs. They did not very often assign numbers to mere text units, but treated them as lexical entries with a status distinct from that of head entries (single signs). The importance of the full historical range Even without attempting to figure out which sequences of components are single signs, and which sequences of components are sequences of signs, for any texts, another point is already relevant here. The existence of the first of these signs for 'talon' means that we do need an encoding for it, whatever the analysis of later forms. Examples of this kind exist even within artificially narrow time range to which the majority of the small working group wishes to limit
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our encoding efforts. None of Labat's citations shown above are from the earliest Uruk period. The first two illustrations are from the Fara period (LAK#289), with six attestations like the first illustration, and three like the second. This is surely a secure identification of a sign, by normal standards. In addition there are middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian sign forms which are not visually decomposable (Labat illustrates these). There is a great resistance to including evidence from the full range of cuneiform in preparing the present proposal, yet that inclusion can precisely warn us against mistakes, not merely omissions of what can be added later, but wrong analyses. We will more likely make an error by not considering all of the available information than by considering it. For quite a number of signs, proposal N2664 has in effect tended to focus its attention on later forms which use a far smaller number of glyphic sign components, in the extreme focusing on Neo-Assyrian, as for the sign UMBIN. Sign Identity Is Stable Through Time, Where Components And Glyph Fragments Are Not Since one of our goals is to unify Cuneiform encodings across time periods, it can be seen that artificial splits into glyphic fragments will hinder that goal. Single signs may have their components arranged differently at different times, which does not itself constitute evidence that the combination of components is more than one sign. For Cuneiform, please see the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/InfixFluctuation.htm and pages linked to frm there. The field of Han CJK characters provides ample analogies for this statement. Please see the web site http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/CJKAnalogies.htm How can we determine sign boundaries? By respecting the accumulated tradition of assyriology, is the first answer. We can easily check that tradition against the facts. Two default manifestations of character boundaries are available for cuneiform just as for most other scripts -- spacing and line breaks. Since many Cuneiform words are spelled via a sequence of signs, line breaks between signs of one word in Cuneiform are quite analogous to line breaks between letters of the Latin script. Both can be regulated by special implementations, but there are also important default behaviors on which such implementations rely. The first full-page figure accompanying this paper is from Gudea Statue F column 4 (as published by Bord and Magnaioni 2002). "Register" 6 of that column begins with the single sign MASH2, which is acknowledged by all to be a single sign, given such status as U+12239 in proposal N2664. Yet it consists of two parts which have some white space between them. White space of this kind is simply not diagnostic of sign boundaries, as shown above for the split of MASHGI into artificial fragments. Attempting to rely on it makes one's methods invalid, one's results insecure, sensitive to the wrong things. Spacing signals sign boundaries? If you look a bit more carefully at this example, however, you see that this register is nicely spaced, and that it has two lines (as most of us would refer to them), one with three signs MASH2 ZI MU- and the second line with three signs NI SHAR2 SHAR2. The spacing within the single sign MASH2 is different from the spacing between signs. (There are three words in this register, MASH2 is the first. ZI is the second, and the third word is MU-NI-SHAR2-SHAR2, according to the transcription in Bord and Mugnaioni's publication of it 2002. The third word is broken across lines at a sign boundary.) Now compare two other lines, as they are usually referred to: line 3 and line 7. (Here we do not have to worry about the confusion we moderns would have in talking about a "line" containing several "lines", or a line containing an "indent", etc.) In line 3, we have text transliterated by the authors as sipa-bi 'leur pasteur' 'their shepherd' (or similar). It here consists of two signs, SIPA and BI. When our smaller group started dividing things named "SIGN.SIGN" into single signs, I of course assumed this was a correct decision for all true sign sequences. I even thought SIPA was probably a good candidate to treat that way. I have however discovered that not merely the standard sign catalogs but also an important text with nice typography which I first examined treats this as a single sign. This is so far confirmed by parts of a second important text, the "Codex Hammurabi". The single sign SIPA has within it the same amount of white space which occurs in line 6 previously discussed within the agreed single sign MASH2. The scribe felt there were only two
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signs in this line, and rendered them accordingly, in the process leaving a gigantic white space the width of half the entire line. In line 7, by contrast, the single sign SIPA no longer appears. The scribe used instead the individual signs PA, LU (= UDU), and BI. This made for a more evenly spaced appearance of the line, perhaps. The reading and the context are the same. Some might argue that this fluctuation shows the units are really PA.LU.BI, just spaced differently, and that the appropriate treatment is to add a zero-width joiner of some kind between the signs to keep them together. This badly misunderstands the nature of cuneiform script. The treatment in line 7 is abnormal in the texts of the ten Gudea statues. I think probably unique there. It appears an absence of split forms may characterize the law code of Hammurapi as well. The other examples of SIPA which I found in the Gudea statues wrote the components not merely closely together, as in Statue F at 4.3, but actually touching, so there is no white space whatsoever between parts. These were on statues B and D, at locations B.2.8 and D.1.11. What the "joiner" approach is doing is applying bandaids to fix what would be done wrong in fragmenting single signs, treating their components as if they were independent signs. It reverses the relation of normal and exceptional, imposing the burden in the normal cases, not in the exceptional ones. For a component of a sign to look like an independent sign merely as a glyph is in no way evidence of any kind that the sign in question is a sequence of independent signs. No more than it would be for CJK Han characters. Evidence and Traditional Sign Catalogs Agree A small survey of the spacing of some candidates for single signs in the Gudea statues, and whether they are or are not split across line-breaks (or indent breaks) within a register, yields a very strong correlation between the spacing and line-break treatments, on the one hand, and the standard sign catalogs, on the other hand. This is summarized in table form on the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/SignSpacingCorrelate.htm, included as part of this paper. What are the Consequences? The two approaches to encoding Cuneiform differ greatly in the degree to which they respect the empirically determinable significant sign units of the script (different both from components and from sign sequences). This contrast is made clear on the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/TwoApproaches.htm included as part of this paper. I believe there is simply no contest, and that proposal N2664(R) would do considerable damage to the encoding of cuneiform, by loading large amounts of extra complexity onto many aspects of implementations, and making users and those who serve them needlessly dependent on implementers. The cause of these disadvantages is demonstrable errors in the attempt to identify what are the productive functioning units of the script. Lists of Signs to Add Also included as part of this paper are three web pages listing signs which need to be replaced or added (in addition to the changes made in revision N2664R). These web pages are http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/ReplaceSigns.htm and http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/AddSigns.htm and http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/BorgerAdds.htm A full set of signs with images will be brought to the UTC meeting itself to accompany this paper, but for the sake of conserving trees are not made an official part of the paper. They are available to those who wish to work with them. Moving Right Along Doing it right need not interfere with getting a Cuneiform encoding proposal approved in June 2004. Most of the text of N2664 is well written and can be used as is, except where the analysis of this present paper would require changes to it. Most of the very good work in extending sign lists which is manifest in N2664 and N2664R, itself building on the long traditions of the field, stands without need for change. That includes work by Steve Tinney, the CDLI, and Miguel Civil. Only artificial fragments need to be eliminated, and traditional signs added except in individual instances where they can be shown to be errors perpetuated in the traditional lists.
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I propose that we stick to our foundations, keep our feet on the ground, and proceed in the following manner. A. Maintain the solid encoding principles we started with: 1. Encode signs not readings (script not language) 2. Encode signs not sequences of signs 3. Encode signs not variants 4. Encode signs not fragments of signs 5. Include sufficient distinctions for each stage covered (currently mostly UrIII and later) 6. Unify those signs which are primary relatives in lineal historical descent, encode them the
same. 7. The standard sign catalogs, as extended by the work of PSL, CDLI, and Civil, and with any
additional whole signs found in N2664 and its revision, should be the default list we start with. We can eliminate signs only as we can show in exceptional instances that the identifications are not secure, or that the traditional catalogs made some kind of error. In addition to sign catalogs, we will of course use the best available published work by the recognized authorities in each field of cuneiform, and more recent and specific information from experts when it is available.
8. Where we have evidence on spacing or line breaking, we use that judiciously to confirm or
call into question status as single sign vs. as sequence of signs 9. In cases of fluctuation, we go usually with normal usage, not with exceptional instances. B. Keep traditional sign names; names need not be tied to component analyses. 10. Use traditional highly-recognizable sign names (MUL rather than AN OVER AN AN), and
for signs for which no reading or alphabetic name is available, the catalog number with an initial letter to identify the catalog the sign is taken from, as "C372")
11. Encoding order can reflect recognized components of signs. Alternate names which
represent the components of single signs (and to a degree their arrangement) can be used to help our thinking, and even as a basis for encoding order, but with clear awareness that the componential decomposition of signs is not as stable across time as is the identity of the signs as wholes.
12. Componential analysis of signs should reflect full historical knowledge without limitation, so
as to avoid implications for unification which turn out to be false. For example, the two names "SIGN x SHE3" and "SIGN x TUG2" are not distinguishable at a late stage where the components SHE3 and TUG2 merge as KU and we have only "SIGN x KU". Evidence from older time periods can resolve this in particular instances (Steve Tinney has made use of some of this, from Krebernik, as has this writer.)
C. The only criterion is whether we have securely identified signs distinctive from each other.
In cases of limited knowledge, we should be explicit about the consequences of each kind of error which we can anticipate. That is done below. We should encode what we can now. There is to be no artificial limitation of time periods covered. Although a few of the following general principles are phrased in terms of older and later signs for which we may consider unification, they apply more broadly to any question whether two signs are the same or are distinctive. More specifically:
13. The fact that we certainly will later discover additional distinctions in no way argues against
encoding the distinctions we are already securely aware of.
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14. If we have securely identified a distinctive cuneiform sign, it matters not at all if we do not know its exact "reading" or meaning, or even any "reading" or meaning. To be most useful to cuneiform specialists, we provide encodings precisely for signs whose meanings are not yet known, or not fully known, just as for Linear B (Unicode 10040 to 1005D). Having them encoded will assist analysis of texts which use them.
15. For the large bodies of cuneiform texts, we expect those entering the data on computers to be
trained professional experts, able to recognize distinctions and make choices as needed. As with any technical field, advances may lead to the correction of readings and even sign identifications in particular texts, but this is simply normal progress of science. It has no implications for our encoding.
16. If we have a sign from an earlier time period which can be securely unified with a sign from
a later time period which is its primary lineal descendent, then as with all other unifications, no additional encoded character is appropriate. (Possible error: failure to encode a sign which turns out to be distinctive. Such a newly discovered distinction can be added later. But we do want to avoid the generation of encoded data which has later to be changed, whenever reasonably possible, so if a distinction is highly probable, we should encode it now.)
17. If a catalog listing of a sign does not make a distinction where it should, if it merges what we
already know to be two distinct signs, then we make the distinction (by 5. Above). If some of the instances lumped under one catalog listing are known to be unifiable with a later or earlier sign, then (by the preceding paragraph) we do unify them. If other instances lumped under one catalog listing are known to be distinct from other signs in our list, then we encode them separately, devising some practical workable new sign name as needed. (Possible error if we fail to recognize a distinction – as in the preceding item.) Example: ZATU catalog sign Z565 called "U2". According to a discussion by expert Cale Johnson, this catalog listing conflates two distinct signs, one of them indeed unifiable with the later sign "U2", the other distinct from that and not continued in later signs. So the newer sign might be called Z565b or Z565a, as the experts prefer.
