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B.A.R.C-958
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
PROGRESS REPORT OF THERADIATION TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SECTION
ISOTOPE GROUPFOR THE PERIOD ENDING AUGUST 1977
Compiled and Edited byA. D. Naik, A. N. Roy and A. B. Majali
BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
BOMBAY, INDIA1977
B. A.R. C. -958
GOVERNMENT OF INDIAATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
in
U
PROGRESS REPORT OF THERADIATION TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SECTION
ISOTOPE G IOUPFOR THE PERIOD ENDING AUGUST 1977
Compiled and Edited by
A. D. Naik, A. N. Roy and A. B. Majatl
BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTREBOMBAY, INDIA
1977
C O N T E N T S
Title Pam No.
FOREWORDSECTION It RADIATION TECHNOLOGY
1.1 Design and Development of Irradiatcrst
1.1.1 Development work on Ganma Chamber-900 and T-1Gamma Chamber-4000A.
1.1.2 Development effort on commercial scale T-2irradiatore for sterilisation of medical
products and hospital supplies.
1*2 Allied Developments»
1*2.1 Design and modification of 100,000 Cl sourcesstorage flask for PA KBIT irradiator T-4
1.2.2 Design of transport^cum-transfer cask for
for 120,000 Ci Cobalt-60 source T-6
1.2.3 Development of box testing station T-7
1.2*4 Semi-automatic remote welding machine forsealed radiation sources. - T-9
1*2*$ Remotely opertted leak detection set-up for T-10sealed radiation sources.
1*2*6 Development of pneumatic pressure-suction T-10system for gamma irradiation of samples ifaHIRUP souce storage pool.
1.2.7 Radiation dosimetry studies for ISOMED T—11
1.2*6 Use of semi conductor diodes as dositaeter T-15in high gamma irradiation field.
1.2*9 Large scale production of go-no-go mdiation T-16indicator labels*
1*2*10 Operational experience with IS0W2D T-18
1.2.11 Hot-Cell eervloes. T-19
1»3 Radiation Processing
1.3.1 Development of wood-polymer composites T-19
1.3.2 Radiation polymersation of e.crylamide T-23
1.3.3 Radiation curing of latex T-25
1.3.4 Irradiation of sewage-waste T-26
SECTION 2 % INEOSTRIAL APPLICATION
2.1 Radiography
2.1.1 Evaluating of indigenous selenium coated plates R-1for xeroradiography
2.1.2 Efficiency of intensifying screens in R-3isotope radiography.
2.1.3 Reproduction of radiographs. R-5
2.1.4 Hot radiography R-6
2.1.5 Static charge depositing systen for xeroradiogr»phyR-8
2.1.6 Radiography camera Model-IRCX"150 R-6
2.1.7 Lightweight iridium camera for pipeline inspection R-9
2.1.8 Uranium shielded iridium camera R-10
2.1.9 Mini X-ray instrument R-10
2.1.10 Labograph R-11
2.1.12 Specialised radiography applications R-12
2*2 Isotope Instruments
2.2.1 Scan converter inspection system 1-1
2.2.2 A semi conductor radiation detector with J-2avalanche dharacteristics
2.2.3 Digital preset control for isotope radiography 1-4
2.2.4 Development of ion mobility analyser 1-5
Ill
2*2*5 Smoke detector development
1. Design improvements on twin chamber deteotors 1-6
2* Smoke detector pexfoxnance evaluation 1-7
3« Held installations and operation 1-6experiences on smoke detectors.
4* Development of control consoles for smoke 1-9detection systems.
2*2*$. Characterisation of thermoelectric modules 1-10for radioisotopic power generator system.
2*2*7 A dual action solid state fire alarm 1-13
SECTION 3» TRAINING AMD EDUCATION
3*1 Training Course in Industrial Isotope Badiographjr 1-1
SECTION 41 LIST OF FUBlIC/iTIOHS
FOKEWOBP
Tke report briefly outlines the activities of tke Radiation
Technology and Industrial Applications Section for tke period ending
August, 1977. Major effort of tke section during tke period was
expended in developing appropriate technology for tke utilisation of
intense radiation sources of cobalt-60 and otker radieisetepes at Billion
curie level, expected from tke power reactors in a pkaaed nanntr beginning
from tke middle of 1977. A significant development in tkis fieli vas
tke completion of studies and design engineering for an economic scalo
process irradiator for tke radiation Btorllisatioa #f medical products
which would bring.down both,the investment and tke unit processing cost.
