Geographyof China

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Satellite View of ChinaSatellite View of ChinaSatellite View of ChinaSatellite View of China

China’s ProvincesChina’s ProvincesChina’s ProvincesChina’s Provinces

China—Asia’s China—Asia’s SuperpowerSuperpower

China vs. the U. S. in China vs. the U. S. in SizeSize

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Miles

United States

SOURCE: Topic 5: “The Awakening Giant” by Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University.

Comparing China & the U. Comparing China & the U. S.S.

ChinaChina United United StatesStates

SizeSize 3.7 million 3.7 million square milessquare miles

3.6 million 3.6 million square milessquare miles

Main physical Main physical barrierbarrier

HimalayasHimalayas RockiesRockies

Main RiverMain River Yangtze / Yangtze / East - WestEast - West

Mississippi / Mississippi / North – SouthNorth – South

PopulationPopulation East CoastEast Coast East CoastEast Coast

Connectivity Connectivity problemsproblems

North - SouthNorth - South East - WestEast - West

Countries & RegionsCountries & RegionsCountries & RegionsCountries & Regions

TibetTibet

Mongolia

Southeast Asia

Indian Subcontin

RussiaRussia

N. Korea

N. KoreaS>

KoreaS>

TaiwanTaiwan

Philippines

CitiesCitiesCitiesCities

BEIJINGBEIJING

HarbinHarbin

NanjingNanjing

Guangzhou

Xi’anXi’anShangha

iShangha

TaipeiTaipei

LhasaLhasa

MacaoMacao

Completed Political Completed Political MapMap

BEIJING

Harbin

Nanjing

Guangzhou

Xi’anShanghai

Taipei

HongKongMaca

Mongolia

Southeast Asia

Indian Subcontine

N. Korea

S> Korea

Taiwan

Philippines

China’s TopographyChina’s TopographyChina’s TopographyChina’s Topography

Percentages of Percentages of Different LandformsDifferent Landforms

Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”

Bodies of WaterBodies of WaterBodies of WaterBodies of Water

Huang-He

RiverHuang-He

Yellow Sea

Yangtze RiverYangtze River

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Amur River

Xi RiverXi River

SouthChinaSea

Sea of

The Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze River

Mountains & PeaksMountains & PeaksMountains & PeaksMountains & Peaks

Tian ShanTian Shan

Altai Mts.Altai Mts. Greater KhinganGreater Khingan

Kunlun Shan

Himalayan Mts.

The Great Wall of The Great Wall of ChinaChina

Deserts & PlateausDeserts & PlateausDeserts & PlateausDeserts & Plateaus

Tibetan PlateauTibetan Plateau

Taklamakan DesertTaklamakan Desert

Gobi DesertGobi

Desert

Valleys / Plains / Valleys / Plains / BasinsBasins

Manchurian PlainManchurian Plain

North China Plain

North China PlainTarim

BasinTarim Basin

Sichuan Basin

North China PlainNorth China PlainNorth China PlainNorth China Plain

Agricultural Regions in Agricultural Regions in ChinaChina

Shabdong PeninsulaShabdong PeninsulaGrand

Grand Canal

Great Wall

CHUNG CHUNG KUOKUO

Completed Completed Topographic MapTopographic Map

Huang-He

RiverYellow

Yangtze River

Pacific Ocean

Amur River

Xi River

SouthChinaSea

Sea of

Tian Shan

Altai Mts. Greater Khingan

Kunlun Shan

Himalayan Mts.

Tibetan Plateau

Taklamakan Desert

Gobi Desert

Manchurian Plain

North China PlainTarim

Sichuan Basin

Shabdong PeninsulaGrand

Great Wall

CHUNG CHUNG KUOKUO

South ChinaSouth ChinaSouth ChinaSouth China

China as % of World China as % of World PopulationPopulation

Top 10 Populated Top 10 Populated NationsNations

0 500 1000 1500

Indonesia

Brazil

Russia

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Nigeria

0 500 1000 1500

Pakistan

Indonesia

Nigeria

Bangladesh

Brazil

Ethiopia

2001 2050

The Population of The Population of ChinaChina

105 755 10831210

1381 156216501753

1812185118871911

19491953

0 500 1000 1500 2000

thousands

Population ProjectionsPopulation ProjectionsPopulation ProjectionsPopulation Projections

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 2045

thousands

Population DensityPopulation DensityPopulation DensityPopulation Density

Male/Female Birth Male/Female Birth PopulationPopulation

Life Expectancy at Life Expectancy at Birth by SexBirth by Sex

Monthly Value of Monthly Value of Imports & ExportsImports & ExportsMonthly Value of Monthly Value of Imports & ExportsImports & Exports

20020044

Mr. Rey BelenMr. Rey Belen

SR-ASSR-AS

Mr. Rey BelenMr. Rey Belen

SR-ASSR-AS

““Peking Man”Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE)(750,000 – 500,000 BCE)

SinanthropusSinanthropuspekinesispekinesis

• Peking man was identified as a member of the human Peking man was identified as a member of the human lineage by Davidson Black in 1927 on the basis of a lineage by Davidson Black in 1927 on the basis of a single tooth. single tooth.