18. We do not let ourselves be confused by mere *names*. Giving an old sign the same name as
a known later sign does not constitute evidence that the two are lineal descendents. If we have evidence that two signs are not lineal descendents, we do not unify them. If the older sign is securely attested and clear in at least some of its instances, unless the older sign can be identified with *some* later sign, we must seriously consider adding a distinct encoded sign to our list. (For examples from the early Uruk stages, please after late 1st February see the web page http://www.CuneiformSigns.org/ZATUSignTriage.htm . )
19. If an identification of a an earlier sign with a later sign is probably false, and there is no other
known valid unification with another later sign, then we can usefully consider encoding it separately. Quite a number of examples of this will be noted on the web page just mentioned. (Possible error: two encoded signs are later found to be mere variants of each other. Over-distinction in the encoded data brings with it no information loss. At most, a tiny number of encoded signs would later go out of active new use. Older data using them, to the extent not corrected by its expert custodians, is still readable.)
No Serious Practical or Time Limitations The task laid out in this paper is already nearly complete. Lists of signs which need to be added are generally already complete. For my own contributions, I am mostly in process of eliminating some mere variant signs and others which are too insecure to encode now, using the available published tools and any expert comments available. I will complete these contributions without fail by the end of February, 2004, and most of them by February 15th. Any expert contributions will of course be reflected in modified lists. With materials already so fully sorted and controlled for quality through the combined efforts of the entire assyriological tradition, including additions by participants in our current activities, it will be simple for experts to review a nearly-final list, as Steve Tinney has pointed out. They look for the items of most interest to them, items to which their specialized knowledge is most
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relevant. To the extent that experts in certain time periods can find even as much as a day free in the next four months, they can warn us of any errors they know in the sources we have available, can tell us of additional distinctions needed, or perhaps in a very few cases tell us of distinctions we have made that are very probably not warranted. Many of the issues of fact and principle, and many of the signs which are documented in this paper were proposed via general statements and in part via lists of particular signs already in October and November 2003. This current paper is new in its comprehensiveness and in listing signs in a format with pseudo-code-point labels added for easier comparability with N2664(R). One illustration and accompanying tables: Gudea F.4 (please expand to larger size if possible) Pages from the web site http://www.CuneiformSigns.org, namely SignSpacingCorrelate.htm TwoApproaches.htm ReplaceSigns.htm AddSigns.htm BorgerAdds.htm ZATUSignTriage.htm (after 2 February)
Untitled Document http://www.cuneiformsigns.org/TwoApproaches.htm
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Pleasechoose from thecategories below
Cuneiform SignsAnalysis and reports to support an international standard for computer encoding of the
Cuneiform writing system
Research on the development of Cuneiform signs
Sign or SignSequence?
Spacing andLine Breaks
Kerning forIGI, SAL?
Atomic Signsby Comparing
Times
Containertypes
Type "SIGNover SIGN"
Fara Signs notyet identified
Two approaches to encoding Cuneiform signs are here contrasted.One(A) is based on Ken Whistler's approach, on the left, treating as "characters" sometimes signs,sometimes parts of recognized signs which do not divide into parts in actual usage. The other, on theright, respects the 150 year tradition of assyriological scholarship. The two differ greatly in thesimplicity of implementation, in how dependent cuneiform users will be on others, vs. in how directand simple usage will be. The comparisons below are a sincere attempt is to be fair, but my choice is clearly in favor of theapproach on the right, for the reasons of greater simplicity there given. Anyone who thinks thecomparison can be made more fair please email Lloyd Anderson with suggestions on what to add orchange. The comparison in the third line, concerning avoidance of identical surface forms, is the chiefadvantage which I think is claimed by advocates of approach A, but I am not sure how to state it in away which is satisfactory to various people's preferences. Given the complex alternative spellingsneeded in any case for searching cuneiform, I'm not sure there is much difference here even if therewere any significant difference in similar surface forms with distinct character sequences. Evidence used by the approach on the right includes prominently the following. This evidence is notused slavishly, but with discretion, and any knowledge from experts explaining particular cases istaken into consideration. The two sorts of evidence noted here are highly correlated (see chart), presumably because the assyriologists who determined what are the distinctive "signs" of the scripttook into account the very behavior of the signs which is most normally diagnostic of status as singlesign vs. as sequence of signs.
1. The distinction between signs, compounds (sign sequences), and components of single signs aremade by the assyriological tradition. This accumulated knowledge is respected unless there is clearindication not to. This was the original basis for encoding adopted by the small ICE group.
2. Where there is enough space available to see space between signs, as in the Gudea statues, (that is inregisters where they are not crushed together), single traditional signs are normally kept together socomponents of the single sign are at least almost touching, or do touch or overlap. By contrast,compound signs ("diri" compounds and other lexical items) are not kept so close together, thuscontrasting in those same texts. Single signs normally are not split into parts across indents (what therest of the world means by line breaks; not talking here about register breaks).
A BEncoding as characters sometimes the traditional signs, sometimes parts of the traditional signs
Encoding as characters the traditional "signs" ofcuneiform, as distinct from compounds or sign components..
Untitled Document http://www.cuneiformsigns.org/TwoApproaches.htm
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Neither approach encodes what are traditionally regarded as sign sequences as single characters. (same)
Belief that this approach avoids having two identical surface forms resulting from distinctsequences of coded characters.
Belief that there will be few or no such cases in normal use and normal spacing, because surfaceforms differ more often than thought byproponents of approach A.
It is expected that inputting is done by knowledgeable assyriologists. (same)
Keeping what are traditionally single signs together requires extensive use of "combininggrapheme joiner".
Characters (traditional single signs) are kept together by default, as one would expect, keepingtheir form, but allowing justification spacebetween characters. No special devices needed.
The special joiner is needed in the *normal* cases even to keep traditional signs together, not just inthe exceptional cases.
A special joiner would be needed only in exceptional cases, where a document editor mightwant to control flow to be other than its default.
A word-joiner is needed when one wishes to keep words together contrary to normal flow of text,precisely as in the other approach.
(same)
Fonts are more complex to create, as extensive kerned forms, ligatured forms, fused forms andsingle glyphs substituting for sequences of "characters". Even when kerning and ligaturing arenot the appropriate analyses.
Fonts are far simpler to create. Normally one character corresponds to one font element (glyph).
True ligatures like AN+EN or AN+AG or EN+MEor SHU+LAGAB, which vary between signsequence and ligatured substitute for that sequencecarrying the same function, must be built into fontsin both approaches.
(same)
Input methods are more complex, requiring large numbers of extra elements like "combininggrapheme joiner" to be generated.
Input methods are simpler, so more users and semi-programmers can design their own for specialtime periods.
Sorting tables by various preferences are more complex, since they will more often have to takeaccount of sequences of characters (oftencomponents of traditional signs rather than singletraditional signs).
Sorting tables by various preferences are simpler, since sort position can be specified for eachtraditional sign.
Code table order (and binary sort order) is by alphabetical order of sign names. Keeps togethersigns with the same first named components.
Good idea, with the difference noted immediately below.
Sign names are decomposition descriptions of glyphic forms, so names are based on componentsof glyphs to the maximum degree possible.
Keep traditional sign names for familiarity as the official names of the code standard, or use themost structurally revealing sign names. But ordersigns in code table and binary sort order by the same method as in the other proposal, so thosewith the same components are kept together.
Untitled Document http://www.cuneiformsigns.org/TwoApproaches.htm
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Searching in assyriology must consider multiple possible spellings as soon as one goes beyond thesimplest default.
(same)
Makes relation of readings with characters more complex.
The "readings" of cuneiform writing are correlatedwith the traditional signs and sequences of signs.They are not *as generally and universally*correlated with components which are fragments of signs. Despite some signs.being *named* bytheir components, that is a separate question.
A belief that the "characters" of a script are whatever the encoders decide they are. Relativelyless interest in empirical evidence about distinctiveunits of a script using standard linguistic criteriafor what is distinctive.
A belief that the distinctive units of a communication system like a language or a scriptare normally and effectively determined by usingempirical evidence and standard reasoning, so that the resulting understanding is most structurallyappropriate and simplest. (There can be borderlinecases allowing two radically different analyses, butthe majority of communicaton systems present nomajor problems of analysis of that type.)
Home
Untitled Document http://www.cuneiformsigns.org/ReplaceSigns.htm
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Pleasechoose from thecategories below
Cuneiform SignsAnalysis and reports to support an international standard for computer encoding of the
Cuneiform writing system
Research on the development of Cuneiform signs
Sign or SignSequence?
Spacing andLine Breaks
Kerning forIGI, SAL?
Atomic Signsby Comparing
Times
Containertypes
Type "SIGNover SIGN"
Fara Signs notyet identified
Signs which need to be deleted or replaced, and a few of the neededadditions Information on this page is available free of any restrictions. It is intended to assist preparation of aproposal to Unicode for a standard encoding of Cuneiform. For a selection of signs which need to beADDED, please click here. In the following sign names, I retain the traditional cuneiformist naming system, so that the list will bemost usable to specialists who we believe should be able to evaluate this, but add some clarity ofdistinctions. Here are differences from naming practices in N2664(R).
( ) parentheses -- not used in N2664 -- clarifies grouping of sign components, can simply be dropped
Lowercase rather than uppercase -- distinguishes SIGN component names from other descriptors
x -- rendered as "TIMES" in N2664 -- relation of container to infix, or overlap of components, etc.
+ -- used only when discussing true ligatures, which are not to be encoded. Not = "PLUS" in N2664
. period -- rendered as space in N2664 -- ambiguous in Cuneiform names, separates either signs ormere components
paired -- rendered as "SIGN OVER SIGN" in N2664, but the two SIGN are always identical (1exception)
Entries in the Tables:The entry "fragment" means that the fragmentation of a single sign into parts must then be fixed bylinking the parts together again, by kerning, and often in addition by substituting a single glyph for thepurported sequence of parts. A very indirect way of not encoding the actual characters of Cuneiform.The entry "sequence" in quotes means that the sign has been misanalyzed as a sequence.
If there is no independent sign ("no"), it means further that the supposed component does not evenexist in that way, in addition to not being a part of a particular sign which N2664 intended it torepresent. "Yes" entries are omitted, since any sign proposd to be added "Add" is attested as anindependent sign.
The entry "does not occur elsewhere" means that the purported sign does not occur as a component ofother signs than the one which replaces it in these listings of needed changes. It is possible that acomponent might occur in several distinct signs, yet not be attested as an independent sign, and thisentry is to allow the possibility of distinguishing those cases. This entry is based on the best
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information I have been able to gather from standard sources. It may in one or two instances not becorrect. Proposal N2664 does not permit us to judge that, because of its mixture of the real and theartificial.
Traditional sign catalogs are abbreviated respectively "B", "L", "C" "G" "F", and "Z" -- Borger's mostrecent, Labat's standard, "Classical" Font by Steve Tinney, Gudea font by Margret Studt, Fara (LAK)and Uruk (ZATU) lists. Attestation in these lists for the most part should be taken to imply status as asingle sign, since the 150 years of scholarship has been very well done, and these lists certainly do tryin general to distinguish between single signs and sequences of signs. Borger's is the most recent andcomprehensive, and his work is rather universally respected. Ellermeier has also recently published acomprehensive catalog. Citations in this column are normally only B and L. Occasionally othercitations show that a sign is unitary in origin, not compound, or that it has an earlier form in which it iscomplex, with parts overlapping or infixed, and that later scribes reanalyzed these into glyphic partsmore familiar to them (a process noted in N2664R). These citations are not attempting to becomprehensive, but only sufficient to document judgement of professionals that a single sign is inquestion or illustrations which make that self-evident. I obviously do not include examples where Ibelieve such judgements were wrong, but can list them separately at a later date. Any proposal shouldhighlight such a list of exclusions so the assyriological community can see what is omitted and judgewhether those choices are correct.
