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I. PEOPLING THE AMERICAS
I. The Land Bridge theory. 1. End of Ice Age diminished glaciers over North
America. 2. Land Bridge emerged linking Asia & NA across
Bering Sea. 3. People walked across the "bridge" before the sea
level rose 4. The Land Bridge occurred around 35,000 years ago.
II. Many peoples A. Groups spread across North, Central, and South
America. B. Tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000 languages.
Notably: 1. Incas: Peru, with elaborate network of roads
and bridges linking their empire. 2. Mayas: Yucatan Peninsula, with their step
pyramids. 3. Aztecs: Mexico, with step pyramids and huge
sacrifices of conquered peoples.
II. EARLIEST AMERICANS
I. Development of corn or maize around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that:
A. Didn't have to be hunter-gatherers, could settle down and be farmers.
B. Began to establish permanent settlements 1. No large concentration of pop. Like in SA or Mesoamerica 2. Scattered pop. allowed Europeans to defeat Native
Americans easier C. Corn arrived in the present day U.S. around 1,200 B.C.
II. Pueblo Indians A. 1st American corn growers (12,00 B.C.) B. They lived in adobe houses and pueblos. Pueblos like
apartment complex often beneath cliffs. C. Developed elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away
from rivers to grown corn.
III. Mound Builders A. Built huge ceremonial, burial mounds- located in the
Ohio Valley. B. Established large settlements after introduction of cornC. Cahokia, near East St. Louis today, held 40,000 people.
II. EARLIEST AMERICANSIV. Eastern Indians A. Grew corn, beans, and squash in three sister farming:
1. Corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground, kept the moisture in the soil.
2. This group likely had the best (most diverse) diet of all NA Indians and is typified by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South) and Iroquois (North).
V. Iroquois Confederation A. Hiawatha legendary leaderB. Closest approximation to Mex., SA nation-states C. The Iroquois Confederation- group of 5 tribes in New York state. D. Matrilineal- authority and possessions passed down through the female
line. E. Each tribe kept their independence, met occasionally to discuss matters
of common interest, like war/defense.F. Political/ military alliance menaced neighbors for over a century
II. Earliest AmericansVI. Native Americans had different view of
things as compared to Europeans. A. Native Americans-no man owned the land, the
tribe did. (Europeans- private property) B. Indians- nature was mixed with many spirits.
(Europeans-Christian and monotheistic) C. Indians- nature was sacred. (Europeans- nature
and land to be subdued and put to use). D. Indians- little or no concept or interest in
money. (Europeans- loved money or gold)
I. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway).
1. 1000 AD, the Vikings landed in Newfoundland (L’Anse aux Meadows)
2. No strong nation- state to support other voyages, settlements abandoned
II. Growing power of nations, governments wanted contact with world for trade or conquest
1. Christian Crusaders fought in Palestine regain the Holy Land from Muslims.
2. Mixing of East and West – European desire for Asian spices, goods
3. Marco Polo traveled to China stirred European interest.
4. VI. Slave trade begins
V. Columbus Comes upon a New World I. Convinced King and Queen of Spain to
finance expedition to bypass Africa route to Asia
II. 1492 “discovers” AmericaIII. Voyage eventually leads to beginnings
of interdependent global system Europe would provide the market, capital,
technology. Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw
materials (gold, soil, lumber).
V. Columbus Comes upon a New World I. Causes biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. traded plants, foods, animals, germs
II. Columbian Exchange: From the New World (America) to the Old corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash,
tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis From the Old World to the New cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus,
carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians
had no immunities. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over
generations. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to
disease.
VII. The Spanish Conquistadores I. Spain secured claim to Americas from Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494)II. 1500’s dominant explorers/ colonizers of AmericasIII. Conquistadores explored and conquered much of N and S
America Vasco Balboa: "discovered“ the Pacific Ocean across
isthmus of Panama Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigates the globe (1st to do
so) Ponce de Leon: touches and names Florida looking for
legendary Fountain of Youth Hernando Cortes: enters Florida, travels up into present day
Southeastern U.S., dies and is "buried“ in Mississippi River Francisco Pizarro: conquers Incan Empire of Peru
and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influxof precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation).
Francisco Coronado: ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.
VII. The Spanish Conquistadores
I. Flood of silver from SA, Mexico caused inflation in Europe
A. Led to rise of capitalism and commercial banking, paid for international trade
II. Encomienda system established A. Indians "commended“ or given to Spanish
landlords B. The idea was that Indians would work and be
converted to Christianity, but it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work.