• The Zhoukoudian fossils date from about 550,000 to The Zhoukoudian fossils date from about 550,000 to 230,000 years ago. Before being assigned to 230,000 years ago. Before being assigned to H. H. erectuserectus, they were variously classified as , they were variously classified as PithecanthropusPithecanthropus and and SinanthropusSinanthropus..

• The original fossils were under study at the Peking The original fossils were under study at the Peking Union Medical College in 1941 when, with Japanese Union Medical College in 1941 when, with Japanese invasion imminent, an attempt was made to smuggle invasion imminent, an attempt was made to smuggle them out of China and to the United States. The them out of China and to the United States. The bones disappeared and have never been recovered, bones disappeared and have never been recovered, leaving only plaster casts for study. leaving only plaster casts for study.

Yellow River Yellow River CivilizationCivilization

• Known as the mother river by all the Known as the mother river by all the Chinese people, the 5,464-kilometer Chinese people, the 5,464-kilometer (about 3,395 miles) Yellow River is the (about 3,395 miles) Yellow River is the second longest river in China after the second longest river in China after the Yangtze River . Yangtze River .

• It is agreed upon by almost all the Chinese It is agreed upon by almost all the Chinese people that the Yellow River is the cradle people that the Yellow River is the cradle of Chinese civilization, the spiritual home of Chinese civilization, the spiritual home of the Chinese people. of the Chinese people.

• the symbol of the Chinese nation, the spirit the symbol of the Chinese nation, the spirit of the Chinese people and more of the Chinese people and more importantly, civilization itself. importantly, civilization itself.

Neolithic Neolithic PotteryPottery

3000 BCE 3000 BCE toto

2000 BCE2000 BCE

The 4 Old-World The 4 Old-World River Valley River Valley

CulturesCultures

The 4 Old-World The 4 Old-World River Valley River Valley

CulturesCultures

Pan-Gu: Pan-Gu: Mythical Mythical Creator of the Creator of the

UniverseUniverse

Pan-Gu: Pan-Gu: Mythical Mythical Creator of the Creator of the

UniverseUniverse

• Chinese legend says Pan Gu created Chinese legend says Pan Gu created the world by separating the heaven the world by separating the heaven and the earth from chaos. and the earth from chaos.

• In the beginning, the universe was In the beginning, the universe was like an egg and there was only chaos like an egg and there was only chaos in the egg. Pan Gu had slept in the in the egg. Pan Gu had slept in the egg for over 18,000 years. egg for over 18,000 years.

• Then one day, he woke up and Then one day, he woke up and cracked the egg into pieces. By cracked the egg into pieces. By separating the heavy and light parts separating the heavy and light parts of the egg, he created the heaven and of the egg, he created the heaven and the earth. the earth.

• Pan Gu stood on the Pan Gu stood on the earth and held up the earth and held up the heaven using his hands, heaven using his hands, and then he had grown and then he had grown with the heaven until the with the heaven until the form of the world for form of the world for another 18,000 years. another 18,000 years.

““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”((The The “Middle “Middle Kingdom”Kingdom”))

• This is This is ChungChung, the , the Chinese character Chinese character for center. (for center. (Chung Chung KuoKuo means "center means "center country", and is the country", and is the name for China, name for China, whose occidental whose occidental name comes from name comes from the Qin Dynasty.the Qin Dynasty.

Yu, the Great – Yu, the Great – Founder Founder

of the of the HsiaHsia

Yu, the Great – Yu, the Great – Founder Founder

of the of the HsiaHsia

• often regarded with legendary status often regarded with legendary status as as Yu the GreatYu the Great ( ( 大禹大禹 Dà-YǔDà-Yǔ), was ), was the first ruler and founder of the Xia the first ruler and founder of the Xia Dynasty.Dynasty.

• he is best remembered for teaching he is best remembered for teaching the people flood control techniques to the people flood control techniques to tame China's rivers and lakes. tame China's rivers and lakes.

• Yu is regarded as a descendant of Yu is regarded as a descendant of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor. Yu's Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor. Yu's father,is Gunfather,is Gun

• Yu is one of only two Chinese rulers Yu is one of only two Chinese rulers posthumously honored with the posthumously honored with the appellation "the Great appellation "the Great

““Huangdi”Huangdi” – – EmperorEmperor

““Huangdi”Huangdi” – – EmperorEmperor The “Yellow The “Yellow

Emperor.” Emperor.”