Arbitrary Fragmentation into Non-Existent ComponentsThis first example shows how far wrong proposal N2664 went. It is partly corrected in N2664R (seeillustrations there), but the name used for the real sign falsely implies the sign is composite. In thiscase there are not even any independently existing signs to use as components for it. Artificial oneswere invented in order to permit decomposition. This should be one of several indicators that thefundamental conception of N2664 was wrong, and that many other problems are present (they are).
N2664Code Point
Sign Name for sign to be deleted or renamed
Glyph Frag-mentor se- quence
Is there an indep. sign?
? Add Delete Rename
Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and comments
Tradi- tional List?
12309 U OVER U frag- ment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no
1230AU reversed OVER U reversed
frag- ment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no
U over U U reversed over U reversed
Add &Rename
MASHGI / BARGI (rare, but at least unitary)
B713,L474
Fragmentation into Wrong Components; Omission of UnitaryContainer & SignIn this section I give a set of five lines each to illustrate three sets of signs. Most of the individual signswith infixes were proposed for addition in the N2664R corrrectionn to N2664, but the independent
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signs were omitted, and those independent signs are also the container for the complex signs withinfixes. The infixation is into the unitary sign, not into the artificial component of it which wasfragmented in N2664. There are thus three signs added here beyond N2664R, TUR3, HUBUR, andUTUA2. These unitary signs were probably omitted from N2664 purely because there happen to existsingle signs which look like the glyphic parts of these single signs. The names TUR3 and UTUA2 arethe only names given in Labat for these signs. While the name HUBUR used below is not a commonone, and not in Labat, that name could be replaced by any other unitary name, so as to not bemisleading as to sign structure.
A sign list intended for human use can perfectly well include more commonly known names, reflectingthe language of glyph description used to name many signs.
N2664Code Point
Sign Name for sign to be deleted or renamed
Glyph Frag-mentor se- quence
Is there an indep. sign?
? Add Delete Rename
Single Sign Name (not signsequence) and comments
Tradi- tional List?
-- NUN LAGAR "seq" Add
TUR3 (see note intro to this part of tables; not added in N2664R) EarlyLabat examples and also Fara and Uruk examples allshow there is a single signhere, this is not a mere sequence.
B145 L87a F77 Z563
121FB LAGAR TIMES SAL
frag- ment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no
NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL
Add & Rename
TUR3 x SAL (or SHILAM)
B147 L87b
NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL OVER NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL
Add & Rename
(TUR3 x SAL) paired (or SHILAM paired) B147a
(Four more pairs to delete and add like the two above.Already done in N2664R,except for the structurally misleading names and the lack of the independentsign and container.)
-- NUNUZ AB2 "seq" Add
HUBUR (see note intro to this part of tables; not added in N2664R)
B615
12017 AB2 x ASHGAB
frag- ment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no
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NUNUZ AB2 x ASHGAB
Add & Rename HUBUR x ASHGAB B619
L394c
12019 AB2 x BI frag- ment no Delete does not occur elsewhere no
NUNUZ AB2 x BI Add &
Rename HUBUR x BI B621 L394d
(Eight more pairs to delete and add like the two above.Already done in N2664R,except for the structurally misleading names and the lack of the independentsign and container.)
-- DAG KISIM5 "seq" Add
UTUA2 (see note intro to this part of tables; not added in N2664R)
B439,L281
121A4 KISIM5 x GIR2
frag- ment no Delete no
DAG KISIM5 x GIR2
Add &Rename
UTUA2 x GIR2 (infixationis into a unitary container,not into a part of it)
B440
121AA KISIM5 x LA
frag- ment no Delete no
DAG KISIM5 x LA
Add &Rename
UTUA2 x LA (infixation isinto a unitary container, notinto a part of it)
B441,L282
(Approx. 20 more pairs to delete and add like the two above. Already done inN2664R, except for the structurally misleading names and the lack of theindependent sign and container.)
Fragmentation; Glyph Description Instead of Standard Names andUnitary SignsThis example shows the disregard of the standards of the standard names of the field, and how N2664would have forced a known sign to be encoded wrongly as a sequence, before the revision N2664R.Consequences include incorrect spacing and glyphic forms, and incorrect line breaks. Even after the
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revision, many signs are fragmented this way. A long list is in preparation, examples here are merelyselected from the few corrected in N2664R.
N2664Code Point
Sign Name for sign to be deleted or renamed
Glyph Frag-mentor se- quence
Is there an indep. sign?
? Add Delete Rename
Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and comments
Tradi- tional List?
add ## AN OVER AN
frag- ment Rename NAB B246
L129
-- AN OVER AN AN "seq" yes Wrong glyphic shape and
line breaks.
AN THREE TIMES Add &
Rename MUL B247 L129a
-- IGI RI "seq" yes
Wrong glyphic shape and line breaks. Gudea form fused, elements not at allseparated.
IGI RI Add & Rename
AR (standard syllabary sign) No other name is adequate to the range ofshapes (Gudea included).
B726 L451 G
-- U GUD "seq" yes
U GUD Add & Rename
UL (basic syllabary sign) orSHU4 x GUD
B698 L441 G, F
There are many more signs of this type ("U" x SIGN = SHU4 x SIGN). "U" actshere as a container, just like the "roof" radical inChinese characters, the section beginning with U+219BA. In Cuneiform,the so-called "U" as container is not a separatecharacter spaced apart from the other components in the same character. It is also notthe same as the number signU, as can be seen bylooking to older forms.Under our principles of distinguishing signs in
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splits and mergers, we needa name for it different from the name of the numbersign '10'. SHU4 is an existing name for it, and emphasizes the relation toSHU2, which had the same origin, while yet distinguishing them.
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Pleasechoose from thecategories below
Cuneiform SignsAnalysis and reports to support an international standard for computer encoding of the
Cuneiform writing system
Research on the development of Cuneiform signs
Sign or SignSequence?
Spacing andLine Breaks
Kerning forIGI, SAL?
Atomic Signsby Comparing
Times
Containertypes
Type "SIGNover SIGN"
Fara Signs notyet identified
Signs Which Need to Be AddedInformation on this page is available free of any restrictions. It is intended to assist preparation of aproposal to Unicode for a standard encoding of Cuneiform.
For Name Format and Table Entries, please see the top of the page ReplaceSigns,click here.
Sign Forms Which Demonstrate Need for a Sign, where late scribalreanalyses into more familiar components do not cover the repertoireof needed signs.The type of IGI.RI, IGI.RU and signs including SAL are in the third table on this page. Examples onthis page do *not* include those where naming may contribute to incorrect unification with a wrongearlier sign form.
N2664Code Point
Sign Name for sign to be deleted or renamed
Glyph Frag-mentor se- quence
Is there an indep. sign?
? Add Delete Rename
Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and comments
Tradi- tional List?
-- GAD.KID2.UR2 seq. late dissolution of earlier sign UMBIN
UMBIN yes Add
For Old and Middle Babylonian the sequence analysis doesnot work, the sign is unitary; Classic Sumerian some form of "leg" x KID2, or in oneform partly dissolved into GAD.(DU x KID2).
B160 L92b
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AKKIL yes Add
AKKIL (unitary) = ?? xKID2 (the analysis (GAD.SI) x KID2would represent the earlier form decently, see analysis of containers whichsurround an infix on left and right only)
B159L92a
-- SHE.NAGA seq was a single sign in Gudea, Fara, Uruk
B293vL375aZ381
-- SHU.KAD2 seq
yes Add KAD4 single sign as seen in Gudea
B568 L354b
-- SH.KAD3 seq
yes Add KAD5 single sign as seen in Gudea
B569 L354b
GA.DUN3 seq disproved for the following
yes Add
IL2 Classic Sumerian and Uruk show its lower part as LU2 not DUN3, variation whichcan only be captured byencoding entire sign
B493 L320
MA2.KASKAL seq disproved by Gudea andUruk for following:
yes Add UD5 (UDU with teats, 'nanny goat')
B203 L122b
SU.AB seq
yes Add ABZU in Gudea either ligatured or fused F292
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Signs Which Did Not Undergo Historical Reanalysis, But WhoseParts are Components, Not Separate Signs in Sequence. The "Cover"Containers x Infixes.Container signs here are SHU4 and SHU2. The obvious analog in Han CJK characters is the "roof"radical, U+219BA and following. The two cuneiform signs SHU4 and SHU2 had the same source,with significance 'cover' or 'vault of heaven' and the like. That sign later split, and only SHU4 mergedlater visually with the number sign U. But it is not here called "U", despite that being the usual namefor the component SHU4 as seen in time periods after Fara (where there was fluctuation). Probably nosign begins with the true number sign U.
Uruk shows the true container nature for those signs which are known that early (noted below), sincefor "infixed" URI3 and partly for AN and EN, the "cover" wraps around three sides of the infixedportion just as does the accepted container NINDA2. In NeoAssyrian, these signs are very unlikely tobe split across line breaks (the container is so narrow), or to have extra white space within the singlesign between their components. So there is probably no evidence whatsoever that they are sequencesof SIGNS rather than combinations of components. There is thus no justification for fragmenting them.We are not limited in the number of signs we can encode for cuneiform, within the limits of what wecould conceivably want.
N2664Code Point
Sign Name for sign to be deleted or renamed
Glyph Frag-mentor se- quence
Is there an indep. sign?
? Add Delete Rename
Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and comments
Tradi- tional List?
-- U.AD seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x AD = GIR4 L430
-- U.BURU14 seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x BURU14 = SHIBIR
B666 L413
-- U.DIM seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x DIM = GAKKUL3
B667 L415a
-- U.(DIM x KUR) seq
yes Add Rename
(SHU4 x DIM) x KUR = GAKKUL (grouping?)
B668 L416
-- U.(DIM x SHE) seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x DAR = GAKKUL (this was L416v
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early distinct from the preceding, later merged)
-- U.DAR seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x DAR B670
L418
-- U.E2 seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x E2 = SHITA4 (Components touch in Uruk form)
B699 L442 Z535
-- U.GA seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x GA = UTU2 B700
L443
-- U.GAN seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x GAN = SHAGAN L428
-- U.GAR seq
12278 yes Add Rename SHU4 x GAR = PAD B746
L469
-- U.GIR3 (= U.PIRIG) seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x GIR3 (or PIRIG) = KUSHU
B710 L448
-- U.GUD seq
N2664R yes Add
Rename SHU4 x GUD = UL B698 L441
-- U.GUR seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x GUR B669
L417
-- U.ITI seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x ITI B664
L414
-- U.KA seq
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yes Add Rename SHU4 x KA = UGU B663
L412
-- U.MU seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x MU = UDUN B665
L415
-- U.SAG seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x SAG B671
L419
-- U.UD.KID seq
yes Add Rename
SHU4 x (UD.KID) = NIGIN3
B707 L447a
-- U.ZAG seq
yes Add Rename SHU4 x ZAG B700a
-- SHU2.AN seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x AN = EN2 (Uruk form has SHU2 partly surrounding AN)
B870 L546 Z138
--SHU2.AN lig.(SHAR2 x GAD)
seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x AN lig.(SHAR2 x GAD) = KESH3
B871
-- SHU2.ASH2 seq
yes Add Rename SHU2 x ASH2 = GIBIL B875
L548
-- SHU2.DUN4 seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x DUN4 = SHUDUN
B876 L549
-- SHU2.ESH seq
yes Add Rename SHU2 x ESH = LIL3 B879
L553
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-- SHU2.KISAL seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x KISAL (in Faramistaken for SHU4 ?)