In addition, work kas been taken up for tke setting up of cebalt-60
irradiation facilities for sources upto 300,000 Gi level, botk in India
and abroad. These facilities include one at Srinagar, Kashmir and tke
otkera at Jakarta, Indonesia and at Rangoon, Burma.
A notable contribution nade in tke area of radiation process
developnent wortk mentioning trae the practical demonstration of the
superiority of the new material "wood-polymer oompesites" for application
in chemical industry, textile industry, flooring and eleotrlcal
industries. Over 3 tonnes of WPC materials of different sizes and skapos
were processed for field evaluation by agencies concerned. As a result
of wkidk a leading wood processing industry in Kerals is investing over
Ra.10 lakks on an experimental scale 100 kilo ourio cobalt-^0 faoility
wkick is being designed and installed by tkis Section and duo to be
commissioned by tke ond of 1977*
Tke team working en industrial instruments and safety devices
using radieiaetepes has successfully completed a commercially viable
design ef a sm«ke alara systeia and demonstrated its efficiency both
from the peint ef view of its sensitivity ef detection and ef ita
larg« «cal» application^ thrtugk aotual eite installations at a number ef
computer centres aud public utility areas ef importance.
Towards promoting tke utilisation of radiation aeuross i«
reeearok, iaduetry and technical institutions, work OH limited* scale
production and supply of irradiation units euok at gsKina ckaubera,
zmdiagrapky caaeias and otker mdioisotope iaetrumeatB iras beiRg
oontiiued. Tke demand for these units had growm rapidly during tkio
period and an appropriate method consistent witk radiation safety is
being examined for the trff.wjfar of techaology an* prodwctioH of tkese
isotope-housed uxLtn outsit.* tuo ambit of BAEC 30 *r, to conserve our
liaitei reseurcea i'er ieval'tyasntoS. work,
The report alse ccotaico infarmttioa 911 «ur current programme
of trai«i«g in inotApe radlo^m-»by .tor ti3<* procitftioji o.f application of
radioisotopes in industry nilh utmost safety and of «tk«r dovelopaestal
work Including xert ra^itsgrapkj, sci.n con^ex-tcr uystemt abo. aiaed at
furtkering tke technology is. our
fj) I 1A/\ < W V A llu
( K. Krishnamurthy)Head, Hadiation Technology &InduBtrlal Application Section
SECTION 1 t RADIATION TECHNOLOGY
1,1. DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF IRRADIATOHS
1,1*1. Development work an Gamnft Chamber—OOP and Qmaa ChmfaM?—AOQO A
P.B. Verma, K.3. Aggarwal & A.D. Nalk.
Anong the researoh lrradlatora the Gamma Chaabere, due to
their Inherent simplicity, have all along been •ought by a large numbar
of ueere. In view of this new designs of Genoa Chariber-4000 A and
Gamn Chambar-900 have been brought out whloh has a auoh lower
•anufaoturing ooat and a better stability and integrity for safe
transportation*
The figures T 1 & 2 show the modified and improved version
of OC-400OA and GC-900.
The overall height of the unit is considerably reduced and
is now nore oonvenlent for plaoeoent and reaoval of samples in the
unit* further^ installation and of aalntenanoe requlxenents have been
brought down considerably.
