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Making of a Planet
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Part 1 Common Traditions
Common TraditionsCulture, Philosophy, and Religion
Elements of Nature
Fire
EarthWindWater
Spirit – a.k.a. Aether or “breath of life”
Common TraditionsCulture, Philosophy, and Religion
Order of Creative Events
1. Formation of the Earth
2. Life in the Oceans3. Life on Land4. Humankind
* life in the air varies by tradition (birds)
Making of a Planet
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Part 2 Scientific Theories
Scientific TheoriesFossils, Geology, and Astronomy – Empirical Evidence
Ingredients for a Living Planet
Stable Source of Energy
Active GeosphereActive HydrosphereActive AtmosphereBalanced Biosphere
Scientific TheoriesCycling of Matter and Energy
Stable Source of Energy
1. Sun-Earth-Moon System
2. Radiant Solar Energy3. Tidal Forces of Gravity4. Seasons
Scientific TheoriesCycling of Matter and Energy
Geosphere
1. Volcanic Activity
2. Plate Tectonics3. Rock Cycle
Scientific TheoriesCycling of Matter and Energy
Hydrosphere
1. Ocean Currents
2. Ocean Tides3. Water Cyclea. Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation
b. Surface Waterc. Ground Waterd. Polar Ice Caps
Scientific TheoriesCycling of Matter and Energy
Atmosphere
1. Air Currents2. Weather3. Climate4. Greenhouse Effect5. Ozone Layer
Scientific TheoriesCycling of Matter and Energy
Biosphere
1. Biogeochemical Cycles ( O2 , CO2 , N2 )
2. Cycles of Environmental Change, Evolution, Adaptation, and Extinctions
3. Balanced Ecosystems
4. Population Dynamics
5. Trophic Levels, Food Webs, and Energy Pyramids
Making of a Planet
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Part 3 Geologic Timeline
Geologic TimelineDivisions and Units of Measure
Eons
Eras
Periods
Epochs
1,000’s of Millions of Years
100’s of Millions of Years10’s of Millions of Years
Millions of Years
Geologic TimelineEons of Earth’s History
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic
1 Billion Years
1 Billion Years
2 Billion Years
½ Billion Years
Geologic TimelineEons of Earth’s History
· Meaning: “Hell on Earth”
· Began: ~ 5 Billion Years Ago
· Length: ~ 1 Billion Years
· Birth of Solar System & Accretion of Planets
· Theia Event – Formation of the Moon
· 1st Atmosphere, Cooling Temperatures, Crust Forms, Oceans Fill, Continents Drift
Hadean EonArcheanProterozoicPhanerozoic
Geologic TimelineEons of Earth’s History
Hadean Eon Archean
ProterozoicPhanerozoic
· Meaning: “Beginning or Origin” of Life
· Began: ~ 3.8 Billion Years Ago
· Length: ~ 1 Billion Years
· Natural Development of Organic Molecules in Deep Water and Shallow Pools
· First Single Cell Prokaryotes
· Chemosynthesis vs. Photosynthesis
Geologic TimelineEons of Earth’s History
Hadean EonArchean
ProterozoicPhanerozoic
· Meaning: “Earlier Life”
· Began: ~ 2.5 Billion Years Ago
· Length: ~ 2 Billion Years
· Snowball Earth Event
· Oxygenation Event
· Early Multicellular Forms of Life
Geologic TimelineEons of Earth’s History
Hadean EonArcheanProterozoic
Phanerozoic
· Meaning: “Visible Life”
· Began: ~ ½ Billion Years Ago (Ongoing)
· Cambrian Explosion – Diversity of Species
· Advanced Plants and Animals in Oceans
· Migration of Life to Land
Geologic TimelineEons of Earth’s History
Hadean Eon Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic
Video: Earth – Making of a Planet
Making of a Planet
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Part 4 Phanerozoic EonHadean, Archean, Proterozoic, PHANEROZOIC
PHANEROZOIC EON
Paleozoic EraMesozoic EraCenozoic Era
• Means “old life”• Began about 541 Mya• Major Evolutionary Events Include:
Central Nervous System + Eyes
Spinal Cord + Vertebral Column
Plant Life Migrates to Land (Vascular Tissue, Spores in Ferns)
Insects Migrate to Land
Jaw Structures in Fish
Amphibians Migrate to Land (Tetrapods)
Skeletons in Fish
Wings in Insects
Amniotic Eggs in Reptiles
Reptiles Migrate to Land
Mammal-Like Reptiles Appear
Seeds in Plants
Paleozoic Era Ended in Mass Extinction – 95% of All Species
PHANEROZOIC EON
Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
• Means “middle life”• Began about 251 Mya• Major Evolutionary Events Include:
Conifer Forests Spread
First Mammals & Dinosaurs Appear
Turtles, Frogs, Lizards, and Salamanders AppearDinosaurs Dominate
Birds Appear
Flying Reptiles
Flowers and Fruit in Plants
Wings in Insects
Mesozoic Era Ended in Mass Extinction – Asteroid Strike – 50%
PHANEROZOIC EON
Paleozoic EraMesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
• Means “new life”• Began about 66 Mya• Major Evolutionary Events Include:
Mammals Survive and Dominate
Flowering Plants Dominate
Grasses Appear and Spread
Four Major Glaciation Periods· Extinction of Large Mammals· Rapid Changes in Marine Species
Several Species of Humans Appear and Go Extinct
Making of a Planet
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Part 5 Patterns of Evolution
Patterns of EvolutionGeological
Continental Drift and Supercontinents
Ur (Vaalbara)
Kenorland
Columbia (Nuna)
Rodinia
Pannotia
Pangaea
~ 3.6 Gya (Archean)
~ 2.7 Gya (Archean)
~ 1.8 Gya (Proterozoic)
~ 1.3 Gya (Proterozoic)
~ 600 Mya (Proterozoic)
~ 300 Mya (Phanerozoic)
Patterns of EvolutionGeological
Global Warming/Cooling Glaciers and Polar Ice Caps Changes in Sea Level
Ice Ages
Patterns of EvolutionBiological
Environmental Changes & Mass Extinctions
1. Random and Require Many Generations
3. Diversification in Anatomy and Physiology4. Diversification in Size
5. Best Adaptations Passed On to Posterity
2. Most Mutations are Deadly – Lead to Extinction
Genetic Mutations