VIII. The Conquest of Mexico Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at
Tenochtitlan. Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera
Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital.
Montezuma, Aztec king, thought Cortez might be thegod Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear
Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan. The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to
attack on the noche triste, sad night. Cortez and men fought their way out, but it wassmallpox that eventually beat the Indians.
The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city.
A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood.
IX. The Spread of Spanish America
I. Spain’s empire grew quicklyII. Threats from other European
powers- English, FrenchIII. Spanish set up forts
(presidios) to protect borders- from Florida to California
IV. Rebellions in New Mexico against Spanish (Pope’s Rebellion 1680)
V. Black Legend: The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.
I. ELIZABETH ENERGIZES ENGLAND
Within 100 years of Columbus landing Americas radically transformed 1600 most of North America unclaimed, unexplored In the 1500s, Britain failed to effectively colonize due to internal
conflicts. 1530’s King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church
launched the English Protestant Reformation. Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant,
rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified. Ireland, Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against
England, English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, developed contempt for natives.
Late 1500’s English attack Spanish ships for gold (Sir Francis Drake)
First English attempts at colonization (Newfoundland 1583, Roanoke 1585) failed
1588 English defeat Spanish Armada Allows English to cross North Atlantic Victory gives English reason for exploration/settlement A. Strong government/popular monarch, more religious unity, a
sense of nationalismB. Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops
them, around 1900)
II. England on the Eve of the Empire
Reasons for English colonization of the AmericasA. 1500’s growing populationB. New enclosure laws – less land for poorC. Wool industry collapsedD. Population became mobile (looking for jobs)E. Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits
ALL father’s land. Younger sons tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America.
Early1600s, joint-stock company perfected (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return), provided financing for colonization
Joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, stockholders invested to make a profit, then quickly sell for profit a few years later
Charter gave settlers same rights as Englishmen Joint Stock Company (Virginia Company) given charter by King
James I to settle in New World
III. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
On May 24, 1607, about 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown.
Problems included: (a) the swampy site of
Jamestown, poor drinking water, mosquitoes caused malaria and yellow fever.
(b) men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops),
(c) zero women on the initial ship.
III. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling
1608 Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape, gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy.
Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people. One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife.”
1610 a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr arrived to alleviate the suffering.
1625 out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only 1,200 had survived.
IV. Culture Clash in the New World
At first English seen potential allies, relations grew worse when English began to raid Indian food supplies
De La Warr began “total war” against Indians Early 1600’s clashes decimated Indians pushed
them westward, removed them from ancestral lands European colonization disrupted way of life
Disease took out population Trade intensified competition among tribes Tribes along Atlantic seaboard felt effects the most When colonists could grow their own food they
had little use for Indians, Europeans wanted their land
V. Virginia Child of Tobacco
Tobacco savior of Virginia Colony
cash crop- Jamestown had found its gold.
Tobacco created a greed for land- heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land.
Representative self-government in Virginia
1619 settlers created the House of Burgesses, a committee to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway to self-rule
1619 first Africans sold as slaves
VI. Maryland: Catholic Haven
I. 1634 founded by Lord Baltimore as Catholic refuge (from Protestant English)
II. Second plantation colonyIII. Huge estates given to Catholic families,
poorer, Protestants settled there also, created friction between two groups
IV. Tobacco main crop, labor source was indentured servants (slaves came in late 1600’s)
V. Religious toleration A. Permitted freedom of worship to all
ChristiansB. 1649- Act of Toleration, guaranteed
religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews, atheists, others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus
C. More Catholics in Maryland than any English speaking colony in the New World
VII. The West Indies Way Station to Mainland America
I. Decline of Spanish power led British to secure Caribbean Islands II. Sugar main crop• Labor intensive, capital intensive• Needed to be wealthy to start plantation• Caused large numbers of slaves to be imported III. Slave Codes established in West Indies• 1700 slaves outnumber settlers 4:1• defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters.
They were typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders.