The soundness of the design of these units in regard to the
integrity of the shield and oontaimnent of the xadioaotlve Material
has been repeatedly proved in two road aeoidents of severe nature*
The latter aocident ooourred in Mivoh this year near Hulk on the
Boabay-Agra National Highway* In spite of the head-on-collision of
the carrier with anbther lorry* the aaln unit oontaininff 5000 Ci of
oobalt-60 and weighing about 5 tons rssalned absolutely intaot*
1*1.2, Development effort on commercial scale irradlators forof medl.ca], pro^q^g & hospital autraliaa
K.Krl8hnamurthy$ >A.J>. Nalk| D.S. Iavale; K.D. Nayak*
High aouroe utilisation efficiency and low processing ooat
ax* two important factors to be considered in the design of a
oonoeroial process irradiator. Initially, inprovemsnts and
Innovations in the design of PANBIT and 1SQMBD, the two lrradiators
of established effieacy were considered*
The design for a continuous conveyor system with the produot-
ahuffle system of the PANBIT irradiator scaled-up to J tier continuous
operation* waa worked out. This way, the source utilisation effiolenoy
waa estimated to go up to about 11& This system waa considered to be
technically feasible, but not good enough from eoonomio point of view
and therefore was not pursued further*
In the next stage an adaptation of the ISOMED design with
several improvements waa considered* Extensive studies on the dose
distribution pattern in the various sections of the ISOMBD conveyor
had indicated that the aouroe utilisation oould be improved by
reducing the number of passes and Increasing the height of the
carriers of the ln-cell conveyor. ftg*?3 showfegthe Modified lay-out
for the eonveyor was therefore studied, the other three aspects
considered for ioprovements were -
T-3
1. Inoreasliij th3 labyrinth conveyor speed to 4 times,
which v,ould reduce the product hold up and minimise
the pauses in the irradiation cycle which result into
problems in dose estimation*
2* Simplified design for the box transfer and the linear
transfer systems, and
3* Elimination of the expensive plus door by a provision of an
extended labyrinth for access for personnel*
In the simplified box transfer system, shown in the lover part
of the Fig* T 4 » two carriers simultaneously move out of the conveyor
line but to levels differing by one shelf height so that, the loading,
off-loading and the box-transfer are all accomplished by just one set
of pushers*
The new linear transfer system is located outside the cell for
simpler construction.
However, in spite of all these improvements the total plant
cost is considered to be prohibitive for economic application of
radiation sterilisation in our country*
Taking ail these factors into consideration* an entirely new
design for a medium scale irradiator named as ISOPAN, has now been
evolved as shown in Fig.T 5*
T-4
The maximum source capacity of this irradiator would be
400*000 ouries of cobalt-60. The total plant cost ia estimated
to be only 1/3 rd that of ISOMED. i>r» main features of this design
•re i-
1* Inexpensive roller oonveyorB: for the entire product
handling system,
2* Total elimination of linear transfer «*e to the inherent
nature of the conveyor,
3« Box transfer system located right ihsltte the oell for
•voiding any break in the irradiation oytfto,
4. Elimination of expensive oonorete doc* by a provision of
labyrinth aocesa into the cell, and,
H» Twin pool under water soon* stooge t» eiapllfy the
souroe loadthg.
1.2. ALLIED DEVELOPMENTS
1*2.1. Design and modification of 100.000 Cla souroes storage flaskfor PANBIT Irradiator
P.B. Vermaj Satyaranjant K.S.
The design of the lead flask for housing 100,000 ois souroe
for PAKBIT irradiator has been done taking into consideration the
ruggedness of the whole system including the souroe cage aounting
device as per stringent international transport requlxeaent for
zadioaotive material, maximum allowable radiation exposure on th*
T-5
surface of the flask, product dose uniformity and finally heat
dissipation factor from flask surface. Based on the above
factors the flask has been developed not only 'or.its use as an
irradiation facility but also as a transport cum-storage
oontainer. She design of the flask involves (a) the development
of source cage cylinder of 15 cm* dia. mounting 24 standard
oobalt-60 source pencils of 30-40 ei/gm ap. activity having total
strength of 100,000 Cis. (b) the use of multiple paths of
radiation technique for arriving at the appropriate lead shielding
of the flask for maximum permissible radiation exposure lii-its.
A oontainer was therefore fabricated as per the above
design and shielding tests were being carried out for check up of
actual performance criteria. However, in a test with 2900 Cis
•ouroe loading it was observed to have significant radiation
leakage from some selected points* The problem \-oS studied la detail and
finally the permissible radiation exposure limit was achieved with
the appropriate change* in the shield conditions of the flask*
la the original unflnned design the surface temperature
of the flask was found to be around 98°C for 100,000 CL load which
was auoh higher than the International permissible limit of 0O°C
for transport purpose*
Accordingly finned tube heat exchanger with natural air as
heat transporting, medium on the surface of the lead flask for
100,000 <̂ is, as shown la Fig, T6 has been developed based on
T-6
olassioal heat transfer equation. The design temperature of the
flask has been arrival at 59°C by way of Increased eurfaoe
through 36 number* of longitudinal fins of 100 •» vide aad
10 •• thickness*
1.2.2. Beslaa of transport-oum-transfer oask for 120.000 01Cobalt-60 souroes
S.S. Tatel
The development of such oasks involves various design
parameters like appropriate lead shielding as per international
regulation for maximum permissible radiation exposure, determination
of outer shell thickness based on standard technique of punotnre
test and free-drop teat* application of olassioal heat transfer
theory an-i equation to conform to the strict regulation of maxima
attainable temperature of 82°c at the surface of the flask.