B877 L550
-- SHU2.MUL seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x MUL = KUNGA
B872 L547
-- SHU2.NAGA seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x NAGA = SHEG8
B873 L551
-- SHU2.NE seq
yes Add Rename SHU2 x NE = LIL5 B874
L552
-- SHU2. (SHE.KU.KAK) seq
yes Add Rename
SHU2 x (SHE.KU.KAK) = SHEG9
B878 L551v
-- SHU2.UR SHESHIG seq
1212F yes Add Rename
SHU2 x (UR sheshig) = HUL2
B880 L550a
Sign Forms Which Demonstrate Need for a Sign, where late scribalreanalyses into more familiar components separate componentswhich were fused in earlier usage.The use of "x" here can be considered like other uses in that the overlap of components, or theirpenetration into each other's bounding boxes, means that they are not renderable as a simple sequenceof glyphs.
Near the end of this subsection are included six items which may be demonstrable as single signs, butabout which judgement is not passed at this time (blank instead of "no" or "yes" in the column "Is therean indep. sign?"). It is conceivable that judgement will be possible within the next few months.
N2664Code
Sign Name for sign to be
Glyph Frag-ment
Is there
? Add Delete
Single Sign Name (not sign sequence) and
Tradi- tional
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Point deleted or renamed
or se- quence
an indep. sign?
Rename comments List?
IGI+MIN ligature ?
IGI + MIN or IGI x MIN ? Does the form alternate with a sequence IGI.MIN,as appears to be shown inLabat449 ? If not, probably a unitary sign.
B724a L449
-- IGI.RI seq
N2664R yes already
IGI x RI = AR more evidently a single sign in Gudea and Fara
B726 L451 F422
-- IGI.RU seq
yes Add
IGI x RU = PAD3 more evidently a single sign in Gudea, Fara, and Uruk(RU with IGI inside)
B725 L450 F423
-- IGI.UM (IGI.DUB ?) seq
yes Add IGI x UM (or IGI x DUB)= AGRIG
B727 L452
-- IGI.DIB = U3 seq
yes Add IGI x DIB (Components touch in Gudea, Fara)
B731 L455
? IGI x LU (if distinct from IGI x DIB)
-- IGI.TUG2 or IGI.SHE3 seq
yes AddIGIx TUG2 or IGI x SHE3 (Components touchin Gudea and later)
B732 L455 F434
-- IGI.ERIM seq
yes Add IGI x ERIM (Componentstouch in Fara)
B729 B730 L454
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-- IGI.PUR2 seq
yes Add IGI x PUR2 (Componentstouch in Fara) F425
-- IGI.SHE3 or .KAR2? seq
yes AddIGI x SHE3 (or IGI x KAR2 ?) (Components touch in Fara)
F426
-- IGI.E2 seq
yes AddIGI x E2 = U6 (Components touch in Fara)
B728 L449 F429
-- IGI.SHID seq
yes Add IGI x SHID (Components touch in Fara) F430
-- IGI.LAGAB seq
yes AddIGI x LAGAB (Components touch in Fara)
F431
-- IGI.NI seq
yes Add IGI x NI F435
-- IGI.ZI seq
yes Add IGI x ZI L452
-- IGI.UR seq
yes Add
IGI x UR = HUL (looser connection of componentsthan many signs above inthis list; one early attestation has parts side-by-side, analog of theUruk combinations that often correspond to later complex signs)
B733 L456 F428 U
Examples treated differently by Labat, not given separate numbers,
All under L449
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and shown without such close joins as the other signs above. IGI.DU,IGI.KAK
-- NE.RU seq
yes Add NE x RU (RU with NE inside: RU x NE ?)
L172b Z144
-- NI.RU seq
yes Add NI x RU (RU with NI inside: RU x NI ?) Z
-- KUR.RU seq
yes Add RU with KUR inside = SHURUPPAK Z544a
RU with THREE STROKES (perhaps alternate of preceding)
Z544b
-- SAL.SI seq
12088 yes already
EL = SIKIL (SAL nested into SI in Classic, Gudea, Fara, and Uruk; fused inNeoAssyrian)
B899 L564
-- SAL.KUR seq
yes Add SAL x KUR (later also read GEME2)
B890 L558
-- SAL.SHE3 seq
-- SAL.TUG2 seq
yes Add SAL x SHE3 B897
-- SAL.SHU2 seq
Z
-- SAL.Z751 seq
SAL x Z751 Z
-- SAL.LAGAR seq
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SAL x LAGAR Ellerm.
-- SAL.KAB or SAL.HUB2 seq
SAL x KAB or SAL x HUB2 Ellerm.
-- SAL.ME seq
SAL x ME Ellerm.
-- SAL.TUK seq
SAL x TUK Ellerm.
-- SAL.ASH2 seq
12366 ZUM yes already
SAL x "comb" = ZUM (appears as SAL x ASH2 in NeoAssyrian, but notelsewhere)
B884 L555
yes AddSame as above, with LAGAB around the ASH2
B885
12061 DAM yes already Looks like SAL x something, not analyzable
B889 L557
-- SAL.NAM2 seq
yes Add SAL x NAM2 = NIN B886 L556
-- SAL.MA seq no SAL + MA (ligature?) read mim-ma
B888 L556
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17 o
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AB
x U
B78
7
12
1F0
(LA
GA
B x
U) x
AB
788
121F
1
LA
GA
B x
(U.U
.U)
B77
4 (v
)
121
F2
L
AG
AB
x (U
2.A
SH)
****
LA
GA
B x
U4
****
LA
GA
B x
UB
B78
3
12
1F3
LAG
AB
x U
DB
770
121F
4
LA
GA
B x
USH
****
LA
GA
B x
Z30
5**
**
L
AG
AB
x Z
ATU
766
LAG
AB
x Z
ATU
49**
**
L
AG
AB
x Z
ATU
753
(LA
GA
B x
SUM
) .ZI
BB
719
121F
5
LA
GA
R**
**
L
AG
AR
inve
rsum
LAG
AR
with
(EN
x M
E)**
**
L
AG
AR
with
SA
L
Unt
itled
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umen
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4:5
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****
121
FA
L
AG
AR
x N
UN
B72
2
12
1FC
LA
GA
R x
SH
EB
722v
ooo
oo
L
AG
AR
x (S
HE.
SHE)
B72
3
12
1FD
LA
GA
R x
(SH
E.SU
M)
****
LA
HSH
UB
750
121F
F
LA
LB
750v
ooo
oo
L
AL
x N
I**
**
L
AL
x R
IN**
**
L
AL
x SA
RB
750v
2
oo
ooo
LAL
x U
****
LA
L x
(U N
I)B
751
1220
0
LA
L2B
849
oooo
o
LA
L2**
**
1
2201
LA
L2 x
DU
****
LA
L2 x
EZE
N**
**
1
2202
LA
L2 x
HA
L**
**
L
AL2
x H
I**
**
1
2203
LA
L2 x
KA
K**
**
L
AL2
x L
AG
AB
B75
1v
1
2204
LA
L2 x
NI
****
122
05
L
AL2
x S
AR
B75
`1v2
ooo
oo
L
AL2
x U
****
122
06
L
AL2
x (U
RU
.MIN
)**
**
L
AL2
x Z
ATU
606
B69
3
12
207
LAM
B69
4
12
208
LAM
x K
UR
****
122
09
L
AM
x K
UR
x R
UB
085
1220
A
L
I**
**
L
I pai
red
B87
9
oo
ooo
LIL3
B84
7
oo
ooo
LIM
MU
AB
BR
EVIA
TIO
NB
215
1220
C
L
IMM
U2
B85
2
oo
ooo
LIM
MU
5B
852
oooo
o
LI
MM
U5
B59
1
12
20D
LIS
HB
516
1221
5
LU
.shes
hshi
g B
518
oooo
o
LU
.shes
hshi
g x
BA
DB
514
1221
0
LU
2**
**
1
2212
LU
2 cr
ossi
ng**
**
L
U2
GU
NU
x H
AL
****
LU
2 G
UN
U x
NU
MB
ER O
NE
****
(LU
2 LU
2) o
ppos
edB
514a
122
14
L
U2
oppo
sed
****
LU
2 pa
ired
****
122
13
L
U2
SQU
AR
EDB
515
1221
1
LU
2 TE
NU
****
LU
2 x
(A.N
E)B
523
1221
6
LU
2 x
AL
B51
7
12
217
LU2
x B
AD
****
122
18
L
U2
x ES
H2
B53
1
12
219
LU2
x ES
H2
TEN
UB
532
oooo
o
LU
2 x
(ESH
2.LA
L)B
521
1221
A
L
U2
x G
AN
2 te
nu**
**
1
221B
LU
2 x
(HI.B
AD
)**
**
L
U2
x (H
I??.
??
)B
526
1221
C
L
U2
x IM
Unt
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B5`
19
1
221D
LU
2 x
KA
D2
****
122
1E
L
U2
x K
AD
3**
**
1
221F
LU
2 x
(KA
D3.
ASH
)B
525
oooo
o
LU
2 x
KA
MB
527
1222
0
LU
2 x
KI
B52
0
oo
ooo
LU2
x K
ID2
B52
9
oo
ooo
LU2
x K
U**
**
1
2221
LU
2 x
(LA
.ASH
)B
528
1222
2
LU
2 x
LAG
AB
B52
7'
1
2223
LU
2 x
(ME.
EN)
B52
2
12
224
LU2
x N
E**
**
1
2225
LU
2 x
NU
****
LU
2 x
NU
MB
ER O
NE
****
LU
2 x
NU
MB
ER O
NE
TEN
UB
524
oooo
o
LU
2 x
SHU
****
122
26
L
U2
x (S
I.ASH
)B
533
1222
7
LU
2 x
(SIG
2.B
U)
B53
0
12
228
LU2
x TU
G2
B55
5
12
229
LU3
****
LU
3 te
nu**
**
L
U3
with
SH
E at
tach
ed**
**
L
U3
with
TA
LLY
****
LU
3 x
SILA
3**
**
L
U3
x TU
RB
266
1222
A
L
UG
AL
****
LU
GA
L cr
osse
d ??
??B
268
1222
B
L
UG
AL
oppo
sed
****
122
2C
L
UG
AL
paire
d**
**
1
222D
LU
GA
L SH
ESH
IG**
**
L
UG
AL
with
(GU
D p
aire
d) a
bove
B26
7
oo
ooo
LUG
AL
x G
AN
B26
9
oo
ooo
LUG
AL
x K
AM
2B
494
1222
E
LU
HB
570
1222
F
LU
LB
901,
B90
0 (v
)
122
30
L
UM
B90
2
12
231
LUM
pai
red
B90
3
oo
ooo
(LU
M p
aire
d) .S
HU
2B
904
oooo
o
(L
UM
.GA
R) p
aire
d
Ther
e ar
e no
rest
rictio
ns o
n us
e of
mat
eria
l on
this
spec
ific
web
pag
e.H
ome
Unt
itled
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umen
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TUSi
gnTr
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9:3
9 PM
Plea
sech
oose
fr
om th
eca
tego
ries
belo
w
Cun
eifo
rm S
igns
Ana
lysi
s and
repo
rts to
supp
ort a
n in
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ard
for c
ompu
ter e
ncod
ing
of th
eC
unei
form
writ
ing
syst
em
Res
earc
h on
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f Cun
eifo
rm si
gns
Sign
or S
ign
Sequ
ence
?Sp
acin
g an
dLi
ne B
reak
sK
erni
ng fo
rIG
I, SA
L?
