Focus Question

• How did the North and South differ during the first half of 1800s?

• The availability of capital, labor, and energy allowed the North to develop various industries.

• The South became the center of agriculture

Why Industrialization Spread

Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 cut off access to Britain manufactured goods

American Industrialization begins- Lowell and Slater

Britain gets back into the GAME! –Threatens US Jobs and industry (made cheaper)

Tariff of 1816: on import goods. Increased price by 20-25%

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Farming in the Old Northwest

• Population growth and improvements in food production through agricultural science were factors in American growth

• Capital investments (MONEY)

Industries of the Northeast

• Shift from rural (farms) to urban (cities)

• Industrialization increased rapidly in the North East

• Commercial centers• Mill Towns• Transportation hubs

Industries of the Northeast

• Hire young women to run the spinning and weaving machines

• Willing to work for less

• Machines changed workers’ lives by dividing labor into many small tasks

Industries of the Northeast

• Northern industrialists favor protective tariffs raised

• So that more people would buy American goods

The Growth of the Cities

• The number of urban poor increased

• Many people lived Over crowded apartments with poor sanitation, safety and comfort

The Growth of the Cities

• Cities could not handle the population increase

• Limited police and fire• No sewage system• No fresh water

Workers Organize

• Early industries want to make a profit as the expense of the workers

• No minimum wage• Long hours with little

pay

Workers Organize

• From 1834 through 1836 more than 150 strikes took place in the US

• Lowell Girls• The National Trades

Union• Formed to protect the

interest on its workers by negotiating to resolve issues concerning wages

A Middle Class Emerges

• Industrialization in the North caused a middle class to emerge

• Most middle class worked in offices outside of their homes

• Lawyers, Accountants, Bankers…etc.

Emigration from Ireland and Germany

• In the mid-1800s, immigrants primarily came from Ireland and Germany

• Political issues

• Hunger – lack of food

• Economic depression

Daily Quiz

What helped the North industrialize?

• More workers

The mills in the Northeast hired mostly

• young single women

In the early 1800s, the populations of cities in the

Northeast

• increased sharply

• New York City (900,000)

The Industrial Revolution changed the way people worked

by

• having them use machines to do jobs previously done by hand.

Emigration

• From 1830-1860’s immigration rose steadily each decade.

• Mostly From Ireland and Germany (6,000,000)

• Tended to be Catholic & Jewish

• Tended to move to urban settings

• 1860 40% of NYC were immigrants

Irish

• 1 million died in Ireland due to starvation

• Fungus grew on potato crop causing famine

• Catholic

• Large movement to Australia as well

• Competed for manual labor

Germans

• Political upheaval due to revolution

• Mostly Jewish

• A small minority did have a trade and set up shops

• Moved to Midwest due to comepetion for jobs.

• Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, & Cleveland

Result of Emigration

• Social & Political strain

• Classicism begins *ghetto’s begin

• Very few went to South

• Religious resentment by (original protestant settlers)

• Political upheaval-Whig Party set up “Nativists- laws to discourage immigration and deny rights.

The Southern Section

The Southern Section

• In 1860 the American South, if independent, would have been one of the wealthiest countries in the world based on the revenue of the cotton trade (Cotton Gin)

• Cotton cultivation and its expansion depended on technological developments, land, labor, demand, and global system of trade

The Economy of the South

• Southern States became known as the cotton belt

• Economies of these states relied almost completely on the production of cotton

• became too dependent on one crop, limiting development

The Economy of the South

• South remained mostly rural

• The geographical location of the South made farming successful

• Fertile soil and plentiful rain

The Economy of the South

• Plantations used slave labor to produce cash crop

• Invention of the cotton gin allowed for the increase production of cotton

The Economy of the South

• Virginia and North Carolina continued to grow tobacco

• South Carolina – Sugar and rice

• Kentucky – developed a rural economy which included breeding thoroughbred horses

The Slavery System

• 1804 Northern state either banned or passed laws to gradually end slavery

• South – increase in slavery

• 1820 slave population number 1.5 million

• Price of slaves tripled from 1802 to 1860 ($600 to $1500 ea.)

The Southern Slavery System

• Most owners saw slaves as property that performed labor in their business

• Work gangs of 20 to 25 slaves labored under the whip of a “slave driver”

• A normal slave was expected to pick 130 to 150 pounds of cotton a day

Daily Quiz

The South remained agricultural largely because

• its physical geography made farming highly profitable

A typical slave owner might have described his slaves as

• property

The economies of Virginia and North Carolina differed from those of most of the South because they depended on

• tobacco

In-Class Activity

• Read pages 236 - 238

• Section bookwork.

• On back of hand-out Create a Flow Chart or Tee Chart to illustrate the differences between the North and South regions

Northern Factory vs. Southern Plantation

• One of the significant differences between the north and south in the years before the Civil war was their economies.

• Factory system – mass production

• Southern Plantation – slave labor