Post on 07-Aug-2020
transcript
Geology 101: Cast• Prof: J. Steven Kite
– G 55 Brooks– 293-5603 ext 9819– steve.kite@mail.wvu.edu– http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/teaching.htm
• Office Hours: W 13:15-15:00, Th 11:15-11:45 or by appointment
• TAs: – Jamie Skeen– Christian Figueroa-Tyler
Text Book:
9th ed. 10th ed.
11th ed. eBook available for online viewing only eBook available for online viewing only McGrawMcGraw--Hill's PlummerHill's Plummer--Carlson: Physical Carlson: Physical Geology, 12th Edition Geology, 12th Edition ISBN: 039087048XISBN: 039087048XPrice (in US funds): $68.75 Price (in US funds): $68.75
Not = Physical Geology: Not = Physical Geology: Earth RevealedEarth Revealed
12th ed.
GEOL Lab Announcement:
•GEOL 102 Bring manual to lab next week
•No Lab This Week
Course GoalsWhat Is Science?
Way of ThinkingNot a Bunch of Facts
Geologist’s View:10,000 Years = Short Time
Geology =scientific study of the earth.
Earth CyclesEarth Cycles•• Earth Systems are CEarth Systems are Cyclicyclic––Periodic Periodic ––EpisodicEpisodic
H2O Cycle5 wk to
>100,000 yr
H2O Cycle
Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + light = sugar + O2
Greenhouse Effect: too much CO2
Is Photosynthesis the Solution?Carbon Sinks Residence Time: days to >500,000,000 yr
Carbon Cycle
NASA Drawing: After M.J. Pidwirny, Dept. of Geography, Okanagan University College)
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/ sge/casa/cquestwebsite/overview.html
Solar System
Cyclic Periodic System(s)Cyclic Periodic System(s)
Solar System
Radiation Cycle8 min to >4,500,000,000 yr
Plate Tectonic “Cycle”->100,000,000 yr
Lithospheric PlatesLithospheric Plates
Plate Motion:
Last 200 my
Note my = Ma = million years
1 in/yr = ~25 mm/yr4 in/yr = ~100 mm/yr
Plate Spread Rates (NASA)http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ocean_age/data/2008/image/age_error.jpg
Rock Cycle
• Balinese Carving - copyright Richard Seagram• Source: http://www.richard-seaman.com/Travel/Indonesia/Highlights/CyclistCarving.jpg
Image is protected by copyright
Rock
⊕⊕ solid cohesive solid cohesive aggregate of grains of aggregate of grains of one or more minerals.one or more minerals.
3 Rock Types•Igneous
•Sedimentary•Metamorphic
Rock Cycle
MineralMineralNaturally Occurring, Solid Naturally Occurring, Solid
Inorganic Element or Compound of Inorganic Element or Compound of Elements, Elements, With a Definite Composition, or With a Definite Composition, or
Range of Compositions, Range of Compositions, Usually Having a Regular Usually Having a Regular
Internal Crystalline Structure.Internal Crystalline Structure.
MineralMineralnot same usage as in nutrition: not same usage as in nutrition: ––zinc, potassium, iron, zinc, potassium, iron,
selenium, selenium, etc.etc. are elementsare elements
Vicarious Field Trip – Coliseum Rapids, Cheat Canyon
• Map by Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay – See http://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/GRAPHIC0/StateGeolMaps/Va-Md-De-WV1kp.gif
AGES & RESIDENCE TIMES• How Old Is a Boulder in Cheat River?
May Have Been in the River for Only Minutes or Few Years!
BUT WHERE WAS IT BEFORE IT WASHED IN?
• SOME OLDER STREAM DEPOSIT : FEW TENS TO FEW THOUSAND YEARS OLD
BUT WHERE WAS THE BOULDER BEFORE THAT?
AN EVEN OLDER STREAM DEPOSIT, AN EVEN OLDER STREAM DEPOSIT, OROR
LANDSLIDE DEPOSITS AT THE BASE OF LANDSLIDE DEPOSITS AT THE BASE OF HILLSLOPES: 20,000 YEARS HILLSLOPES: 20,000 YEARS OROR OLDEROLDER
Old Morgantown & Kingwood Railway, North of Rowlesburg, W.Va.
WHERE WAS THE SAND GRAIN BEFORE
THE LANDSLIDE?
SOILS ON HILL SIDES AND SOILS ON HILL SIDES AND HILL TOPS, HILL TOPS, UP TO FEW UP TO FEW MILLIONMILLION YEARS OLD YEARS OLD Formed Formed FROM
WEATHERING OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
W.Va. State Soil: Monongahela Silt Loam
OR SOILS ON HILL SIDES AND HILL TOPS, UP TO FEW MILLION YEARS OLD, or
BEFORE THAT?EVEN OLDER STREAM DEPOSITS, or
HOW OLDE IS YE OLDE SEDIMENTARY BEDROCK??
Pottsville Sandstone = Old River Deposit
@ Coopers Rock315,000,000 yr
OLDER SEDIMENTARY ROCK?Price Sandstone (Sidling Hill, I-70)
360,000,000 yr
STILL OLDER BEDROCK?• Tuscarora Sandstone (Seneca Rocks,
North Fk. Mtn., Wills Mtn.) 430,000,000 yr
STILL OLDER BEDROCK?
• Tuscarora Sandstone (Seneca Rocks, North Fk. Mtn., Wills Mtn.) 430,000,000 yr
The moon rises over Seneca Rocks.
by David Fattaleh
www.wonderfulwv.com/gallery.cfm?menu=july2
STILL OLDER BEDROCK?• Metamorphic Rock in Blue Ridge Mountains:
560,000,000 yr
National Archives: www.nara.gov/nara/nn/ nns/civil110.jpg
Need Blue Ridge Images, with rocks
www.mcmullans.org/canal/ harpers_ferry_railroad_
bridge.htm
Source:Virtual Tour of the
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal
Maryland Rocks: outcrop at
Harpers Ferry
OLDEST BEDROCK in EAST?• Blue Ridge Granite Gneiss*
(Metamorphic Rock) 1,000,000,000 yr
• Quartz “Crystal” that makes up the Sand Grain formed!
Old Rag Mtn., Virginia
Source:www.jmu.edu/geology/assets/ images/oldrag2.jpg
Before The Gneiss?
• Blue Ridge Granite Gneiss (Metamorphic Rock) formed from Older Granite (Igneous Rock), 1,000,000,000 to 1,200,000,00 yr
• Quartz first crystallized from molten rock (magma)
“Ancient Rock May Alter Theories of Earth History”By Kenneth Chang, 11 January 2001, NY Times
Photo by John Valley Sand-sized zircon
crystal from AustraliaCrystal = 4.3 or 4.4
Billion years old.Oldest piece of Earth
yet discovered.Rock is only 3 Billion
years old
“Ancient Rock May Alter Theories of Earth History”By Kenneth Chang, 11 January 2001, NY Times
Photo by John Valley Low Temperature Zircon Suggests Earth was <100°C & had Solid Crust4,300,000,000 years ago.
VS.
Magma Ocean
Rock Cycle
http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/01/pr0102.htm
Source: A high-resolution image is available for downloading at:http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/zircon.html. See also: Time line graphic at http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/oldrock.html
Rock Cycle
•• Rocks and Minerals are Rocks and Minerals are DynamicDynamic
•• Each Has A HistoryEach Has A History•• Geologists Perspective Geologists Perspective
on on TIMETIME is the Keyis the Key