Post on 31-Dec-2015
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How far is inclusive education being achieved in developed countries?
Can address this question through international comparisons
There is no international agreement on what “Special Education” means
OECD set out to create a definition
Those children receiving additional resources to access the curriculum
Data gathered using this definition varies widely from country to country but can be broken down into 3 broad categories:
Disabilities Learning Difficulties Disadvantages
Disability
Those with organic pathologies. Educational need arises mainly from
problems associated with these disabilities.
Learning Difficulties
Those with behavioural or emotional disorders or specific learning difficulties.
Educational need arises mainly from problems in the interaction between the student and the educational context.
Disadvantages
Those with problems arising mainly from socio-economic or cultural/linguistic factors.
The educational need is to compensate for the disadvantage associated with these factors.
CROSS-NATIONAL CATEGORY A- DISABILITIES -
Number of students receiving additional resources over the period of compulsory education in cross-national category A as a percentage of all students in compulsory education
CROSS-NATIONAL CATEGORY B- LEARNING DIFFICULTIES -
Number of students receiving additional resources over the period of compulsory education in cross-national category B as a percentage of all students in compulsory education
CROSS-NATIONAL CATEGORY C- DISADVANTAGES -
Number of students receiving additional resources over the period of compulsory education in cross-national category C as a percentage of all students in compulsory education
CROSS-NATIONAL CATEGORY A- DISABILITIES / LOCATION -
Percentages of students receiving additional resources over the period of compulsory education in cross-national category A by location, 2005
CROSS-NATIONAL CATEGORY B- LEARNING DIFFICULTIES / LOCATION -
Percentages of students receiving additional resources over the period of compulsory education in cross-national category B by location, 2005
CROSS-NATIONAL CATEGORY C- DISADVANTAGES / LOCATION -
Percentages of students receiving additional resources over the period of compulsory education in cross-national category C by location, 2005
Table showing proportions of children with disabilities and learning difficulties in compulsory education in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, 2005-2006Lithuan
iaLatvia
Estonia
OECD median
Children with
Disabilities‘A’
Percent total
4.31 3.99 3.53 2.72
Percent
regular
classes
70 5 11
Children with
Difficulties
‘B’
Percent total
9.1 2.5 14.8 4.13
Percent
regular
classes
98 72 88
The structure for supporting children with special needs in Lithuania Education:
Special commissions in schools Pedagogical-Psychological Services National Centre for Special Needs Education
and Psychology Teacher training (in-service and pre-service)
that gives teachers skills Parental involvement
Health: Child Development Centres
Conclusions
Although there are some children with disabilities still at home and in boarding institutions, the vast majority are in schools
Most children with disabilities in ‘A’ were in special schools pre-1990, the majority now (70%) are in regular schools
This provision is significantly different from Latvia and Estonia
Conclusions
There is a comprehensive set of services and in-school specialised support that are improving all of the time
It has taken 20 years with substantial financial, political and technical support to get this far
There has also been strong parental and professional commitment to creating inclusive education
Conclusions
The evidence shows that these policies and practices are working to create inclusive education
Policies for the future intend to increase the amount of inclusion of children with disabilities in regular schools; and
To continue to change the services offered by special schools.