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The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
From Quarksto the Universe:
Big Bang in the Lab
From Quarksto the Universe:
Big Bang in the Lab
Th. NaumannDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
DESY
Th. NaumannDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
DESY
The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
UNOOSA acts in Outer Space and studiesthe largest - the Universe.
Particle physics studiesthe smallest - the building blocks of matter
repeating the Big Bang in the Lab.
We both aim for aunique picture of the world extending
from microcosm to macrocosm.
The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
The World's biggest laboratoryfor particle physics research
near Geneva
The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
Large Hadron Collider
LHC
hosts the largest experiment of mankind
11. June 2009 Th. Naumann Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Big Bang in the
Lab UNO OSA Wien
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Protons circulate in opposite directions
100 m under
ground
LHC:27 kmaround
They are accelerated to 7 TeV and collide inside 4 experiments.
One of the fastest racetracks on the planet
Several thousand billion protons travel at almost the speed of lightround the 27 km ring over 11 000 times a second.
Emptier and colder than outer space:
With a temperature 1.9 K above zero,the LHC is colder than outer space.
The pressure in the LHC beam pipes isabout ten times lower than on the moon.
The largest and most complex detectors ever built
… measure the tiny particles to highest precision.They record the signals from 100 million electronic channels
in up to a billion proton collisions every second.This produces up to one petabyte of raw data per second.
Cathedrals of ScienceCathedrals of Science
CMS: heavier than the Eiffel tower
Cathedrals of ScienceCathedrals of Science
One of the hottest places in the Galaxy…
When two beams of protons collide theygenerate temperatures more than a billion times
those in the very heart of the Sun.
Around 10 000 scientists from all over the world
20 European Member Statesand around 60 other countries
collaborate in CERN's scientific projects.
LHC cost: 3 billion € , experiments cost: similarUS contribution to LHC project: 531 million US $
Flags of CERN’sMember States
Methodology
Whythis machine ?
Big Bangin the
Lab What isthe originof mass?
How didthe Big Bang
happen?
What is Dark Matter +Dark Energy?
Is Naturesuper-
symmetric?
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What isMass?
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MATTER MATTER FORCE FORCE
FERMIONSFERMIONS BOSONSBOSONS
The Building Blocks
QUARKS
LEPTONS
QUARKS
LEPTONS
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Matter and Mass
Why do particleshave masses?
Why are theyso different?
What is theOrigin of
Mass?
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The Higgs Boson
To understand how the Higgs works,
imagine that a crowded room is like space filled with the Higgs field.
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This increases his resistance to movement: he acquires mass -just like a particle moving through the Higgs field.
A celebrity walks in.As he moves across the room he attracts a cluster of admirers with each step.
The Higgs Boson
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A Higgs boson
is produced anddecays instantly
in the LHC:
H → Z* + ZZ* → e− + e+
Z → μ− + μ+
μ− μ+
e− e+
simulatedHiggs decay
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The
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
The
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
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Dark Matter
Not enough visible mass to holdrotating spiral galaxies together
Separation of dark and ordinary matterin two colliding galaxy clusters
Photos courtesy of NASA
Gravitationallenses
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The Cosmic Inventory
H + He gas4,1%Dark
Energy72%
HeavyElements
0,03%
Luminous Matter4,6%
Stars0,5%
Dark Matter23%
Supernovae acceleratedexpansion –What is Dark Energy:
• Einstein’s cosmological constant Λ ?• scalar (Higgs-like) field? • Quintessence ?
Motion in and of galaxies,gravitational lenses:• Save Newton's law by Dark Matter:• A hidden mirror world of
Weakly Interacting Massivesuper-symmetric Particlesmight form a halo of90% of galaxy matter.
The tip of the iceberg:
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electronelectron
selectronselectron
quarkquark
squarksquark
photonphoton
photinophotino
Fermion
Boson
Boson
Fermion
mirror worldunifies
bosons with fermionsforce with matter
Super-SymmetrySuper-Symmetry
Super -Symmetry Super -Symmetry
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Super-Symmetry
Is Dark Matter made ofSUSY particles?
undiscovered - must be heavy!
Standard particles SUSY particles
SUSY breakingselectronselectron
electronelectron
SUSY:brokenSUSY:broken
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Is the World2-dimensional ...
3-dimensional ...
10-dimensional ?
Only our 4 dimensionsexpanded after the Big Bang.The other 6 stayed compact.
Elementary particles = excited strings ?
string radius:Planck length = 10-35 m- or within reach of LHC ?
Extra Dimensions
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Gextra
dimension
q
qe
e
γZ
Our space-time
Gextra
dimension
q
qe
e
γZ
Our space-timeq
qe
e
γZ
Our space-time
Gravitation might act in extra dimensions.If so, it may become strong at the LHC and create
Mini Black Holes:
Energy may escape into extra dimensions,or reaction rates may become large.
Extra Dimensions
Mini Black Hole
decay in the
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LHC:uncover the
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
LHC:uncover the
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
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and shedlight on its
birth
and shedlight on its
birth