Get Ready to Pass the Get Ready to Pass the Earth Science ExamEarth Science Exam

NOTE: THIS PICTURE SHOWS A STUDENT STUDYING – SOMETHING MOST OF YOU HAVE NEVER TRIED. IT WORKS!

1. The same substance always 1. The same substance always has the same densityhas the same density

2. As pressure increases, density 2. As pressure increases, density increasesincreases

3. As 3. As temperature temperature increases, increases, density density decreasesdecreases

4. Water is most 4. Water is most dense at 4dense at 4oo C, when it is C, when it is a liquida liquid

5. Water expands when it freezes5. Water expands when it freezes

6. Most changes are cyclic6. Most changes are cyclic

7. The true shape of the Earth is 7. The true shape of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, but from space an oblate spheroid, but from space

it looks like a perfect sphere.it looks like a perfect sphere.

8. The best model of the earth is a sphere

9. The 9. The altitude of altitude of Polaris is Polaris is

equal to your equal to your latitude on latitude on

Earth!Earth!

10. To 10. To determine the determine the

earth’s earth’s circumference, circumference, the altitude of the altitude of

the sun is the sun is needed at 2 needed at 2 locations.locations.

11. 11. Latitude Latitude lines run lines run

east-west, east-west, but but

measure measure distances distances

N – S.N – S.

12. Longitude lines run N – S, but 12. Longitude lines run N – S, but measure distances E – W.measure distances E – W.

13. 13. Longitude is Longitude is

based on based on observations observations of the sun.of the sun.

14. The closer the isolines 14. The closer the isolines (isobars, isotherms, contours), the (isobars, isotherms, contours), the

steeper the gradient!steeper the gradient!

15. The earth rotates from West to 15. The earth rotates from West to East (24 hours) or East (24 hours) or counterclockwisecounterclockwise

16. The earth revolves 16. The earth revolves counterclockwise around the sun counterclockwise around the sun

(365 ¼ days)(365 ¼ days)

17. All celestial objects appear to 17. All celestial objects appear to rise in the east and set in the west.rise in the east and set in the west.

18. The moon has phases 18. The moon has phases because of the angle at which we because of the angle at which we

view it (Half is ALWAYS lit!).view it (Half is ALWAYS lit!).

19. Planets appear to go 19. Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde motion) as backwards (retrograde motion) as the earth passes them in space.the earth passes them in space.

20. Summer Solstice is 20. Summer Solstice is June 21June 21stst

21. Winter Solstice is 21. Winter Solstice is December 21December 21stst

22. Equinoxes: March 22. Equinoxes: March 2121stst and September and September 21st21st

23. The equator always receives 23. The equator always receives 12 hours of daylight.12 hours of daylight.

24. The lower the altitude of the 24. The lower the altitude of the sun, the longer the shadow it casts.sun, the longer the shadow it casts.

25. Foucault’s pendulum and the 25. Foucault’s pendulum and the coriolis effect prove the earth coriolis effect prove the earth

rotatesrotates. .

26. Earth is closer to the sun in the 26. Earth is closer to the sun in the winter.winter.

Winter

27. The closer the planet is to the 27. The closer the planet is to the sun, the faster it moves!sun, the faster it moves!

28. Black absorbs/white reflects.28. Black absorbs/white reflects. Good absorbers are good Good absorbers are good

radiators.radiators.

29. The half-life of a radioactive 29. The half-life of a radioactive element cannot be changed!element cannot be changed!

30. Ocean crust is thin 30. Ocean crust is thin and made of basalt.and made of basalt.

31. Continental crust is 31. Continental crust is thick and made of thick and made of granite!granite!

32. Energy moves from source to 32. Energy moves from source to sink (high concentration to low sink (high concentration to low

concentration).concentration).

33. Mountains form by uplift.33. Mountains form by uplift.

34. Chemical weathering 34. Chemical weathering occurs most rapidly occurs most rapidly in warm, moist in warm, moist climates and involves climates and involves a change in chemical a change in chemical composition of the composition of the rock.rock.

35. Physical weathering 35. Physical weathering occurs most rapidly occurs most rapidly in cold, moist in cold, moist climates due to frost climates due to frost action.action.

36. Air moves 36. Air moves clockwise and clockwise and outward around a outward around a high pressure high pressure system.system.

36. Air moves 36. Air moves counterclockwise counterclockwise and toward the and toward the center of a low center of a low pressure system.pressure system.

37. As temperature 37. As temperature increases, air increases, air pressure pressure decreases. decreases. (Indirect)(Indirect)

38. As moisture 38. As moisture increases, increases, pressure pressure decreases decreases (Indirect).(Indirect).

39. Air pressure 39. Air pressure decreases with decreases with altitude.altitude.

40. High pressure is cool and dry; 40. High pressure is cool and dry; low is warm and wet!low is warm and wet!

41. Winds are due to air pressure 41. Winds are due to air pressure differences.differences.

42. Wind blows from areas of 42. Wind blows from areas of high pressure to low pressurehigh pressure to low pressure

43. Wind is named from the 43. Wind is named from the direction it is coming!direction it is coming!

44. The closer the air temperature 44. The closer the air temperature and dew point temperature the and dew point temperature the

greater the chance of precipitation greater the chance of precipitation (increased humidity).(increased humidity).

45. Weather moves from West to 45. Weather moves from West to East in the United States.East in the United States.

46. Cold Front46. Cold Front47. Cold fronts move the fastest!47. Cold fronts move the fastest!

Cold fronts force warm air up and are associated with Cold fronts force warm air up and are associated with short narrow bands of heavy precipitation and short narrow bands of heavy precipitation and thunder/lightning in advance of the front!thunder/lightning in advance of the front!