IV. Sugar plantation system caused islands to depend on American colonies for food, basic supplies
• Smaller farmers left islands and settled in southern coloniesV. 1670 group arrives in Carolina, brings slaves from Barbados • Slave codes adopted in Carolina 1696• Slave codes became model for statutes governing slavery across
colonies
IX. Colonizing the Carolinas
Developed close economic ties with “sugar islands”
Many immigrated from region , brought slave trade with them Traded Indian slaves throughout colonies
Rice major export crop African slaves had knowledge to grow
rice Slaves had natural immunity to malaria Ideal laborers for rice plantations
By 1710 majority of people in Carolinas were African slaves
Charles Town major seaport Diverse tolerant community Attracted French Protestant refugees Caused friction with Spain
IX. Emergence of North Carolina Wild northern expanse of Carolina Settled more slowly because lack of good
harbors Attracted outcasts and religious dissenters Raised tobacco and other crops on small
farms, little need for slaves Distinctive traits: irreligious, hospitable
to pirates, spirit of resistance to authority, , democratic, independent minded, least aristocratic of 13 colonies
1712 separated from S.C.
X. Late Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony 1733-Last colony to be “planted” Savannah major port Established as buffer between
English, Spanish Only colony to receive money
from English government Founded by prison reform group,
major leader James Oglethorpe Debtors from England sent there Diverse communities Religious toleration for all except
Catholics Least populous colony Restrictive slavery laws
Plantation Colonies Agriculture export
based economies Slavery in all colonies Small group owned
most of the land Rural population made
it hard to establish towns, schools and churches
Religiously tolerant Agriculture spurred
expansion and confrontation with Native Americans
Overview Established different patterns of
settlement than plantation/southern colonies
Different economies than plantation/southern colonies
Different set of values than plantation/southern colonies
Distinctive regional characteristics began to develop during this time
I. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
Social unrest and rise of Calvinism led to attraction to Puritanism
Many from economically depressed areas in England, Puritanism provided comfort
King James I harassed Puritan separatists, went to Holland
II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
Looked for haven where they could be free to worship and live
1620- Negotiated with Virginia Company, missed destination landed in New England
Leader Myles Standish Signed Mayflower
Compact- set up crude government, submit to the will of the majority, first step toward self government
Male settlers met in open discussion town meetings
II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth First winter took heavy toll (44 of
102 survived), nobody left colony Next year bountiful harvests,
Pilgrims saw some sign of success
Found economic success in fish, fur, lumber
William Bradford early leader Colony never important
politically or economically Significant for moral and spiritual
qualities, established pattern in New England
1691- Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony
III. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
Separatist Puritans wanted “purified” form of Christianity, not welcome in England, still members of Church of England
1629 more moderate group secured royal charter, formed Mass. Bay Company
Used charter as a form of constitution, had advantage of being out of the reach of royal authority
Well equipped group settles 1630, larger scale than previous settlements
Continuing turmoil in England (Great Migration), more people left (70,000) only about 20,000 came Mass. Many others went to Caribbean
John Winthrop gov. of Bay colony for 19 years (came because “called by God”)
Important industries fishing, shipbuilding Became biggest, most influential colony in New England
III. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth Benefitted from shared sense of purpose, idea of
“covenant” with God “We shall be a city upon a hill” Believed they had a covenant with God, society a model to
humanity
IV. Building the Bay ColonyCommon convictions shaped life All free adult males, that were members of Puritan Congregations
(Congregational Church) had right to vote, participate in political life Three-fifths of adult males enjoyed privileges Town governments were more inclusive, all male property holders could
participate, all business decided by majority vote Was not a democracy All people paid taxes “Freemen” voted for governor and representative assembly (General Court) Clergy could not hold political office Religious leaders had enormous influence, govt. duty to enforce religious
rules Congregations had right to hire, fire ministers Limited endorsement of separation of church and state Protestant ethic emerges- serious commitment to work, worldly pursuits For Puritans hellfire was very real, community pressure to act in accordance
with community
V. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Roger Williams radical separatist, wanted clean break from English church Challenged legality of Bay Colony charter, taking land from Indians Did not want civil government to regulate religion 1635- Banished from colony Williams established religious tolerance in
Rhode Island Most liberal of all colonies Opposed special privilege, provided freedom of opportunity Settlements consisted of exiles and malcontents from Bay Colony Strongly Independent colony Challenge to Puritan orthodoxy from
Anne Hutchinson, holy life no sure way to salvation, why bother with following God’s laws (antinomianism) 1638- Banished from Mass. colony
VI. New England Spreads Out
1635 Connecticut River Valley settled, largest area of fertile land in New England
1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- like a modern constitution, democratic regime controlled by “substantial” citizens
Established unified government in CT
First written constitution in America
1662- More religious colony, New Haven merged with Connecticut colony
1677 Maine- absorbed by Mass. 1679 New Hampshire became a
royal colony New England colonies began
westward expansion during this period
VII. Puritans vs. Indians Spread of English led to conflict
with Indians Epidemics left them with no
position to resist English 1637 Pequot War – English
destroy Pequot (in CT) led to forty years of uneasy peace
English tried to convert natives, put them in praying towns (early reservations?)
