Post on 18-Dec-2015
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General Microbiology
Nickolas V. Kapp Ph.D
How to get a hold of Nick
• Office: 738-4415• E-mail: Kapp@smccd.net• FAX: 738-4499• Office 7224
• Office hours:M,W,F 9 to 11. TTh By Arrangement
The micro class
• We will normally have lecture from 9:35 till 10:50.
• See Course Outline
• Attendance and promptness will count towards your grade
What if I want to look at my plates at some other times?
• Open Lab hours are • Mon and Wed 9 to 12 • Friday 10-2• Check the notice on the lab door
• Remember you are working with live organisms and they have their own time schedule. Someone from your lab group will have to check on your materials
Looking at plates during other classes
• Mostly no• If you must make some observations during
another lab class– Don’t bother a lecture in progress– Find the instructor and ask– Be prepared for a no– You are meeting a possible instructor for your
next class
Materials required for this class.
• Text, Totora, Funke and Case Microbiology: An Introduction, 10th ed.
• Case and Johnson Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology 9th ed.
• A lab coat or a large Lab shirt to cover yourself.
• Safety Glasses• NO eating in the laboratory
As you can see
Sometimes there is a blur between what we do in lab and what we do in
class.
Evaluation
• See class outline
Grading Scale
• A 90% and above• B 80%90%• C 68%-80%• D 50%-67%• Fail below 50%
• Attendance will be taken in the first minutes of class.
• Each absence will result in the loss of points from the total possible.
Extra Credit is possible.
Participation Credit
• Joining ASM or NCMS (5pt)
• Answer question or ask one 1pt
• Enter microbe of the month 1pt
• Attend a meeting or lecture on microbiology and hand in a report (10pt)
• Field trip (to be announced) (5pt)
• Max of 15pt
While some of the lecture material will change
The Exam dates will not.
What is a Microbe
• Smaller than 0.1mm
• Includes bugs, things, germs, viruses, protozoan, bacteria, animalcules, small suckers
Nomenclature
• Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
• Genus species
• By custom once mentioned can be abbreviated with initial of genus followed by specific epithet. E. coli
• When two organisms share a common genus are related.
Why study Microbiology
• Microbes are related to all life.– In all environments– Many beneficial aspects– Related to life processes (food web, nutrient
cycling)– Only a minority are pathogenic.– Most of our problems are caused by microbes
EID’s
• Emerging infectious diseases– Weapons of mass destruction– New evolutionary features– Response to man encroaching on the
environment
• Can you name an example?
Microbes in research
• 10 trillion human cells 10x this number microbes
• Easy to grow• Biochemistry is
essentially the same• Simple and easy to
study
Biotechnology
• Use of biological systems to produce useful items
• The use of biological information to make things or improve the human condition
Diversity of Microbes
• Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes
• Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial, many ways of nutrition
• Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled filamentous
• Viruses-acellular entities
• Others- worms, insects
• Prokaryotes
• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Binary fission
• For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
Bacteria
Figure 1.1a
• Prokaryotic
• Lack peptidoglycan
• Live in extreme environments
• Include:– Methanogens– Extreme halophiles– Extreme thermophiles
Archaea:
Halobacteria not from book
• Eukaryotes
• Chitin cell walls
• Use organic chemicals for energy
• Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
• Yeasts are unicellular
Fungi
Figure 1.1b
• Eukaryotes
• Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
• May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
• Most free some parasites
Protozoa
Figure 1.1c
• Eukaryotes
• Cellulose cell walls
• Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers)
• Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
• Metabolically diverse
Algae
Figure 1.1d
• Acellular
• Consist of DNA or RNA core
• Core is surrounded by a protein coat
• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
• Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
Viruses
Figure 1.1e
• Eukaryote
• Multicellular animals
• Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminths.
• Microscopic stages in life cycles.
Multicellular Animal Parasites
Figure fluke
The Scientific Method
• Make an observation
• Make a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Draw your conclusions
• repeat
Requirements for Scientific methods
• Single variables
• Experimental controls
• How can this be used to discover things?
• Does HIV cause AIDS??? Discuss
Knowledge of microorganisms:
• Allows humans to– Prevent food spoilage– Prevent disease occurrence– Others?
• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.
Universal precautions set up by CDC
• Use gloves, gowns, masks and goggles• Minimize risk of needle sticks• Disinfections procedure• Preventative treatment after exposure• Reduce risk• Treat all patients the same• HBV greater risk than HIV
• The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ forms life.
• The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.
The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation
• 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Evidence Pro and Con
Conditions Results
3 jars covered with fine net
No maggots
3 open jars Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
• 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.
Evidence Pro and Con
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
• Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
The Theory of Biogenesis
Figure 1.3
Where is Microbiology currently being practiced? I.e. jobs
• Put your Choice here
A timeline of Microbiology
• Fig 1.4• Some highlights
– 1665 Hooke– 1673 van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes– 1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature– 1798 Jenner vaccine– 1857 Pasteur Fermentation– 1876 Koch germ theory of disease
The Golden Age of Microbiology
• 1857-1914
• Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
• Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation.
• Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.
• Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food.
• Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).
Fermentation and Pasteurization
• Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Figure 1.4
• 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
• 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
• 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.
The Germ Theory of Disease
• 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
• 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
The Germ Theory of Disease
• Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
• Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.
• Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.
• 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
• 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
• 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
• He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
• 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
Similar to Figure 1.5
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
• Mycology is the study of fungi.
• Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.
• Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.
• Proteomics is looking at the gene products
Modern Developments in Microbiology
* The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Selected Novel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine
1901* von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
1902 Ross Malaria transmission
1905 Koch TB bacterium
1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin
1952 Waksman Streptomycin
1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication
1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics
1997Prusiner Prions
2003Agre, Mackirron water and ion channels
2005 Marshall, Warren Helicobacter and ulcers
2008 Hausen Papilloma and viruses
Principles of Microscopy
• Metric units (table 3.1)– Micrometer– Nanometer– angstrom
Compound light microscopy
• Basic parts– Eyepieces (ocular lens)
– Base
– Condenser
– Iris diaphragm
– Objective lens
– Body tube
– Mechanical stage
– Adjustment knobs
Magnification
• Calculation:– Objective power x ocular power = total power
• Parafocial
• Paracentric
• Microscopic measurement– Micrometer? Why must we calibrate it?
Modern Developments in Microbiology
• Diagnostics
• Prevention
• Use as a tool
• Surveys and vigilance
What you should know?
• What are microbes?
• What types of microbes?
• Some history Highlights
• The Magic Bullet
• Microbes and human Welfare
• Microbes and Human Disease
• The CDC