Ato
mic
Sig
nsby
Com
parin
gTi
mes
Con
tain
erty
pes
Type
"SI
GN
over
SIG
N"
Fara
Sig
ns n
otye
t ide
ntifi
ed
Uru
k II
I and
IV si
gns i
n th
e Ze
iche
nlis
te d
er A
rcha
isch
en T
exte
aus
Uru
k --
Dis
tingu
ishi
ng S
ecur
ely
Iden
tifia
ble
Sign
s fro
m In
secu
re It
ems
For s
igns
num
bere
d in
the
rang
e Z0
01 to
Z19
9, w
hich
hav
e be
en m
ost f
ully
sorte
d, th
e re
sults
stat
istic
ally
at t
his p
oint
are
:
64 se
cure
ly u
nifia
ble
with
late
r sig
ns, s
o do
not
war
rant
enc
odin
g (c
ateg
ory
4)38
inse
cure
sign
s, ba
dly
atte
sted
or n
ot c
lear
ly d
istin
guis
habl
e, so
do
not w
arra
nt e
ncod
ing
at le
ast a
tth
is ti
me
(cat
egor
y 7)
****
****
***
83 se
cure
ly d
istin
guis
habl
e co
mpl
ex si
gns n
ot u
nifia
ble
with
late
r sig
ns, s
o *d
o* w
arra
nt e
ncod
ing
(cat
egor
y 5a
)17
secu
rely
dis
tingu
isha
ble
sim
ple
sign
s not
uni
fiabl
e w
ith la
ter s
igns
, so
*do*
war
rant
enc
odin
g(c
ateg
ory
5b)
Con
tent
s:1.
Intro
dis
cuss
ion
2. S
ign
num
bers
whi
ch lu
mp
two
or m
ore
dist
inct
sign
s (Ex
ampl
es fr
om e
xper
t dis
cuss
ions
by
Cal
eJo
hnso
n an
d Pi
otr S
tein
kelle
r.)3.
Sig
ns n
umbe
rs w
rong
ly id
entif
ied
with
late
r sig
ns, s
ome
of w
hich
are
secu
rely
iden
tifie
d di
stin
ctsi
gns a
nd w
arra
nt e
ncod
ing
(Inc
ludi
ng a
full
list o
f cha
nges
to th
e ZA
TU li
st p
ropo
sed
in e
xper
t rev
iew
of Z
ATU
by
Piot
r Ste
inke
ller)
4. S
ign
num
bers
whi
ch a
re se
cure
ly u
nifia
ble
with
late
r sig
ns a
nd th
us d
o no
t war
rant
any
dis
tinct
enco
ding
.5.
Sig
n nu
mbe
rs w
hich
are
secu
rely
iden
tifia
ble
as d
istin
ct si
gns,
not u
nifia
ble
with
late
r sig
ns, s
ow
arra
nt d
istin
ct e
ncod
ing
now
.6.
Sig
n nu
mbe
rs w
hich
are
bor
derli
ne a
nd w
arra
nt fu
rther
con
side
ratio
n in
a se
cond
tier
.7.
Sig
n nu
mbe
rs w
hich
are
inse
cure
and
do
not c
urre
ntly
war
rant
enc
odin
g.
1. In
tro d
iscu
ssio
nTh
e fo
llow
ing
list i
s in
proc
ess.
The
mos
t sys
tem
atic
and
rece
nt p
arts
of t
his t
riage
wor
k ar
e ca
tego
ries
4., 5
., an
d 7
belo
w.
The
lists
do
not y
et re
flect
add
ition
al in
form
atio
n fr
om si
gns n
umbe
red
beyo
nd Z
771
(pro
vide
d by
Engl
und
on C
D).
Nor
info
rmat
ion
from
ATU
. For
any
sign
s for
whi
ch re
adin
gs o
r ide
ntifi
catio
n w
ithla
ter s
igns
are
unc
erta
in, t
he n
ames
can
be
sim
ply
"Z##
#" w
ith th
e in
divi
dual
sign
num
bers
subs
titut
edfo
r the
"##
#", j
ust a
s for
und
ecip
here
d si
gns i
n th
e Li
near
B p
ortio
n of
Uni
code
4.0
.
Aut
horit
ies:
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itled
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umen
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gnTr
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2004
9:3
9 PM
The
publ
icat
ion
ZATU
has
bee
n re
view
ed b
y Pi
otr S
tein
kelle
r, w
ho p
ublis
hed
a de
taile
d cr
itiqu
e of
iden
tific
atio
ns. T
o th
e ex
tent
pos
sibl
e hi
s crit
ique
has
mos
tly b
een
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt. T
he la
ck o
f an
expl
icit
com
men
t in
this
sum
mar
y tri
age
does
*no
t* im
ply
acce
ptan
ce o
f all
othe
r rea
ding
s(id
entif
icat
ions
) pub
lishe
d in
ZA
TU. F
onts
are
not
pro
duce
d fr
om il
lust
ratio
ns in
ZA
TU, b
ut ra
ther
from
cle
arer
.eps
imag
es o
n a
CD
supp
lied
mor
e re
cent
ly b
y R
ober
t Eng
lund
, whi
ch in
clud
es so
me
addi
tiona
l num
bere
d si
gns a
nd a
dditi
onal
imag
es (u
sual
ly a
ppro
xim
atel
y or
pre
cise
ly d
escr
ibed
or
iden
tifie
d by
thei
r file
nam
es).
The
secu
rity
of id
entif
icat
ions
of s
igns
in Z
ATU
is o
f cou
rse
judg
edfr
om v
ario
us a
utho
ritie
s in
addi
tion
to S
tein
kelle
r, es
peci
ally
thes
e tw
o: *
Arc
haic
Boo
kkee
ping
* by
Han
s J. N
isse
n, P
eter
Dam
erow
, and
Rob
ert K
. Eng
lund
. Uni
vers
ity o
f Chi
cago
Pre
ss 1
993;
*Mes
opot
amie
n. S
pätu
ruk-
Zeit
und
Früh
dyna
stis
che
Zeit*
, by
Jose
f Bau
er, r
ober
t K. E
nglu
nd, a
ndM
anfr
ed K
rebe
rnik
. Orb
is B
iblic
us e
t Orie
ntal
is 1
60/1
, Uni
vers
itäts
verla
g Fr
eibu
rg S
chw
eiz
u.V
ende
nhoe
ck &
Rup
rech
t, G
øttin
gen.
1998
.
Dec
iphe
rmen
t of "
read
ings
" is
not
cru
cial
to e
ncod
ing.
In fa
ct it
will
pro
babl
y be
nefit
from
the
abili
tyto
han
dle
data
via
a st
anda
rd e
ncod
ing,
muc
h m
ore
than
an
enco
ding
cou
ld b
enef
it fr
om w
aitin
g fo
rne
w te
xt d
isco
very
or a
naly
sis t
o yi
eld
new
read
ings
.
From
am
ong
the
sign
s for
whi
ch Z
ATU
cla
ims o
r sug
gest
s an
iden
tific
atio
n, th
ose
shou
ld b
e en
code
dw
hich
are
hig
hly
freq
uent
or c
lear
stan
ding
alo
ne. F
or C
onta
iner
x In
fix si
gns,
thos
e sh
ould
be
enco
ded
who
se c
ompo
nent
s are
cle
arly
kno
wn
and
reco
gniz
able
in th
e co
mpl
ex, e
ven
if th
e sp
ecifi
c co
mpl
exits
elf o
ccur
s onl
y a
few
tim
es, o
r onl
y on
ce. I
f the
com
pone
nts a
re n
ot c
lear
ly id
entif
iabl
e, th
enco
mpl
ex si
gns s
houl
d be
om
itted
. 2.
Sig
n nu
mbe
rs w
hich
lum
p tw
o or
mor
e di
stin
ct si
gns
(Exa
mpl
es fr
om e
xper
t dis
cuss
ions
by
Cal
e Jo
hnso
n an
d la
ter a
lso
Piot
r Ste
inke
ller.)
Exam
ple:
ZA
TU c
atal
og si
gn Z
565
calle
d "U
2". A
ccor
ding
to a
dis
cuss
ion
by e
xper
t Cal
e Jo
hnso
n,th
is c
atal
og li
stin
g co
nfla
tes t
wo
dist
inct
sign
s, on
e of
them
inde
ed u
nifia
ble
with
the
late
r sig
n "U
2",
the
othe
r dis
tinct
from
that
and
not
con
tinue
d in
late
r sig
ns. S
o th
e ne
wer
sign
mig
ht b
e ca
lled
Z565
bor
Z56
5a, a
s the
exp
erts
pre
fer.
Giv
en Jo
hnso
n's c
omm
enta
ry, t
here
is c
lear
ly ju
stifi
catio
n fo
r enc
odin
gon
e ad
ditio
nal s
ign.
2.-3
. An
earli
er w
arni
ng li
st n
ot y
et so
rted
into
the
othe
r cat
egor
ies.
Sign
s who
se re
adin
gs m
ay p
erha
ps b
e ch
ange
d fr
om th
ose
prop
osed
in Z
ATU
, but
whi
ch w
arra
nt e
ncod
ing
if th
ey a
re n
ot u
nifie
d w
ithot
her k
now
n si
gns;
or w
hich
shou
ld b
e sp
lit in
to d
istin
ct (a
) vs.
(b)
As w
ith a
nyth
ing
else
, thi
s lis
t can
be
refin
ed b
y sp
ecia
lists
. Cha
nged
read
ings
*do
not
aff
ect
enco
ding
* un
less
they
cha
nge
the
stat
us o
f a si
gn (b
ecom
ing
unifi
able
with
a k
now
n si
gn, o
r cea
sing
tobe
uni
fiabl
e w
ith a
kno
wn
sign
).
Seve
ral o
f the
ani
mal
hea
dsZ0
01 A
but
not
ZA
Z019
AD
AB
, las
t tw
o in
Uru
k IV
may
be
a di
stin
ct si
gnZ0
26 n
ot A
LIM
but
rath
er a
cap
rid o
r cer
vid,
MA
indi
catin
g ca
ptiv
e ?
Z032
AN
$E fo
r the
Uru
k II
I for
ms
Z044
a EZ
EN [r
um] =
DU
RU
MZ0
44b
EZEN
[AN
] = U
G5
Z048
BA
N o
nly
for (
b) ?
Z060
Z071
DA
RA
3 +
KA
R2
rath
er +
$E3
Z147
E$D
A ?
ety
mol
ogic
ally
$IT
A li
gatu
red
with
GI$
Z1
49 "
fem
ale
kid"
Unt
itled
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umen
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2004
9:3
9 PM
Z150
BA
D in
Uru
k IV
sinc
e no
EZE
N [B
AD
] occ
urs t
here
Z180
per
haps
= Z
173
GA
2 x
HA
(=K
UA
)Z1
84 "
chee
se"
Z215
GI p
hone
tic to
GIB
ILZ2
19 A
LIM
Z221
ALI
M g
unu
inst
eaad
of G
IR3
gunu
Z228
U$
inst
ead
of G
I$3
Z242
GU
L ?
perh
aps n
ot li
gatu
re o
f E2
with
TA
R b
ut ra
ther
with
LA
M ?
Z247
KA
L in
stea
d of
GU
RU
$Z2
48 K
AL
inst
ead
of G
UR
U$,
and
not
TA
R b
ut p
icto
rial r
olle
rs (d
ragg
ing
a lo
ad)
Z270
sepa
rate
(a) a
nd (b
); (a
) unc
erta
in u
nles
s ATU
reso
lves
itZ2
77 K
AB
and
TU
KU
Z278
KA
B +
TA
LLY
mar
k ?
