Temple University conference, 17 December 2010Yves Henocque, OPRF Visiting Fellow

Global ocean governance and the challenge of

Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Japan

and some other countries

WE HAVE GLOBAL PROBLEMS

An environmental crisis, especially associated with global warming

One of the worst financial, economicand social crisis in post-war history

Should the answer be global or local ?

PLANET EARTH / PLANET OCEAN

We live on Planet Earth, i.e. 30% of the planet

The remaining 70% is covered by waterPlanet Ocean

of which 70% is an abyss averaging 4,000m.below the sea surface (max: 10,924m.)

99% of Earth’s biosphere is in/under marine waters (5% of the ocean explored as of today)

A sea of international agreements and main concepts1982. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is adopted….. Ratified in 1994

Territorial waters – Exclusive Economic Zone – International waters

1987. Our Common Future (Brundtland Report).Report from the World Commission on Environment and Development linking social, economical, cultural and environmental issues for tackling with global solutions.

Sustainable Development1988. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is establishedCollecting, integrating, assessing and predicting using the most recent information from scientific, technical and socio-economical research.

Climate change – Mitigation/Adaptation

1992. Earth Summit. UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. Agreements about the Agenda 21 action plan and the Convention on Biodiversity, the frameworkConvention on Climate Change and Principles on forest conservation.

Integrated Coastal Management – Ecosystem-Based Management

1995. UN Fish Stocks Agreement. Mandated the uses of the precautionary approach and an ecosystem-based approach to conservation and management

Ecosystem approach to fisheries

2005. Report from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Logical framework linking pressures to the state of ecosystemic services and human well-being, for a global assessment of ecosystems state andscenarios on future evolution.

Ecosystemic Services – Human Well-being

Exclusive Economic Zone

United States: 11.3 M Km² Russia: 7.5 M Km²France: 11 M Km² Canada: 5.5 M Km²Australia: 8.1 Km² Japan: 4.4 M Km²

Legal and institutional aspects

Japan’s EEZ: 4.47 million km²

: 11.03 million km²

European Marine Ecoregions

A- Groenland /Iceland SeaB- Barents SeaC- Feroe islandsD- Norvegian SeaE- Celtic SeasF- North SeaG- South AtlanticH- Western MediterraneanI- Adriatic/Aegean SeaJ- Aegean-Levantine SeaK- North-East Atlantic Ocean

CBD COP-10, Nagoya, 18-29 October 2010

Marine Living Planet Index:Overall declinein abundance,

diversity,and distribution of

marine species

Tracking Ancient-Past-Present EcosystemsArchaeology – Travellers’ accounts - Archival records Traditional (TEK) and local (LEK) ecological knowledge Scientific data including DNA diversity analysis

(From Pitcher and Lam, 2010)

NON-LINEAR

UNSTABLE

WITHTHRESHOLDS

FUNDAMENTALLY A SYSTEM WHICH IS

A Sea of uncoordinated initiatives

UNCED Agenda 21Chapter 17: Integrated coastal and marine management

Chapter 15: Conservation of Biological Diversity

Chapter 18:Protection of Quality and Supply of Freshwater

ICM

EBM

IWRM

What is it ?Integrated Coastal Management

Promote the people, while trying to preserve the place

Biodiversity conservationPreserve the place,

while engaging the people

In which context ?

Social-Ecological system and its interconnections

Drivers of change Coastal ecosystemsEx: Bay, Estuary…

Large marine ecosystemsEx: the Seto Inland Sea

EcosystemServices

Benefits (Human Well-being)

PROVISIONINGFood, water, fibres, combustibles, genes

REGULATIONClimate, water, disease

CULTURALSpiritual, education,

recreation

SUPPORTINGPhotosynthesis, soil

constitution, Nutrients cycle

Indirect pressures•Demography•Economics (globalisation,market, commerce)

•Socio-political •Scientific & technological•Cultural (consumers’ choice)

Direct pressures•Land-use management•Introduction or elimination of species•Use and adaptation totechnology•Use of resources•Climate change

Coastal and ocean stakeholders

Civil society(Consumers)

« Knowledge »communities

Institutions(G-PS-CV)