Legend has it Legend has it that that he ruled for over he ruled for over 100 years. 100 years.

Associated with Associated with thethe invention of invention of wheeled wheeled vehicles,vehicles, ships, armor, ships, armor, pottery, and pottery, and silk-making. silk-making.

Emperor FuxiEmperor FuxiEmperor FuxiEmperor Fuxi Mythical Mythical HsiaHsia ruler. ruler.

Taught the Taught the Chinese how Chinese how to read and to read and write, write, according to according to legend. legend.

Hsia Plaque, Hsia Plaque, 1700 1700 BCEBCE

Bronze Age Bronze Age EmpiresEmpires

Shang: Shang: 1523-1028 1523-1028 BCEBCE

• The Shang, rather than the Xia, is The Shang, rather than the Xia, is considered by most to be the first true considered by most to be the first true dynasty of China. Like the Xia, the Shang dynasty of China. Like the Xia, the Shang were originally considered to be a myth.were originally considered to be a myth.

• They were discovered because Chinese They were discovered because Chinese phamacists were selling oracle bones the phamacists were selling oracle bones the Shang had created; the pharmacists sold Shang had created; the pharmacists sold the bones as dragon bones. the bones as dragon bones.

• The bones were first noticed in 1899 and The bones were first noticed in 1899 and by the 1920's were traced to Anyang, by the 1920's were traced to Anyang, where the last Shang capital was found where the last Shang capital was found and excavated. and excavated.

• Traditional Chinese history indicates Traditional Chinese history indicates that the Shang Dynasty consisted of that the Shang Dynasty consisted of 30 kings and seven different, 30 kings and seven different, successive, capitals. The Zhou, the successive, capitals. The Zhou, the dynasty that followed the Shang, are dynasty that followed the Shang, are responsible for the recordings of the responsible for the recordings of the kings and capitals of the Shang kings and capitals of the Shang Dynasty.Dynasty.

Oracle BonesOracle BonesOracle BonesOracle Bones

Oracle Bones Oracle Bones CalendarCalendar

The Evolution of The Evolution of ChineseChinese

Writing during the Writing during the ShangShang

The Evolution of The Evolution of ChineseChinese

Writing during the Writing during the ShangShang

PictograpPictographshs

Semantic-Semantic-PhoneticsPhonetics

• One of the most important technological One of the most important technological developments of the Shang was the invention of developments of the Shang was the invention of writing. writing.

• They are the first group of people from China of They are the first group of people from China of which written records are found. The most which written records are found. The most common place these writings are found is on common place these writings are found is on oracle bones used for divination. oracle bones used for divination.

• The bones used for this purpose originally came The bones used for this purpose originally came from a number of animals, but were eventually from a number of animals, but were eventually done exclusively on turtle shells. A question was done exclusively on turtle shells. A question was written on the bone, which was then fired and a T written on the bone, which was then fired and a T shaped crack was produced which was shaped crack was produced which was interpreted, and the interpretation was then written interpreted, and the interpretation was then written on the bone. on the bone.

• The Shang worshipped the "Shang Ti." The Shang worshipped the "Shang Ti." • This god ruled as a supreme god over lesser This god ruled as a supreme god over lesser

gods, the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, gods, the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. and other natural forces and places.

• Highly ritualized, ancestor worship became a Highly ritualized, ancestor worship became a part of the Shang religion. Sacrifice to the part of the Shang religion. Sacrifice to the gods and the ancestors was also a major part gods and the ancestors was also a major part of the Shang religion. of the Shang religion.

• When a king died, hundreds of slaves and When a king died, hundreds of slaves and prisoners were often sacrificed and buried prisoners were often sacrificed and buried with him. People were also sacrificed in lower with him. People were also sacrificed in lower numbers when important events, such as the numbers when important events, such as the founding of a palace or temple, occurred. founding of a palace or temple, occurred.

Axe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - jade- jade

Ceremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE

ShanShangg

UrnUrn

ShanShangg

UrnUrn

Shang Shang BronzesBronzesShang Shang

BronzesBronzes

Ritual Wine Vessel – Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze, bronze, 13c BCE13c BCE

• The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the tribe that lived to the west of the ShangShang

• kingdom. Due to their nomadic ways, kingdom. Due to their nomadic ways, they learned how to work with people they learned how to work with people of different cultures.of different cultures.

• The Zhou eventually became The Zhou eventually became stronger than the Shang, and in stronger than the Shang, and in about 1040 B.C. they defeated the about 1040 B.C. they defeated the Shang in warfare. Shang in warfare.