Z295
KIS
AL
(b);
enco
de (a
) dis
tinct
lyZ2
97 A
N$E
not
KI$
(has
hing
is th
e m
ane
of th
e eq
uid
– m
ale)
Z328
dis
tingu
ish
(a) a
nd (b
)Z3
29 so
meo
ne (S
tein
kelle
r ? c
heck
that
) has
sugg
este
d IS
H-1
1Z3
57 si
ngle
read
ing
MA
$Z3
68 n
ot M
UN
? (a
nd o
mit
Z368
b)Z3
88 p
erha
ps $
E$ x
NA
?Z3
41 th
roug
h Z3
51Z4
11 d
istin
guis
h fo
ur d
istin
ct si
gns h
ere
Z414
NIR
in U
ruk
III a
nd o
ne e
xam
ple
in U
ruk
IV;
othe
rs p
erha
ps a
dis
tinct
sign
.Z4
23 N
UN
UZ,
NA
4, Z
A2
dist
ingu
ish
at le
ast (
a) a
nd (b
)Z4
38 S
AG
+ G
E$TU
or +
LA
M ?
Z442
SA
G$U
?Z4
45 d
istin
ct si
gns h
ere?
To
be sa
fe, e
ncod
e (a
) (b)
(c) d
istin
ctiv
ely?
Z452
Enc
ode
dist
ingu
ishi
ng (a
) (b)
(c) (
d) (e
), Z4
53Z4
82 e
ncod
e (a
) (b)
(c) d
istin
ctiv
ely
Z486
per
haps
SU
+ T
ALL
Y m
ark
?Z4
89 n
ot S
UG
5; p
erha
ps T
UN
3, D
UN
3, D
U5
Z499
$U
$IN
inst
ead
of S
USA
?Z5
06 $
AG
Ax
inst
ead
of $
AG
AM
. Not
from
DIG
+KU
GZ5
23 U
RI3
inst
ead
of $
E$ ?
Z526
enc
ode
(a) (
b) d
istin
ctiv
ely
Z534
Doe
s the
dis
tintio
n be
twee
n cu
rved
and
ang
led
form
s in
Uru
k IV
still
hol
d up
? If
so, e
ncod
e th
e tw
o se
para
tely
Z544
$U
RU
PPA
K, S
UD
3 di
stin
guis
h tw
o si
gn fo
rms ?
Z547
see
Z541
; "th
e po
ssib
le ra
nge
of g
raph
ic v
aria
tion
need
s fur
ther
cla
rific
atio
n"Pe
rhap
s enc
ode
(a) o
nly.
Z549
"N
ote
grap
hic
varia
tion
whe
n oc
curr
ing
in li
gatu
re w
ith o
ther
sign
s."Z5
66 a
lso
perh
aps H
UD
"m
orni
ng"
Z585
Are
the
GI o
n ea
ch si
de in
Uru
k II
I pho
netic
com
plem
ents
GI ?
Z587
per
haps
not
UR
gun
u bu
t UR
x $
E3 ?
Z595
$E$
rath
er th
an U
RI,
com
pare
Z38
8 pe
rhap
s $E$
x N
A ?
Z596
$E$
+A
B in
stea
d of
UR
I5Z6
01 p
erha
ps U
RU
+ T
ALL
Y m
arks
?Z6
04 p
erha
ps n
ot U
$ bu
t GI$
3Z6
05 U
$ +
TAR
? n
ot T
AR
Z613
per
haps
dis
tingu
ish
(a) a
nd (b
) ?Z6
16 d
istin
guis
h fir
st U
ruk
IV e
xam
ple
from
the
othe
rs
Unt
itled
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umen
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s.org
/ZA
TUSi
gnTr
iage
.htm
4 of
11
2/1/
2004
9:3
9 PM
3. S
igns
num
bers
who
se id
entif
icat
ion
with
late
r sig
ns is
inco
rrec
t or
not s
ecur
e. S
ome
of th
ese
are
how
ever
secu
rely
iden
tifie
d as
dis
tinct
sign
s and
war
rant
enc
odin
g. S
ome
are
early
onl
y.(T
his s
ectio
n w
ill b
e ex
pand
ed to
incl
ude
a fu
ll lis
t of c
hang
es to
the
ZATU
list
pro
pose
d in
exp
ert
revi
ew o
f ZA
TU b
y Pi
otr S
tein
kelle
r.)
If id
entif
icat
ion
with
a si
gn re
quire
d in
any
cas
e fo
r lat
er p
erio
ds is
secu
re, t
hen
no in
depe
nden
ten
codi
ng is
nee
ded.
No
serio
us h
arm
is d
one
if an
iden
tific
atio
n is
late
r dis
cove
red
perm
ittin
gun
ifica
tion.
Z18
AD
?Z2
4 A
L, M
AH
?Z3
6 no
t ASA
R, S
ILI,
cont
rast
…"l
ater
dev
elop
s int
o U
RU
+ IG
I"Z3
9 do
not
enc
ode
Z49
BA
N$U
R ?
Z261
IDIG
NA
?Z2
95 *
not*
KIS
AL
xcep
t pos
sibl
y va
riant
(a)
Z298
KIS
IK ?
Z290
KIB
?Z3
23 *
not*
LA
GA
R, c
ompa
re Z
563
Z326
is p
roba
bly
a di
agra
m (m
ap),
not a
sign
; enc
ode
only
if a
s spe
cial
sym
bol?
Z341
thro
ugh
Z351
Z352
thro
ugh
Z354
Z361
MES
Z442
*no
t* S
AG
$U, r
athe
r Lab
at il
lust
ratio
nZ4
46 S
AR
x K
UA
?Z5
24 $
IDIM
Z541
$U
M ?
? In
Ear
ly D
ynas
tic m
erge
rs w
ith T
AG
Z54
7Z5
79 U
H3
Is th
e Ea
rly D
ynas
tic d
uplic
ate
adeq
uate
evi
denc
e fo
r ide
ntifi
catio
n?Z5
81 U
MB
IN ?
Z592
*no
t* U
R4
Z593
UR
5 ?
(BU
R w
ith S
HU
2 ab
ove
?)Z7
75 B
ALA
G ?
4. S
igns
whi
ch a
re se
cure
ly u
nifia
ble
with
late
r sig
ns a
nd w
hich
do
not w
arra
nt a
sepa
rate
enc
odin
g. If
the
iden
tific
atio
n la
ter t
urns
out
not
to b
e se
cure
, ane
w si
gn c
an b
e re
cogn
ized
and
enc
oded
.
Z001
AZ0
06 A
2Z0
07 A
B (u
nles
s (b)
dis
tinct
?)Z0
08 A
B x
AZ0
09 A
B x
ASH
2Z0
12 A
B2
Z016
AB
RIG
pro
babl
y a
com
poun
d of
DU
and
Z01
5 (N
UN
x/+
ME)
.Z0
18 A
D (L
exic
al li
sts P
rofe
ssio
ns, T
rees
, Trib
ute(
?), P
lant
s; A
dm. (
a) 7
x, (b
) non
e)Z0
22 A
GA
R2
Z023
AK
Z024
AL
(Lex
Pre
fess
ions
, Tre
es, V
ocag
; Adm
. 30x
)Z0
25 A
LAN
(Lex
; Adm
. 12x
) Z0
28 A
MA
, DA
GA
LZ0
29 A
MA
R
Unt
itled
Doc
umen
tht
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TUSi
gnTr
iage
.htm
5 of
11
2/1/
2004
9:3
9 PM
Z031
AN
, DIN
GIR
Z032
AN
SHE
(Uru
k II
I exa
mpl
es) (
Lexi
cal l
ists
Geo
g., T
ribut
e; A
dm. 1
1x)
Z033
API
NZ0
35 A
RA
TTA
(?) (
Adm
. 1x)
Z036
ASA
R, S
ILIG
; if d
oes d
evel
op in
to U
RU
x IG
I, th
en n
o se
para
te e
ncod
ing;
If th
at is
inco
rrec
t, m
ay n
eed
sepa
rate
enc
odin
g as
orig
inal
NIM
x IG
I ?Z0
37 A
SH, R
UM
, 1 (b
ut se
gmen
ting
out t
he u
ses a
s mar
ker o
f fie
ld le
ngth
or w
idth
)Z0
38 P
IRIG
x Z
A (A
dm. 2
x)Z0
40 B
A, I
GI (
not d
istin
guis
habl
e in
arc
haic
scrip
t)Z0
41 B
AD
Z048
b B
AN
(Z48
a a
diff
eren
t sig
n)Z0
51 B
AR
Z055
BIR
3 (c
omm
on ti
ll U
R d
yn.;
= ER
IM ?
)Z0
56 B
U a
nd B
U te
nuZ0
60 "
PUZU
R5"
, "B
U3"
or r
athe
r SU
M4
? (x
SH
E3 o
r x G
AN
2 te
nu ?
) (L
exic
al li
st P
rofe
ssio
ns, G
eog.
; Adm
. 8x)
= U
ET, L
AK
##
Z061
BU
LUG
(Lex
ical
list
Met
als;
Adm
3x)
Z062
BU
LUG
3 (L
exic
al li
sts P
rofe
ssio
ns; A
dm 1
x) =
UET
II, L
AK
##
Z063
BU
R (L
exic
al li
st M
etal
s; A
dm 7
x) =
ATU
, PI,
UET
II, L
AK
##
Z064
BU
R2,
USU
M (L
exic
al li
st P
rofe
ssio
ns, V
esse
ls; A
dm 2
1x m
ostly
text
ile a
ccou
nts)
= A
TU, U
ET, L
AK
##)
Z065
DA
(Lex
ical
man
y; A
dm 4
5x) =
ATU
, PI,
UET
II, L
AK
##
Z066
DA
H (A
dm. 3
x +
ATU
) = A
TU, P
I, LA
K #
#Z0
69 D
AR
Z070
DA
RA
3 (s
ee F
ara,
Gud
ea, e
tc.)
Z075
DI
Z078
DIM
Z079
DIN
Z080
DIN
tenu
Z081
DIS
H (b
ut se
gmen
ting
out t
he u
ses a
s mar
ker o
f fie
ld le
ngth
or w
idth
)Z0
82 D
UZ0
88 D
UG
(unl
ess n
eed
to d
istin
guis
h (a
,b))
Z1
05 D
UG
x K
UR
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
= P
I, LA
K #
#Z1
25 D
UG
UD
Z129
E2
Z134
EN
Z138
EN
2Z1
43 E
RIM
Z144
ER
IM23
= R
U w
ith N
E in
side
Z145
ER
IN (e
xclu
ding
four
of t
he fo
rms,
a se
para
te si
gn)
Z147
ESH
DA
Z150
EZE
NZ1
54 E
ZEN
x M
IR (o
r x N
IMG
IR)
Z159
GA
Z162
GA
2 (L
exic
al li
st O
ffic
ials
, Fo
od, V
ocab
., U
nide
nt.;
Adm
(a) 3
8x, (
b) 1
5x)
= A
TU, P
I, U
ET II
##
Z166
GA
2 x
DU
BZ1
83 G
A2
x U
4 (L
exic
al li
st F
ish
1x; A
dm. 9
x) =
LA
K #
Z186
GA
DZ1
88 G
AL
Z189
GA
LGA
= G
A2
x G
AR
Z190
GA
NZ1
95 G
AN
2Z1
96 G
AR
= N
IND
A
Unt
itled
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umen
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gnTr
iage
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6 of
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2004
9:3
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5. S
ign
num
bers
whi
ch a
re se
cure
ly id
entif
iabl
e as
dis
tinct
sign
s, no
tun
ifiab
le w
ith la
ter s
igns
, so
war
rant
dis
tinct
enc
odin
g no
w. T
his l
ist
curr
ently
cov
ers s
igns
from
the
rang
e Z0
01 to
Z19
9, a
nd th
en th
ose
from
am
ong
the
"uni
dent
ified
"Z6
20 a
nd fo
llow
ing.