USERS

GOVERNANCE

Integrated ecosystem-based management practices

BIODIVERSITY

Environmentalprocesses

hydrology

Material fluxes

Nutrients fluxes

Energy

NGOs

Gover

nmen

t

Dynamic of scales

The problem of the coast and the ocean is a problem of human behaviour

It must be tackled at a multi-scale level, both ways:

from global to local and vice versa

It is a problem of governance, i.e. the way decisions are made while generating a

sense of ownership

Restoring the ecosystem resilience through multi-scale governance processes

Intergovernmental organisations(UN, sector-led organisations)

Transnational networks(Governments: G8, G20 / Civil society: NGOs…)

Regional seas conventions

National Maritime Policies

Local implementation

Polic

ies

/Str

ateg

ies

Gov

erna

nce

mec

hani

sms

Inter-sectoral application

Cross-cutting application

Sharedinstruments

Knowledge

Monitoring

Evaluation

Funding

Multi-scale application

Nested approachAdministrative boundariesSense of place

Environment (risks, biodiversity, pollution…), international activities, research andinnovation, security and defense, etc.

Uses of mineral, energy, biological resources ; maritime transport, tourism…

The making of an integrated maritime policy

Integratedcoastal

management

Integrated water resources management

Integrated regional seasand ocean management

An issue about cultural values

South Pacific societies: a kinship feeling with ecosystem elements

GOVERNANCE ?

Governance gives the framework in which management operates

WHAT ABOUT JAPAN ?

Japan: some maritime features Japan: some maritime features

○ Terrestrial superficy378.000 km2

(61st in the world)

○ EEZ superficy4,47 Million km2

(6th in the world)

○ Number of islands6.847 islands

○ Coastline length35.000 km

○ Terrestrial superficy378.000 km2

(61st in the world)

○ EEZ superficy4,47 Million km2

(6th in the world)

○ Number of islands6.847 islands

○ Coastline length35.000 km

○ Dependency on maritime transportfor commerce

more than 99%

○ Shipbuilding (annual)19 Million tons( 2008, 2nd in the world)～27.6% of the world production

○ Number of Ports (commerce, fisheries3.914

○ Annual production of fisheries and aquaculture 5,72 Million tons

( 2007, 5th in the world)

○ Dependency on maritime transportfor commerce

more than 99%

○ Shipbuilding (annual)19 Million tons( 2008, 2nd in the world)～27.6% of the world production

○ Number of Ports (commerce, fisheries3.914

○ Annual production of fisheries and aquaculture 5,72 Million tons

( 2007, 5th in the world)

JAPAN MARITIME POLICY

Basic Ocean Act (2007)Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)

12 measures:Development and use of marine resourcesPreservation of marine environmentDevelopment of EEZ and continental shelfSecuring maritime transportSecuring safety and security at seaMarine surveysR&D in marine science and technologyInternational competitiveness of industryIntegrated management of coastal zonesPreservation of islandsInternational coordination and cooperationCitizen’s awareness and education

POLICY GOALS BASED ON HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION

Sato-yama, somewhere in Japan Sato-yama, somewhere in Europe

Sato-umi, somewhere in Japan Sato-umi, somewhere in Europe

Relationship with nature

Fundamentally different from the western perceptionMan and nature: external relationshipMan with nature: internal relationship

A definition of Sato-umi:A coastal zone where the livelihoods of human beingsAnd the blessings of nature harmoniously coexist withcoastal area ecosystems

Sea farming in Okayama Prefecture

Zoned’immersion

Zone degrossissement

Equipement acoustiquepour l’alimentation

Habitats pourgrossissement

Habitats pourpoissons matures

Habitats pourgéniteurs

FISHING RIGHTS

a unique systemallocating the resources and the space

to Prefectures and Fisheries Cooperatives

Fishing rights = environmental duties

Keeping the system working

An issue about change of behaviour

MPA types and numbers in JapanBottom-up / Top down

YaeyamaIslands,Okinawa

- Total: 1,161 MPAs

Including more than 1,000 implemented in conjunction with fishery Regulations (legal or self-imposed no-take zones)

National scale (EEZ)

Marine Ecoregions?Engagement ofPrefectures

Local scale(municipalities)

Maritime policy: a matter of ownershipa matter of networksa matter of scalea matter of nested governance

In the last 40 or 50 years,the economy was dominant.In the next 20 or 30 years, social issues will be dominant.Peter F. Drucker (2000)

THANK YOU !www.sof.or.jp