• The Shang were also weakened due The Shang were also weakened due to their constant warfare with people to their constant warfare with people to the north. to the north.

Western Zhou:Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCE

• The Zhou Dynasty is divided into The Zhou Dynasty is divided into subperiods. The first is the Western Zhou, subperiods. The first is the Western Zhou, which occurs from the time of their victory which occurs from the time of their victory over the Shang until about 771 B.C. when over the Shang until about 771 B.C. when they were forced east by barbarians from they were forced east by barbarians from the north. The king was killed but his son the north. The king was killed but his son was saved and moved east where a new was saved and moved east where a new capital was formed in Loyang. This began capital was formed in Loyang. This began the period known as the Eastern Zhou. the period known as the Eastern Zhou.

Eastern Zhou:Eastern Zhou: 771-771-256 BCE256 BCE

The Eastern Zhou is further divided into two The Eastern Zhou is further divided into two time periods, the Spring and Autumn time periods, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn Period occurred from Spring and Autumn Period occurred from about 770-476 B.C. During this time, the about 770-476 B.C. During this time, the Zhou emperor steadily lost power due to Zhou emperor steadily lost power due to the realization by the feudal lords that he the realization by the feudal lords that he was not powerful and could be beaten, was not powerful and could be beaten, which had been proven by the defeat in which had been proven by the defeat in the west. The second half, the Warring the west. The second half, the Warring States Period, is so named because of the States Period, is so named because of the power struggle between the large states of power struggle between the large states of China that were trying to gain control over China that were trying to gain control over the entire area. It lasted from about 475 - the entire area. It lasted from about 475 - 221 B.C. 221 B.C.

Ritual Food Vessel, Ritual Food Vessel, bronze bronze

11c BCE11c BCE (Western Zhou) (Western Zhou)

Ritual Food Vessel, Ritual Food Vessel, bronze bronze

11c BCE11c BCE (Western Zhou) (Western Zhou)

Pendant of a Dancer - Pendant of a Dancer - jade jade

3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)

Pendant of a Dancer - Pendant of a Dancer - jade jade

3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)

Ritual Wine Vessel – 4cRitual Wine Vessel – 4cbronze, silver, gold, bronze, silver, gold,

coppercopper

Ritual Wine Vessel – 4cRitual Wine Vessel – 4cbronze, silver, gold, bronze, silver, gold,

coppercopper

Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze

• Traditional Chinese history says that the Zhou Traditional Chinese history says that the Zhou were able to take over the Shang because the were able to take over the Shang because the Shang had degenerated morally. Part of this belief Shang had degenerated morally. Part of this belief may have been caused by the Zhou themselves, may have been caused by the Zhou themselves, who are credited with the idea of the Mandate of who are credited with the idea of the Mandate of Heaven. The Zhou used this idea to validate their Heaven. The Zhou used this idea to validate their takeover and subsequent ruling of the former takeover and subsequent ruling of the former Shang kingdom. The Mandate of Heaven says that Shang kingdom. The Mandate of Heaven says that Heaven, or Heaven, or tian,tian, places the mandate, places the mandate, tianming,tianming, to to rule on any family that is morally worthy of the rule on any family that is morally worthy of the responsibility. Also, the only way to know if the responsibility. Also, the only way to know if the Mandate of Heaven had been removed from the Mandate of Heaven had been removed from the ruling family was if they were overthrown. If the ruling family was if they were overthrown. If the ruler is overthrown, then the victors had the ruler is overthrown, then the victors had the Mandate of Heaven. Mandate of Heaven.

““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”The Mandate of The Mandate of

HeavenHeavenThe Mandate of The Mandate of

HeavenHeaven

1.1.The leader must lead by ability The leader must lead by ability and and virtue. virtue.

2.2.The dynasty's leadership must The dynasty's leadership must be be justified by succeeding justified by succeeding generations.generations.

3.3.The mandate could be revoked The mandate could be revoked by by negligence and abuse; the will negligence and abuse; the will of of the people was important. the people was important.

TheDynastic

A new dynasty

comes to power.

A new dynasty

comes to power.

Lives of common people improved;

taxes reduced;farming encouraged.

Lives of common people improved;

taxes reduced;farming encouraged.

Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)

Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.

Farming neglected.

Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.

Farming neglected.

Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

Droughts,floods,

famines occur.

Droughts,floods,

famines occur.

Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels

& attack landlords.

Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels

& attack landlords.

Rebel bands findstrong leader who

unites them.Attack the emperor.

Rebel bands findstrong leader who

unites them.Attack the emperor.

Emperor isdefeated !!

The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more

efficient.

The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more

efficient.

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