Firs
t, C
onta
iner
-x-I
nfix
sign
s and
sim
ilar o
nes h
avin
g no
vel c
ombi
natio
ns o
f kno
wn
elem
ents
. Afte
rth
at, n
ovel
sing
le-c
ompo
nent
sign
s.
Con
tain
er-x
-Inf
ix si
gns w
hose
com
pone
nts a
re se
cure
ly id
entif
iabl
e w
ith la
ter s
igns
, or a
t lea
stre
cogn
izab
ly d
istin
ct a
nd c
lear
, but
whi
ch a
s a to
tal s
ign
are
not i
dent
ifiab
le w
ith la
ter s
igns
, and
thus
*do*
war
rant
sepa
rate
enc
odin
g, u
nles
s the
atte
stat
ions
are
dam
aged
or o
ther
wis
e to
o un
clea
r to
conf
irm. T
hose
whi
ch a
re a
ttest
ed o
nly
once
are
the
ones
whi
ch m
ost n
eed
to b
e ch
ecke
d. N
otes
from
the
ZATU
list
on
the
exis
tenc
e of
adm
inis
trativ
e at
test
atio
ns in
ATU
are
mer
ely
that
, do
not i
mpl
y th
atA
TU h
as y
et b
een
chec
ked.
Z002
A x
EN
(Adm
. onl
y as
in A
TU)
Z003
A x
SH
UB
UR
(Adm
. onl
y as
in A
TU)
Z004
A x
U A
dm. 1
xZ0
10 A
B x
Z65
9 ("
AR
KA
B")
= F
ara
LAK
542
Z011
"A
B.g
unu"
wro
ng n
ame
(not
UN
UG
); "=
PI37
4, U
ET II
334
"Z6
10 A
B2
with
ZA
TU75
5 la
ter w
ritte
n A
B2
with
KU
; "U
TUL"
; Z0
14 A
B2
with
one
stro
ke a
bove
(Adm
. onl
y as
in A
TU)
Z014
AB
2 w
ith tw
o st
roke
s abo
ve (s
ame
entry
) = A
TU #
#Z?
?? A
B2
+ A
B2
(if n
ot a
com
poun
d)
Z015
NU
N x
ME
or N
UN
+ M
E =
AB
GA
L (A
dm. 3
x) (i
f not
a li
gatu
re)
L
exic
al te
xts s
how
equ
ival
ent t
o N
UN
alo
ne (a
lso
ED)
Z019
AD
AB
(all
exam
ples
exc
ept l
ast t
wo
unde
r Uru
k IV
) = U
ET II
, ATU
##
Z020
AD
DA
( =
UET
II #
Z026
a "A
LIM
" as
DA
RA
3 x
MA
(Lex
ical
list
s Ves
sels
, Citi
es, G
eog.
, Tre
es)
=
UET
II, L
AL
##Z0
26b
PIR
IG x
MA
(onl
y if
lexi
cal a
ttest
atio
n is
secu
re)
Z034
AR
AR
MA
2 (s
ingl
e si
gn in
Uru
k IV
; AB
with
U4
abov
e in
Uru
k II
I)
(Le
x C
ities
; Adm
. 5x,
onc
e w
ith g
eogr
aphi
cal d
eter
min
ativ
e) =
ATU
, UET
II #
#Z0
42 B
AD
pai
red
(BA
D O
VER
BA
D)
Z043
a "B
AD
+DIS
H"
real
ly si
ngle
indi
visi
ble
sign
?) (Z
043b
esp
. com
pare
text
ile si
gns?
)
= A
TU, P
I, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z0
44a
EZEN
x A
SH ([
rum
]) =
DU
RU
M (L
exic
al li
st C
ities
)Z0
44b
EZEN
x A
N (A
dm. 2
x) =
UG
5 (A
dm. 2
x)
= U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z0
45 "
BA
HA
R2"
wro
ng n
ame?
(Lex
ical
list
Citi
es, P
lant
s, D
ogs;
Adm
19x
)
= A
TU, P
I, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z0
50 B
APP
IR (L
exic
al li
sts V
esse
ls, C
ities
; Adm
3x)
= A
tu, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z0
52a
"BA
RA
2" (L
exic
al P
ract
ice
list;
Adm
40x
)
= A
TU, U
ET II
, LA
K #
# (N
o se
para
te e
ncod
ing
yet f
or Z
052b
)Z0
53 "
BA
RA
3" =
E2
x K
ASK
AL
(Lex
ical
Pro
fess
ions
list
; Adm
. 5x)
=PI
, UET
II, L
AK
##
Z057
BU
x A
(Lex
ical
list
Geo
g.; A
dm. o
nly
as in
ATU
)Z0
58 N
A2
with
RI8
abo
ve (A
RIN
A ?
) (A
dm. 2
x an
d as
in A
TU)
Z059
DU
6 w
ith B
U a
ttach
ed a
bove
(Lex
ical
list
Pro
fess
ions
, Dog
s; A
dm 9
x)Z0
68 K
ASK
AL
with
BU
atta
ched
abo
ve (A
dm. 2
x)Z0
72 S
HEG
9 x
SHE
?? (A
dm. O
nly
as in
ATU
)Z0
90 D
UG
x A
NSH
E (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls) =
LA
K#
Z091
DU
G x
ASH
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
; Adm
.(a) 2
5x, (
b) 7
2x, (
c) 1
3x) =
ATU
, PI,
LAK
##
Z093
DU
G x
BA
(or D
UG
x IG
I ?) (
Lexi
cal l
ist F
oods
; Adm
1x)
Z096
DU
G x
DIN
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
3x,
Adm
. 3x)
= L
AK
#Z0
97 D
UG
x G
A (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x) =
PI,
LAK
##
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umen
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gnTr
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7 of
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2004
9:3
9 PM
Z098
DU
G x
GES
HTU
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
= L
AK
#Z0
99 D
UG
x M
I (=
GI6
) (Le
xica
l lis
t Ves
sels
1x)
= P
I, LA
K #
#Z1
00 D
UG
x G
ISH
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
, Foo
d) =
LA
K #
#Z1
01 D
UG
x H
I (Le
xica
l lis
t Ves
sels
1x)
= A
TU, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z1
02 D
UG
x H
I gun
u (O
nly
as in
ATU
)Z1
03 D
UG
x K
ASK
AL
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
= P
I, LA
K #
#Z1
04 D
UG
x H
A (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x) =
LA
K #
Z106
DU
G x
LA
M (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x) =
LA
K #
Z107
DU
G x
LA
MK
UR
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
= L
AK
#Z1
08 D
UG
x M
ASH
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x;
Adm
. 2x
and
as in
ATU
) = A
TU, P
I, LA
K #
#Z1
09 D
UG
x N
AG
A (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x; A
dm. o
nly
as in
ATU
)Z1
10 D
UG
x S
A (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x)Z1
11 D
UG
x (S
A w
ith G
I) (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x) =
Z112
DU
G x
SI4
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
= P
I, LA
K #
#Z1
13 D
UG
x S
IG2
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
Z114
DU
G x
SIG
7 (o
r x IG
I ene
rget
ic) (
Lexi
cal l
ist V
esse
ls 5
x) =
LA
K #
#Z1
15 D
UG
x S
UH
UR
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
Z116
DU
G x
SU
KU
D (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x; A
dm. o
nly
as in
ATU
)Z1
17 D
UG
x S
HA
H2
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x;
Adm
. 1x)
= L
AK
#Z1
18 D
UG
x S
HE
((Le
xica
l lis
t Ves
sels
1x;
Adm
. 1x)
= A
TU, P
I, LA
K #
#Z1
19 D
UG
x (N
AM
with
SH
E at
tach
ed) (
Lexi
cal l
ist V
esse
ls 1
x)Z1
20 D
UG
x T
AK
4 (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x)Z1
21 D
UG
x T
I (Le
xica
l lis
t Ves
sels
1x)
Z122
DU
G x
U2
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x;
Adm
. 3x)
(per
haps
split
as U
2 is
split
?)Z1
23 D
UG
x U
H3
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
Z124
DU
G x
Z76
4 (L
exic
al li
st V
esse
ls 1
x)Z1
30 E
2 x
KU
R (L
exic
al li
st U
nide
nt. 2
x; A
dm. 8
x) =
LA
K #
Z131
E2
x di
agon
al li
ne (L
exic
al li
st C
ities
1x;
Adm
. 3x)
= L
AK
#Z1
32 D
U w
ith U
4 (L
exic
al li
st O
ffic
ials
1x;
Adm
. 3x)
= A
TU?,
UET
II #
#)Z1
35 E
N x
NU
N (L
exic
al li
st V
ocab
., U
nide
nt. 2
x; A
dm. 2
9x) =
ATU
, PI #
#Z1
35 E
N e
nerg
etic
("gu
nu")
(Adm
. 10x
) = A
TU #
Z139
EN
DIB
= E
N+M
E w
ith M
U (L
exic
al li
st P
rofe
ssio
ns 1
x; A
dm. 1
x)Z1
40 E
NG
IZ =
EN
with
GI (
Lexi
cal l
ist P
rofe
ssio
ns 1
x; A
dm. 2
x) =
UET
IIZ1
42 E
NLI
L, N
IBR
U (L
exic
al li
st C
ities
1x)
Z151
EZE
N x
EN
(Adm
. 1x)
= A
TU #
Z156
EZE
N x
SU
(Uru
k IV
ex.
) (Le
xica
l lis
t Geo
g. 1
x; A
dm. 3
x) =
UET
IIZ1
57 E
ZEN
x (U
2.A
) (A
dm. 3
x U
ruk
III (
Uru
k IV
not
cle
ar))
Z160
GA
x U
(Lex
ical
list
Ves
sels
1x)
Z151
GA
x Z
753
(Adm
. 60x
) "N
early
alw
ays w
ritte
n as
a li
gatu
re"
(mea
ning
wha
t?)
Z163
GA
2 x
AB
Z167
GA
2 x
GIR
(Adm
. 3x
fish
acco
unt)
Z169
(GA
2 x
SHE3
) x G
UD
(Adm
. 3x)
= U
ET II
#Z1
70 G
A2
x H
I (A
dm. 1
x, fi
sh a
ccou
nt) =
ATU
#Z1
71 G
A2
x (H
I.SU
HU
R) (
Adm
. 2x
fish
acco
unt)
Z172
GA
2 x
KU
3 (A
dm. 1
x)Z1
73 G
A2
x K
U6
(Lex
ical
list
Fis
h 1x
?; A
dm. 9
x)Z1
74 G
A2
x (K
U6
x K
U6)
(Adm
. 1x)
= L
AK
#Z1
76 G
A2
x M
ASH
(Adm
. 1x)
Z177
GA
2 x
NA
GA
(Adm
. 1x)
Z178
GA
2 x
NI (
or x
GA
R) (
Adm
. 2x)
Z1
79 G
A2
x SU
HU
R (A
dm. 3
x or
6x)
=A
TU #
Z180
GA
2 x
SUK
UD
(Lex
ical
list
Fis
h 1x
; Adm
. 2x
in fi
sh a
ccou
nt) =
ATU
#Z1
82 G
A2
x U
(Adm
. onl
y as
in A
TU)
Z185
Z73
7 x
BU
R G
AB
UR
RA
(Lex
ical
list
Citi
es 1
x; A
dm. 1
x) =
ATU
, PI,
LAK
##
Z187
GA
D x
SH
E3 (A
dm. 7
x, 6
of t
hose
in te
xtile
acc
ount
s)Z1
91 G
AN
x (G
ISH
.DIN
) (A
dm. 2
x)
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2004
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Z192
GA
N x
LA
GA
B (A
dm. 3
x, in
acc
ount
s of f
ruits
)Z1
93 G
AN
x N
E (A
dm. 2
x)Z1
94 G
AN
x S
HE
(Adm
. 1x)
Z197
GA
R g
unu
(Lex
ical
list
Foo
d 1x
; Adm
. 1x)
= A
TU #
#
Fully
inde
pend
ent s
igns
secu
rely
iden
tifia
ble
/ dis
tingu
isha
ble,
yet
not
iden
tifia
ble
with
late
r sig
ns, a
ndth
us p
resu
mpt
ivel
y sh
ould
be
enco
ded
unle
ss a
ttest
atio
n is
for s
ome
othe
r rea
son
wea
k
Z071
SH
EG9
varia
nt?