48. Warm Front48. Warm Front

Warm fronts ride up the back of cold air and produce Warm fronts ride up the back of cold air and produce longer periods of steady rain and occur both in front of longer periods of steady rain and occur both in front of and behind the advancing front.and behind the advancing front.

49. Occluded Front49. Occluded Front

50. 50. Porosity Porosity does NOT depend on does NOT depend on particle size.particle size.

51. As particle size increases, 51. As particle size increases, permeability increases!permeability increases!

52. Capillarity increases when 52. Capillarity increases when particle size decreases.particle size decreases.

53. Potential evapotranspiration 53. Potential evapotranspiration depends on temperature.depends on temperature.

54. Dynamic equilibrium means 54. Dynamic equilibrium means balance.balance.

55. Apparent diameter of objects (sun, 55. Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when the object is closer moon) gets larger when the object is closer

to Earth (perihelion/perigee)to Earth (perihelion/perigee)

56. Vertical rays (overhead sun) 56. Vertical rays (overhead sun) can occur between 23 ½ can occur between 23 ½ oo N and 23 N and 23

1/21/2oo S. S.

57. Index fossils are good time 57. Index fossils are good time markers (widely spread, lived a markers (widely spread, lived a

short time).short time).

58. Air cools as it rises.58. Air cools as it rises.

59. Water bodies moderate 59. Water bodies moderate temperature (cooler summers/warmer temperature (cooler summers/warmer

winters) along the coast.winters) along the coast.

60. Expansional cooling: 60. Expansional cooling: Orographic effect!Orographic effect!

61. Gravity is the primary force 61. Gravity is the primary force behind ALL erosional agents!behind ALL erosional agents!

62. Streams are the number 62. Streams are the number one agent of erosion. one agent of erosion. B/C there is so much of B/C there is so much of it on Earth!it on Earth!

63. Stream velocity depends 63. Stream velocity depends on slope and discharge.on slope and discharge.

1.1. Increase in slope = Increase in slope = increased velocity and increased velocity and increased discharge.increased discharge.

64. Velocity is fastest 64. Velocity is fastest on the outside of a on the outside of a meander bend.meander bend.

65. Heavy, round and dense particles settle out first 65. Heavy, round and dense particles settle out first (Graded bedding).(Graded bedding).

66. Bedding (vertical sorting): biggest sentiments 66. Bedding (vertical sorting): biggest sentiments are on bottom!are on bottom!

Horizontal Sorting – Biggest is located near the shore

67. Glacial sediments are unsorted, 67. Glacial sediments are unsorted, unconsolidated, scratched, create U-shaped unconsolidated, scratched, create U-shaped

valleys!valleys!

68. Sedimentary rocks68. Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers – strata – flat layers – most likely to have fossils– most likely to have fossils

69. Igneous rock69. Igneous rock: cools fast, small crystals; : cools fast, small crystals; cools slow, big crystalscools slow, big crystals

70. Metamorphic70. Metamorphic – banding, foliation or – banding, foliation or distorted structuredistorted structure

71. Mineral properties depend on 71. Mineral properties depend on internal atomic arrangement.internal atomic arrangement.

- it will determine the hardness, cleavage- it will determine the hardness, cleavage

72. Silicon + oxygen = tetrahedron72. Silicon + oxygen = tetrahedron

73. Isostasy: earth’s crust in 73. Isostasy: earth’s crust in equilibriumequilibrium

74. Mid-ocean ridge – new earth 74. Mid-ocean ridge – new earth being created – sea floor being created – sea floor

spreading.spreading.

75. Trenches – earth being 75. Trenches – earth being destroyed – subduction zonedestroyed – subduction zone

76. P waves travel faster than S waves.76. P waves travel faster than S waves.

77. P waves travel through liquid and solids – 77. P waves travel through liquid and solids – S waves only travel through solids.S waves only travel through solids.

78. Three (3) seismic stations are needed to 78. Three (3) seismic stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake.locate the epicenter of an earthquake.

Locating the epicenterLocating the epicenter

80. In undisturbed 80. In undisturbed strata – the strata – the bottom layer bottom layer is the oldestis the oldestLAW OF LAW OF SUPERPOSITIONSUPERPOSITION

81. Intrusion and faults are 81. Intrusion and faults are younger than the rock they cut younger than the rock they cut

across!across!

82. Unconformity means erosion 82. Unconformity means erosion followed by deposition.followed by deposition.

83. Arid landscape: steep slopes 83. Arid landscape: steep slopes with sharp angles.with sharp angles.

84. Humid landscape: smooth with 84. Humid landscape: smooth with rounded slopes.rounded slopes.

85. Uranium 85. Uranium 235235 dates old rocks. dates old rocks.

86. Carbon 86. Carbon 1414 dates recent dates recent living objects.living objects.

87. Convection currents in the 87. Convection currents in the mantle move plates.mantle move plates.

88. When a rock is broken into 88. When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area smaller pieces, surface area

increases and weathering increases and weathering increases.increases.

SUGGESTIONSSUGGESTIONS

PAY ATTENTION TO OUR REVIEWS IN PAY ATTENTION TO OUR REVIEWS IN CLASS.CLASS.

IF THERE IS AN AREA THAT YOU FEEL IF THERE IS AN AREA THAT YOU FEEL WEAK IN, GO TO MY WEB SITE AND WEAK IN, GO TO MY WEB SITE AND READ OVER THE POWERPOINTS.READ OVER THE POWERPOINTS.

GO TO THE REVIEW SECTION ON MY GO TO THE REVIEW SECTION ON MY WEB SITE AND REVIEW THE WEB SITE AND REVIEW THE POWERPOINTS THERE.POWERPOINTS THERE.