Post on 09-Jan-2017
transcript
EMILY GERLACH
Food for Thought: PHYTOCHEMICALS
Objectives
Accurately define phytochemicals and food sources of phytochemicals.
State potential health benefits of phytochemicals.Recognize neurodegenerative conditions that may be
affected by phytochemicals.Understand the connection between aging and
cognition.Understand the connection between phytochemicals
and neurological function, particularly related to cognition.
Discuss how to incorporate this information into practice.
Phytochemicals
Plant-derived compoundsResponsible for color, flavor and odorDisease protectionSources: fruits, vegetables, legumes, beans,
whole grains, nuts, seeds, spices, tea, wine
(Heneman K, Zidenberg-Cherr S, 2008), (Phytochemicals, 2016), (Webb D, 2013)
Potential Health Benefits
Lower incidence of diseaseAntioxidantHormonal actionEnzyme stimulationInhibit DNA replicationAnti-bacterial effectsPhysical properties
(Heneman K, Zidenberg-Cherr S, 2008), (Phytochemicals, 2016), (Webb D, 2013) , (Cancalon PF)
Neurodegenerative Conditions of Focus
Parkinson’s diseaseHuntington’s diseaseAlzheimer’s disease
(Kelley GR, 2015), (Swierzewski SJ, 2015), (Alzheimer’s Association, 2016)
Aging and Cognition
Oxidative stress and inflammationDomains most affected
Attention Memory
Affect brain and the development of neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Huntington’s
(Harada CN, 2014), (Harada CN, 2013), (Emory University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, 2016), (Gilsky EL, 2007)
Phytochemicals and Cognition
Exhibit neuroprotective effectsControl oxidative damageReverse cell damage, slow progression of
neuron lossInfluence neurotransmitter receptor function
(Kumar GP, 2012), (Kumar GP, 2012)
Types of Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals
Terpenoids
Titerpenoid
Saponin
Phenolic compounds
Polyphenols
Flavonoids
Resveratrol
Catechins
Curcuminoid
Curcumin
Glucosinolates
Isothiocyanate
Sulforaphane
Indoles
Allicin
Allium
Phenols
Neuron protection against oxidative and metabolic stress Damage by 6-hydroxydopamine in rat model of
Parkinson’s disease Ischemia reperfusion injury in retinal neurons Neurotoxicity in Huntington’s disease models
Phenolic compounds Flavonoids
Resveratrol Catechins
Curcuminoid Curcumin
(Kumar GP, 2012)
Flavonoids
Can cross blood brain barrierMemory and learning improvementNeuron protectionStimulation of neuron regenerationFlavonoids and cognition
Resveratrol Catechins
(Heneman K, Zidenberg-Cherr S, 2008), (Spencer JP, 2009)
Resveratrol
Foods Red grapes and wine, eucalyptus, blueberries, peanuts, etc.
Antioxidant activity Reduce oxidative stress
Protection Against ischemic injury (neurons in the brain and spinal
cord) Against metabolic stress (Parkinson’s model) Against death (neuronal cells, Alzheimer’s model)
Reverse emotional and spatial cognitive defects (rat model)
(Howes MJ, 2011), (Kumar GP, 2012), (Venkatesan R, 2015)
Catechins
Catechins Foods
Green tea, cocoa, blackberries, beans Slow progression of and protect neurons against
Alzheimer’s Induce expression of cell-survival genes, anti-
inflammatory, up-regulation of antioxidant defenseEpigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Acts as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Reduces B-amyloid accumulation
(Kumar GP, 2012), (Chang X et al, 2015)
Curcumin
Stroke Protect against ischemic cell death and ameliorate
behavioral deficitsPrevention and treatment of
Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Stroke Depression
Reverse chronic hippocampal neurogenesis impairment
(Howes MJ, 2011), (Kumar GP, 2012)
Sulforaphane
Foods Broccoli, brussels sprouts, cruciferous vegetables
Stroke Reduces brain damage, brain edema, protects retinal
integrityProtection
Neurons against oxidative stress Dopaminergic neurons against mitochondrial toxins
(Kumar GP, 2012)
Others
Terpenoids and Saponins Foods: soy, beans, garlic Learning and memory
Allium and allicin Foods: onions, garlic,
leeks Neuroprotection
(Kumar GP, 2012)
Other Possible Interventions
Diet Mono- and polyunsaturated fats (omega 3s) Fiber
ExerciseModerate alcohol consumptionMedicationCognitive stimulation
Chess Speaking multiple languages
(Life Extensions, 2016)
Recommendations
Fruits and vegetables! Follow guidelines for minimum, encourage more
5-9 servings daily Focus on variety Color your plate!
(Schaeffer J, 2008)
References
Heneman K, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Some Facts About Phytochemicals. http://nutrition.ucdavis.edu/content/infosheets/fact-pro-phytochemical.pdf. Published October 2008. Accessed March 17, 2016.
Phytochemicals. Phytochemicals. http://www.phytochemicals.info/. Accessed March 17, 2016. Webb D. Phytochemicals’ Role in Good Health. Today’s Dietitian.
http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/090313p70.shtml. Published September 2013. Accessed March 17, 2016.
Davinelli S, Sapere N, Zella D, Bracale R, Intrieri M, Scapagnini G. Pleiotropic protective effects of phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:386527.
Mythri RB, Bharath MM. Curcumin: a potential neuroprotective agent in Parkinson’s disease.Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(1):91-99.
Howes MJ, Perry E. The role of phytochemicals in the treatment ad prevention of dementia. Drugs Aging. 201128(6):439-68.
Kumar GP, Khanum F. Neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(12):81-90.
Cancalon PF. Brain and cognitive processes beneficial roles of citrus.http://www.fdocgrower.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/CNS-and-cognition-comsec-042011.pdf
Alvarez-Parilla E, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA. Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry, Nutritional Value and Stability. 2nd ed. City, State: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
Harada CN, Natelson Love MC, Triebel K. Normal cognitive aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29(4):737-752.