GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION COMES TO THE COMES TO THE

DESERT – DESERT – DUBAI, ISLAM, DUBAI, ISLAM,

AND OILAND OIL

David J. KeelingDavid J. Keeling Western Kentucky University Western Kentucky University

Bowling Green, KentuckyBowling Green, KentuckyThe American Geographical SocietyThe American Geographical Society

KEY ISSUE – HOW WILL A POST-OIL DUBAI KEY ISSUE – HOW WILL A POST-OIL DUBAI AND THE ARAB WORLD ENGAGE WITH AND THE ARAB WORLD ENGAGE WITH

GLOBALIZATION?GLOBALIZATION?

(2007)(2007)

Dubai - Non-oil foreign tradeDubai - Non-oil foreign trade

ARABIC CULTURAL REALMARABIC CULTURAL REALM

THE MAGHREB AND MOROCCO

AN ISLAMIC REALMAN ISLAMIC REALMMuhammad (c. 570- 632 CE)Five Pillars of FaithSunnis versus Shi’itesPresence of other world religions_______________First Muslim raid into North Africa – 642

CE North Africa and Arabian Gulf as the

conduit for Islam’s expansion into Iberia (711 CE), the Saharan region, and the East (India/Indonesia)

DIFFUSION OF RELIGION

North America

Middle America

South America

CHRISTIANITY ISLAM HINDUISM BUDDHISM

POLITICAL EMPIRE OF ISLAM

ISLAM, CULTURE, ECONOMICS Five Pillars of Faith

Repeated Expressions Of The Creed Daily Prayer (5 Times) Month Of Daytime Fasting (Ramadan) Giving Of Alms Pilgrimage To Mecca During One’s Life

Jihad (to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle)

jihad al-akbar, the greater jihad, is said to be the struggle against one’s soul jihad al-asgar, the lesser jihad, is external and is in reference

to physical effort, i.e. fighting.

VIBRANT SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM

8TH – 15TH CENTURIES PRO BUSINESS

ISLAM BECAME CONSERVATIVEECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY1480s TO 1520s - WHY?WHY?

TRADE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLDTRADE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD

Venetian and Genoan Trade NetworksVenetian and Genoan Trade Networks

PILGRIMAGE ECONOMIESPILGRIMAGE ECONOMIES

Ibn Battuta - Hajj 1325

THE SILK ROAD AND THE ARAB SEA ROUTES

Guangzhou

Xi’an

Lanzhou

Dunhuang

Turpan

Hotan

KashgarSamarkand

Merv Bactra

Bukhara

ReyHamadan

Baghdad

Berenike

Alexandria

Tyre

Antioch

ConstantinopleAthens

Rome

Muza

Aden

Kané

Muscat

Sur

Mogadishu

Mombasa

Barbaricon

Barygaza

Muziris

Calcutta

CHINA

INDIA

PERSIA

ARABIA

EUROPE

EGYPT

JAVA

Indian Ocean

Arabian Sea

Sout

h C

hina

Sea

Mediterranean Ocean

Black Sea

Caspian Sea

Gobi Desert

Taklimakan Desert

Atlantic O

cean

Pac

ific

Oce

anRed Sea

SOMALIA

500 Miles

Malacca

Bay of Bengal

ISOLATED ISLAMISOLATED ISLAM

GEOGRAPHICAL IMPACT OF THE SUEZ CANAL, 1869

16,000 KM

10,000 KM

PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD ECONOMYECONOMY

  1500-1780 1780-1880 1880-1970 1970- 2009…..

Mode of Accumulation

Economic system

MercantilismIndustrial

capitalismMonopoly

capitalismCorporate

capitalismSource of

growthTrade in commodities Manufacturing Manufacturing

Manufacturing and services

Production unit

Workshop FactoryMultinational

corporationCorporate

system

World-System Characteristics

Space relations

Trade routes Atlantic basin International Global

Supply system

ColonialismColonialism /

ImperialismState

imperialismCorporate

imperialism

Hegemonic powers

United Provinces, Mediterranean city states

Britain Britain, USA USA

2020thth Century Oil Boom Century Oil Boom

ISLAM’S MODERN CHALLENGES?ISLAM’S MODERN CHALLENGES?

RESISTANCE TO MODERNITY ?RESISTANCE TO MODERNITY ?

POLITICAL RIGIDITY (NO DEMOCRACIES)POLITICAL RIGIDITY (NO DEMOCRACIES)

INABILITY TO SEPARATE ISLAM FROMINABILITY TO SEPARATE ISLAM FROM

INDIVIDUALISTIC IDEOLOGIES ?INDIVIDUALISTIC IDEOLOGIES ?

(SELF AND SOCIETY)(SELF AND SOCIETY)

HOW IS DUBAI ADDRESSING HOW IS DUBAI ADDRESSING THESE ISSUES?THESE ISSUES?

DUBAI – TRANSFORMED DUBAI – TRANSFORMED LANDSCAPESLANDSCAPES

GLOBAL CAPITAL AND ARTIFICIAL GLOBAL CAPITAL AND ARTIFICIAL WORLDSWORLDS

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

GROWING GROWING URBANIZATION URBANIZATION IN THE ARABIC IN THE ARABIC WORLD AS OIL WORLD AS OIL AND TOURISM AND TOURISM SHAPE THE SHAPE THE MODERN MODERN ECONOMYECONOMY

Human Human movement movement across borders across borders is one of the is one of the major elements major elements of 21of 21stst C. C. globalizationglobalization

Modern Modern

CaravansCaravans

LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE ARABIC WORLD -THE ARABIC WORLD -

FAILURE TO DEVELOP SOCIALFAILURE TO DEVELOP SOCIALOVERHEAD CAPITALOVERHEAD CAPITAL

OIL AND WATER – HOW DO THEY MIX OIL AND WATER – HOW DO THEY MIX IN THE ECONOMY? IN THE ECONOMY?

THE IMPACT OF OILTHE IMPACT OF OIL HIGH INCOMES MODERNIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION INTRA-REGIONAL

MIGRATION INTER-REGIONAL

MIGRATION REGIONAL

DISPARITIES FOREIGN INVESTMENT

WATER - A RENEWABLE OR FINITE RESOURCE?

Water is critical for life, food production, and industrial processes.

Most of the Arabic states face water-shortage conditions (coupled with Southwest Asia generally, it’s the most concentrated region of scarcity in the world).

The North African states all have rates of natural population increase above 2.0%, increasing the stress on water sources.

WATER STRESS (SUPPLY-DEMAND)

High None

Stress

SouthAmerica

NorthAmerica

Europe

Asia

Africa

Australia

2121STST CENTURY CHALLENGES? CENTURY CHALLENGES?

1. GLOBALIZATION

2. POST-OIL ECONOMIES (DIVERSITY)

3. INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS (ROLE OF WOMEN, PRESS)

4. SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES

5. NO COMMON BONDS FOR REGIONAL UNITY (BEYOND ISLAM)

● 6. FUNDAMENTALISM - REJECTION OF MODERNITY

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!