MANJAPPA S GM. Sc. Scholar

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding

Widely cultivated in India,

Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri lanka,

Philippines Thiwan

In India cultivated throughout

the plains & up to elevation of

1820m

Cultivated in all three seasons-

kharif, rabi & zaid.

2

Indian subcontinent (De Candol, Vavilov & Zukovskij)

Maximum diversity is limited to upper western Ghats & Deccan hills

Secondary centers of diversity exist in the Bihar(India)

Vigna radiata var. sublobata is the probable progenitor of mungbean

3

Yadav et.al.(1986): developed amphidiploids of

Mungbean X Black gram

The early generation hybrids were vigorous in growth

& development, vegetative parts are bigger than in

the parents.

But as segregation advances amphidiploids lost their

initial vigour & revert back to parental types gradually

in morphological appearance & chromosome number

4

Dried & green stalks & leaves as fodder

Green pods as vegetable Seeds- eaten after being

boiled & also as sprouts Rich in vitamin B

( regarded as a remedy for Beriberi)

5

Nutritional component Range (%) of total seed wt.

Protein 20-26

Fiber 3-8

Starch 46-54

Sugar 4-10

Ash 3-4

K, Na, Mg, P, Ca Trace

6

International: AVRDC( International vegetable research & development centre), Thiwan

National: IIPR (Indian institute of pulse research),Khanpur

7

Ronburgh (1832): Phaseolus mungo Wilczek : Vigna radiata

8

Phaseolus Vigna References

Stipule tunicate Stipule cordate & prolonged

Wilczech(1954)

Keel spirally twisted

Keel erect & in curved

Hepper (1956)

Style without apical appendages

Style with distinct appendages

Hepper (1956)

Fruit not septet Septet Hepper (1956)

9

Kingdom: Plantae Division : Spermatophyta Sub division: Angiosperm Class: Dicotyledon Family: Leguminaceae Sub family Papilionaceae Genus: Vigna Sub genus: Ceratotropis Species: radiata

10

Characters V. radiata V. mungo

Stem Mostly erect / sub erect

Mostly spreading / prostrate

Leaves Mostly green / dark green

Mostly yellowish green

Stipules Broad & ovate Narrow & falcate

Pubescence Plant sparsely pubescent

Densely pubescent

Pods Spreading, long with short hairs & shatter readily

Sub erect, short with long hairs & don’t shatter much

Seeds Medium & globose Large & oblong

Hilum Flat Concave

Cotyledon Dirty yellow White11

A large conc. of protein(hence N) in

seeds may require early mobilization of

protein of leaves, thus impairing their

capacity for prolonged photosynthesis.

The maintenance of symbiotic N2 fixation

in root nodules requires prolonged use

photosynthate & thus may reduce energy

available for storage in seeds.

12

Habit: annual, herbaceous, erect/semi erect

Root: tap root system, provided with nodules for atm. N2 fixation

Stem: erect /sub erect, sometime twinning in upper branches, furrowed & branches moderately/sparsely haired

Leaves: trifoliate, entire ovate & rarely lobed with long petiole

13

Inflorescence: axillary or terminal raceme with 10-20 flowers crowded on long peduncle

14

Flower: hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, either lighter yellowish olive/olive yellow

15

16

17

Floral diagram:

Floral formula:

18

Pods: immature pods are usually green, mature pods are iron gray/olive gray/snuff brown color, round slander with short & moderate pubescence.

Dehisces by both (dorsal & ventral) sutures into two halves.

It contains 9-16 seeds

19

Seeds: globular, green, surface has fine wavy ridges. Hilum is white, more or less flat

Germination is epigeal

20

Anthesis: self pollinated, sometime cleistogamy is

prevalent

Cross pollination is 0.5-3%

Flower open between 6.00-8.00am, remain till

about 11.00am. Close between 2.00-4.00pm

21

Emasculation -4.00-6.00pm For emasculation the young bud is

keep between thumb & forefinger Point of dissecting needle is

inserted just under the standard in an oblique position along the top of the bud

The left side of standard & wing petal are pushed outwards & held with thumb

The left hand of keel is removed in pieces with forceps

Pistil & stigma are then exposed & removed with forceps

22

Pollination done in morning (8-11am) collect mature anthers from open flowers & gently pressing the ripe anthers against stigma

Flower may be bagged after pollination until pods are matured

% of flower shed is very high -69%

23

Collection & evaluation of variability: Chandel & Pant (1982) were conducted evaluation on large number of lines at NBPGR New Dehli

Breeding for- Increased variation Higher yield Different maturity duration Resistance to pest & diseases Resistance to shattering Better quality (protein, Methionin content) Screening of germplasm for resistance to

pest & diseases

24

Selection Hybridization Wide hybridization:

Black gram X green gram

F1: hybrid seeds were small, shrunken, plants were weak & semi sterile

Reasons for break down of hybrids in seedling stage is due to-

1.Lethality of hybrids at various stages of devt.

2.A high degree of pollen sterility 25

Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV)

Cercospora leaf spot (colletotrichum canescens)

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) Root & stem rots (Rhizoctonia

bataticola & R. solani) Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas

phaseoli) rust

26

White fly: Bemisia tabaci (vector for 25 different diseases)

Hairy catterpillar Semilooper pulse beetle

27

Kopergaon, BR 2, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, G 65, Pusa baisaki, Pusa 105, PS 16, P 37, T 44, T 51, China mung, Selection 4, Pant mung 2 & 3

28

29