(Adm
. 2x
and
as in
ATU
)Z5
19 S
HEG
9 (A
dm. 2
x an
d as
in A
TU; L
exic
al li
st P
rofe
ssio
ns 1
x)Z0
73 D
AR
A4a
(Lex
ical
list
Pro
fess
ions
, Cat
tle; A
dm. 9
x)Z0
73 D
AR
A4c
(Adm
. 28x
)
Cle
ar a
ssoc
iatio
n in
Adm
. with
shee
p / w
ool;
dist
inct
ion
/ ide
nt. n
ot c
ompl
ete?
Z077
DIL
MU
N (L
exic
al li
st P
rofe
ssio
ns; M
etal
, Geo
g.; A
dm. 9
x) =
ATU
, UET
II, L
AK
##
Z083
DU
6 (L
exic
al li
st P
rofe
ssio
ns, C
ities
, Pla
nts;
Adm
. 10x
) = A
TU, P
I, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z0
86 D
UB
, UM
, KIS
HIB
(at l
east
one
of a
ny v
aria
nts d
istin
guis
habl
e;
(
Lexi
cal l
ist P
rofe
ssio
ns ,
Tree
s, B
irds;
Adm
. 72x
) = A
T, P
I, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z1
26 D
UR
(?) (
Adm
. 34x
) = A
TU, P
I, U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z1
27 D
UR
2 (L
exic
al li
st C
ities
, Geo
g., T
rees
, Bird
s, Fi
sh, V
ocab
.; A
dm. 1
5x)
Z128
E (?
) (A
dm. 5
x) (A
dm. a
s sub
scrip
t in
field
surv
eyin
g te
xts 2
x) =
ATU
, UET
II, L
AK
##
Z133
ED
IN (L
exic
al li
st M
etal
s 1x,
Kis
h 1x
) = U
ET II
, LA
K #
#Z1
49 E
SHG
AR
(Adm
. 12x
) = A
TU, U
TE II
, LA
K #
#Z1
58 E
ZIN
U (L
exic
al li
st C
ities
, Geo
g.; A
dm. 1
2x) =
ATU
, LA
K #
#Z1
84 G
A'A
R "
chee
se"
Lexi
cal l
ists
Met
als,
Ves
sels
pas
sim
; etc
.; A
dm. 1
7x)
R
otat
ions
are
mer
ely
grap
hic
varia
nts
Z198
GA
R3
(Adm
. 2x)
= A
TU, U
ET II
, LA
K #
##Z1
99 G
AR
A2
"cre
am"?
(Eng
lund
) (Le
xica
l lis
t Trib
ute;
Adm
. 23x
)
DU
G.g
unu?
= U
ET II
, LA
K #
#
DO
enc
ode
thes
e fr
om a
mon
g th
e "u
nide
ntifi
ed".
Z624
(4 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z625
(2 a
dmin
istra
tive
occu
rren
ces i
n m
etal
s acc
ount
, 7 in
text
itles
acc
ount
)Z6
28 (6
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
29 (9
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
44 (2
0 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts,
12 in
text
ile a
ccou
nts)
Z647
(17
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
48 (3
0 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z649
(21
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
51 (9
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
52 th
roug
h Z6
57 (=
Z65
1 as
con
tain
er x
infix
es.
I
nfix
ed p
arts
are
cle
arly
iden
tifia
ble
acco
rdin
g to
dra
win
gs)
Z652
1x,
Z65
3 15
x, Z
654
14x,
Z65
5 1x
, Z65
6 1x
, Z65
7 1x
)
Z658
(9 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z659
(15
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s, al
so a
s inf
ixed
ele
men
t)Z6
61 (A
TU; =
Z65
9 +
num
eral
s)Z6
62 (1
3 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts,
10 o
f tho
se in
text
ile a
ccou
nts)
Z663
(2 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts;
= Z
662
+ U
)Z6
76 (8
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
86 (2
8 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z694
(45
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s)Z6
97 (1
7 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z714
(10
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s)Z7
15 (=
Z71
4 x
HI.g
unu;
1 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z716
(= R
U w
ith Z
714
in it
; 1 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
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9:3
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Z718
(3 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts;
one
lexi
cal t
ext p
aral
lel)
Z719
(3 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts,
in te
xtile
acc
ount
s)Z7
28 (9
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s, al
l in
fish
acco
unts
)Z7
35 (6
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z7
37 (a
new
"co
ntai
ner"
sign
)Z7
38 th
roug
h Z7
48 (=
Z73
7 as
con
tain
er x
infix
es.
I
nfix
ed p
arts
are
cle
arly
iden
tifia
ble
acco
rdin
g to
dra
win
gs
Exc
eptin
g Z7
42, h
ere
omitt
ted.
C
orre
spon
ding
spel
lings
in E
D o
rthog
raph
y ar
e kn
own.
)Z7
38 1
x, Z
739
3x, Z
740
ATU
, Z74
1 2x
, Z74
3 12
x, Z
744
1x, Z
745
ATU
,Z7
46 1
x, Z
747
Lexi
cal,
Z748
ATU
, Z18
5 1x
)
Z749
(16
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s)Z7
50 (9
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z7
51 (6
occ
urre
nces
in a
dmin
istra
tive
text
s)Z7
52 (4
8 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z753
(59
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s, al
so a
s inf
ix)
Z755
(ATU
3 te
xts)
Z756
(6 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z757
(2 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z758
(7 o
ccur
renc
es in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z759
(14
occu
rren
ces i
n ad
min
istra
tive
text
s)Z7
60 (1
6 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts)
Z762
(a n
ew "
cont
aine
r" si
gn; 1
1 oc
curr
ence
s in
adm
inis
trativ
e te
xts w
ith
No
infix
. Z76
3 1x
with
cle
ar in
fix)
7. S
ign
num
bers
whi
ch d
o no
t cur
rent
ly w
arra
nt e
ncod
ing.
All
thos
e lis
ted
as "
unid
entif
ied"
(num
bers
ZA
TU62
0 up
to Z
771)
shou
ld a
lso
be o
mitt
ed fr
omen
codi
ng a
t thi
s tim
e, w
ith th
e ex
cept
ion
that
som
e no
ted
in a
sepa
rate
list
bel
ow a
re se
cure
eno
ugh
toen
code
. In
addi
tion
to th
e oc
curr
ence
s men
tione
d, fo
r som
e si
gns t
here
are
add
ition
al il
lust
ratio
nssu
pplie
d on
Eng
lund
's C
D fo
r occ
urre
nces
not
prin
ted
in Z
ATU
. The
re a
re a
lso
earli
er c
itatio
ns in
ATU
I.
Do
not e
ncod
e th
ese
(and
do
not c
onsi
der t
hem
iden
tifie
d w
ith a
sign
kno
wn
from
late
r per
iods
)
Z005
Z013
Z017
not
fully
pre
serv
ed a
nyw
here
?Z0
21 A
G2
?Z0
27 A
M ?
Z030
Z037
(as m
easu
re o
f len
gth
or w
idth
, tre
at a
s dia
gram
not
as a
sign
???;
N
ot n
umer
al u
sage
exc
ept a
s tal
ly m
ark?
)Z0
39Z0
48a
not B
AN
Z049
"B
AN
$UR
" w
rong
nam
e? (L
exic
al li
st T
rees
; Adm
. Onl
y as
in A
TU)
(
Is th
is o
ne k
now
n m
ainl
y fr
om P
roto
-Ela
mite
? –
see
A. B
. p.
Z052
b (b
ut d
o en
code
Z52
a)Z0
54 (B
IR?)
Z061
BU
LUG
?Z0
67 ?
Z073
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code
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a an
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ct fr
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x)Z0
76
Unt
itled
Doc
umen
tht
tp://
ww
w.c
unei
form
sign
s.org
/ZA
TUSi
gnTr
iage
.htm
10 o
f 11
2/1/
2004
9:3
9 PM
Z081
(as f
or Z
37)
Z084
Z085
Z087
Z089
(inf
ixed
sign
not
iden
tifia
ble
with
hig
h pr
obab
ility
)Z0
92 (i
nfix
ed si
gn n
ot id
entif
iabl
e w
ith h
igh
prob
abili
ty)
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(inf
ixed
sign
not
iden
tifia
ble
with
hig
h pr
obab
ility
)Z0
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nfix
ed si
gn n
ot id
entif
iabl
e w
ith h
igh
prob
abili
ty)
Z102
Z133
Z136
Z142
mor
e th
an o
ne si
gn in
illu
stra
tion
Z143
mor
e th
an o
ne si
gn in
illu
stra
tion
Z148
?Z1
52 u
ncle
arZ1
55 u
ncle
arZ1
64 ?
Z165
Z168
GA
2 x
GIS
H te
nuZ1
75 (i
nfix
ed si
gn n
ot id
entif
iabl
e w
ith h
igh
prob
abili
ty)
Z181
= A
TU, P
I ##
Z222
Z229
Z231
may
rem
ain
func
tiona
lly a
tran
spar
ent c
ompo
und,
or m
ay fu
se,
E
ncod
ing
can
depe
nd o
n la
ter a
naly
sis.
Onl
y 1x
.Z2
33 G
U2
?Z2
44Z2
46Z2
55 p
erha
ps ra
ther
HI w
ith T
ALL
Y m
ark
Z273
Z281
per
haps
GU
RU
$; n
ot K
AL;
per
haps
seve
ral d
istin
ct si
gns
Z292
Z298
Z305
not
rela
ted
to la
ter K
U$U
Z309
bec
ause
Z49
is u
ncer
tain
Z312
inse
cure
Z314
bec
ause
Z30
5 is
unc
erta
inZ3
20 L
AG
AB
lig.
TA
R ?
?Z3
22 b
ecau
se Z
766
is u
ncer
tain
Z326
"dr
awn
very
larg
e on
reve
rse,
pos
sibl
y a
desi
gn"
a m
ap !!
?Z3
31 L
U2
+ LA
M in
stea
d of
GE$
TU ?
Z340
dis
tingu
ish
two
sign
s her
eZ3
69 n
o si
ngle
lexi
cal o
ccur
renc
e fu
lly p
rese
rved
Z372
sequ
ence
of t
hree
sign
sZ3
83 u
ntil
furth
er sp
ecifi
catio
nZ3
97 p
erha
ps in
stea
d va
riant
of N
IM Z
398
Z441
SA
G.n
utill
o ??
Z454
SIG
4 Z4
57 in
fixed
sign
unc
erta
inZ4
66 in
fixed
sign
unc
erta
inZ5
05 $
AB
RA
Z507
$A
GIN
AZ5
28 in
fixed
sign
unc
erta
inZ5
38Z5
52Z5
59