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Gender Issues and BushmeatN. Van Vliet, R. Nasi
IUFRO-FORNESSA Conference, Nairobi, June 2012
Whataretherolesandcontributionsofmenandwomenintheuseandtradeofbushmeat,alongthebushmeattradechain?
Fromhuntingtoconsumption,passingthroughtradeandfoodpreparation,dotheydiffer?
Bushmeat
BasinDenseForest(km2)
Population (x1000) Consumption(tonne/meat/yr)
Extracted(t/yr)Rural Urban Rural Urban
Amazon3,938,000 14,425 24,352 909,000 small 1,299,000
Congo1,612,000 57,046 41,199 2,909,000 289,000 4,569,000
Nasi,VanVliet,Taber2011
IfbushmeatconsumptionintheCongoBasinwastobereplacedbylocallyproducedbeef,anareaaslargeas25millionhectaresmighthavetobeconvertedtopastures.
The Bushmeat Market Chain
Hunters Transporters
RetailersFinalconsumersinruralareas
Finalconsumersinurbanareas
LA
Prey
Wholesalers
Hunting
Isgenerallyconsidereda”man”onlyactivity
Womenaresometimesdirectlyinvolvedinhunting…..
• Romanoff(1983)describesMatseswomeninthePeruvianAmazonwhoaccompanytheirhusbands,helpingtochaseandkillanimals
• Hurtadoetal.(1985)indicatethatAchewomeninParaguayhelpmensearchforandtransportcapturedanimals,occasionallykillinganimalsthemselves.
• BieseleandBarcaly(2001)describeexcellentJu/'hoanwomentrackersoflargegamewhoaccompanytheirhusbandsandcontributesubstantiallytotheirhuntingsuccess.)
Hunting
© Kumpel N.
Womenoftenpushorencouragehunting
"Womenarethearmsofthedibouka”[throwofthenets](McCreedy,1994:15)
TheAkaconductedabobandaritualwhennet‐huntingwasnotsuccessful.Menorganizedtheritualandpleadedwithwomento
participatebecausewomen'senthusiasmandenergywereviewedascrucialtothesuccessoftheritualandfuturenet‐
hunting.
Hunting
Womenoftenpushforhunting
“IfacertainmangoeshuntingbutIdon’tgo,mywifemightevenstartlovingthatman.”(Man,age32)
Tanzania, FZS: Asanterabi Lowassa(asante.kweka@gmail.com)
Hunting
Hunters Transporters
RetailersFinalconsumersinruralareas
Finalconsumersinurbanareas
LAFILIÈREVIANDEDEBROUSSE
Prey
The Bushmeat Market Chain
Wholesalers
TransportingMenaremostlyinvolvedintransportfromthesourcetourbanareas
butwomenareofteninvolvedintransportwhenbuyingintheforesttosellonthemarkets
Hunters Transporters
RetailersFinalconsumersinruralareas
Finalconsumersinurbanareas
LAFILIÈREVIANDEDEBROUSSE
Prey
The Bushmeat Market Chain
Wholesalers
Wholesalers and retailersWomenareinvolvedinthetradefromretailers,wholesalers,restaurants,
preparedbushmeatmealssoldinmarketsorinthestreet
Income
Purchasing:theincomegeneratedbywomenisinvestedinfood
“In Kisangani, protein and bushmeat consumption by children was notcorrelated with the father´s profession (Correspondence FactorAnalysis, Wilks Lambda test, protein: p=0,96; bushmeat: p=0,7) norwith the mother’s profession (protein: p=0,1; bushmeat: p=0,3) (Table5). However, children whose mother had an income generating activity,ate more proteins and significantly more bushmeat than the others(protein: p=0,14; bushmeat: p=0,05).”
van Vliet et al., submitted
In urban areas:
Income
Purchasing:theincomegeneratedbywomenisinvestedinfood
”Over half of the money spent by men in the village shop was on alcoholand cigarettes, and the amount and proportion of income spent on theseitems increased substantially with increases in individual hunting offtake.By contrast, the majority of purchases made by women were of food, buttheir food purchases decreased actually and proportionally with increasedhousehold hunting offtake”.
In rural areas:
HuntersTransporters
RetailersFinalconsumersinruralareasFinalconsumersinurbanareas
LAFILIÈREVIANDEDEBROUSSE
Prey
The Bushmeat Market Chain
Wholesalers
Bushmeatpreferencesbygender
women preferences
cane rat
5%
porcupine
61%
blue duiker
3%
red duikers
5%
pangolin
6%
monkey
10%
Consumption
SouthwestCameroun,vanVlietandNasi,unpublished)(N=345)
men preferences
cane rat
11%
porcupine
46%blue duiker
2%
red duikers
9%
pangolin
11%
monkey
6%
Bats,nilemonitor,foxandgorillawereonlymentionedbymen;elephantswereclearlypreferredbywomen(78%ofthevoteswerefromwomen)
Bushmeatconsumptionpatternsbygender
Consumption
Uganda: Oluput et al., 2009
Bushmeatconsumptionpatternsbygender
Consumption
”Men were significantly more likely to report havingeaten wildmeat in the last 12 months (p<0,01).However, gender played no significant role inconsumption wild animal derived medicinalproducts. Both men and women consider wildmeatas a male food, typically associated with maleactivities. Most female consumers interviewed hadbeen invited to eat wildmeat by male colleagues,friends or family members and were generally lessenthousiastic and less knowledgeble aboutwildmeat than male consumers”
Vietnam: Drury, 2011
Bushmeatconsumptionpatternsbygender
Consumption
”Results indicated that age and sex of the respondent did notaffect consumption, but ethnic group was statisticallysignificant for the three study species.”
Consumptiontaboosformenandwomen
Consumption
Womenthateatbayduikercouldhaveperiodsforever(Kota,Gabon)
Consumptiontaboosformenandwomen
Consumption
WomenthateatNeotraguswhilepregnantwillhaveepilepticchildren(Kota,Gabon)
Consumptiontaboosformenandwomen
Consumption
Youngmenandwomenthateatyellowbackduikerwillnevermarry,onlyelderpeopleconsumeit
(Kota,Gabon)
Conclusions• Theoveralltradechainisgenderbalanced• Differencesinthecontributionofbushmeattoincome:InUrbanareas,bushmeatcontributestoincomeforwomen,whereasinruralareasitcontributestotheincomeofmen.
• Womeninvestmoreonfood,whereasmentendtospendmoremoneyonnonnecessities
• Therearegenderdifferencesinbushmeatconsumptionpatterns
• Knowledgeontheserelativegenderrolesiskeytothedevelopmentofalternativestoensurethatmeasurestargettherightaudienc
Thank you