Only hope for resistance was in unity
1675 King Phillip (Metacom) led series of attacks on English
1676 King Phillips War ended, slowed westward advance of English settlement, ended Indian resistance in New England
VIII. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
1643 New England Confederation (two Mass. And two CT colonies)
Purpose: defense, intercolonial problems England did not provide support b/c of Civil Wars, let
colonies become semiautonomous Each colony had two votes Exclusive Puritan club Milestone toward colonial unity 1660 Royalists restored (Stuart Restoration) in
England, Charles II takes more active role, colonies seen as economic asset
1662-Gives Connecticut a sea to sea grant, legitimized squatter settlements
1663 Rhode Island receives new charter 1684 Bay colony charter revoked, provides more
royal control
IX. Andros Promotes First American Revolution 1686 Dominion of New England established Policy known as mercantilism, basically political
control of the economy by the state Created by royal authority, controlled from
London Colonies existed to benefit mother country Promoted English Navigation Laws, control trade
within English colonies to benefit England, despised by colonists
1651-1696 British pass series of Navigation Acts that spell out goods to be sold, and put the British government in charge of trade
Unintended consequence smuggling became popular
Sir Edmund Andros head of Dominion, PUT COLONIES UNDER ROYAL CONTROL
Restrictions on courts, press, mail, town meetings, schools; revoked land titles
Tax colonies without consent, enforced Navigation Laws
IX. Andros Promotes First American Revolution
Glorious Revolution ended Dominion 1691 Mass. Made a royal colony Royal gov. appointed ALL qualified males could vote (men
with property, expanded franchise to more men)
1681-1691 colonists resist royal authority
Monarchs relax control of colonial trade, begin period of salutary neglect
Residue: more English officials in America, prevented rise of local leaders, resentment toward England
X. Old Netherlanders at New Netherland
17th century Dutch emerged as major commercial, naval power
Challenged England Leading colonial power 1609 Henry Hudson filed Dutch
claim to New York area 1623-1624 New Netherland
planted (Dutch West India Company)
New Amsterdam established for fur trade, quick profit for stockholders, not democratic
cosmopolitan population, landed aristocracy
Land granted for people who would settle 50 people on them (patroons)
XI. Friction With English and Swedish Neighbors Dutch directors incompetent Shareholders wanted profit Indians attacked New Amsterdam (Dutch erected wall for defense,
later became Wall Street) New England hostile to growth, wanted to attack Dutch, stopped
by Mass. veto Sweden planted colonies on Delaware R. Dutch attacked Swedes, absorbed into Dutch colony
XII. Dutch Residues in New York
Regarded by English as intruders, attacked by English navy and surrendered
Became New York English had strategic
harbor in middle of colonies
Autocratic (self- governance) spirit remained, also influences of architecture and place names
XIII. Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Quakers, began in England 1600’s “quaked” with religious conviction Refused to support Church of England
with taxes, serve in military William Penn establishes an asylum in
New World 1681 receives land grant from crown Best advertised of colonies Welcomed all types of settlers Wanted forward looking settlers,
liberal land policy Attracted many immigrants
XIV. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
Many settlers already there- along banks of Delaware River
Philadelphia was well planned city Tolerant of Indians Many came from other regions, non-Quaker
settlers undermined this treatment
XIV. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
Government liberal Representative assembly elected by
landowners Freedom of worship for all Death penalty only for treason and murder No plans for military defense Dislike of slavery (important by early
1800’s) Liberal policies attracted rich mix of ethnic
groups Quakers good businessmen Exporters of grain, other foodstuffs New Jersey started out as small Quaker
settlements 1702 New Jersey made a royal colony Delaware had own assembly, under control
of Pennsylvania until Revolutionary War
XV. The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies Middle colonies had fertile soil,
known as “bread colonies” Rivers- ease of travel, brought
people to backcountry Landholdings were intermediate in
size Ethnically diverse, religious
toleration Economic, social democracy found in
middle colonies