Significant increase in the capacity of the oask is also possible
with the help of soft wooden crate having adequate ventilation*
A transport-oum-transfer cask h*s been designed for
cobalt-60 souroes upto 120,000 Cis for use in XSOJBD typ« irradiation
facilities.
T-7
She specifications of the flask la detailed below i-
Technical Data
Design capacity for Co-60
Cask weight
Outside dlaeneions (on) approx.
Inner oavlty {«•&) approx.
Minima equivalent lead shield
Expected surface dose
Expeoted radiation level at 1 mter
External surface temperature
Source * ° * temperature
- 125*000 Ci
- 9700 kg.
- 900 0 x 1400 &
- 260 J* x 700 L
- 302 an.
- 30 ar^nr.
- 7 ar/hr.
- 82*0
- 400°C
Work is underway to develop adequate fire shield on the
cask against any possible fire hazard.
1 •2*3. Development of box testing station
K.D. Kayak; *.K. Mhikaryj P.*. Varkey & A.D. flaik
Irradiation of medical produots in ooaaereial irradiator
deaands striot oonforalty of standard packages in the oonveying
sjrstea. The need tor weight and diaensional checking of such packages
to be irradiated in such plants, as in ISOMED, has therefore been
felt.
Accordingly the box testing devioe has been developed whioh
coaprises gravitgr roller conveyor for aumal single>tier staoking of
paokagest a delevator, a gauging box aranted on a weighing arrangeaent
together with another set of gravity roller oonveyor for reoeiviaf
T-8
the teated paokagos as shown in
The principle of operation involves the ataoked boxes on
the feeder oonveyor to be released into the delevator one at a tiae
through the actuation of stopper solenoid valve followed by i
a) Sensing1 of length parameter of the box with the help of
photo cell device*
b) lowering and pushing of the paokage into the gauging box
frame with the help of two hydraullo cylinders plaoed
vertically and horizontally respective for sensing of
width and height parameters of the box by Halt awitoh
pair Installed on the gauging bo*.
o) Measurement of the weight of the box through the coupling
of weighing machine with the gauging bex.
The tested but aooeptable boxes subsequently pushed Into
another aet of gravity roller stacking oonveyor for finaT Mutual
unloading'*
The eleotrloal systea installed involves fault finding
operation panel control unit aa well aa audio alam devioe to signal
any faulty non-standard paokage for aanoal rejection. Slaple and
oheap gravity roller eonveyora together with aid* guide rollers and
adjustable supports have been installed in plaoe of power rollers In
the oonvaying line. Wooek la alao underway for the developaent
autoaatio rejeotlen systeej of any faulty paokagee*
T-9
1«2.4. Semi automatic remote weldinff machine fogsealed radiation sources
K. Venkatacharyuluf P.B. V«ra»| A.K. AdhlJcary.
preparation of the radiation source* for large radiation
plant* involves repeatative seal welding of stainless steel
encapsulation of identioal sizes, in autoaatlo reaote welding unit
has therefore been developed whioh ensure* preset control pattern
for the welding ourrent and the argon gas flow during the w»ldia« ogrole.
The welding technique used is cased on a process reported earlier
and on the praotioal data on the welding prooess provided by the
Prlaary Isotopes Seotion. A u the operations after the souroe oapsule
is plaood in the welding oolleot till the ooapletion of the weld are
fully automated*
M g . T8 shows the set up of suoh assembly. The unit Is
totally based on indigenous components. A number of test speolasn
war* welded using this set up and varying the operation paraasters
suoh as 1) Current 2) R.PJI. 3) Eleotrode shape and else
4) <*• flow 5) Cooling tias 6) instance Bleotrode to job gap
7) Staple preparation and design, and options oondltlons for aohieving
eotmd weldings have been established.
The welds were tested by MMfxig radiographyt liquid per-
aeability and a»ttalograf)igr» a M w e M found satisfactory.
T-10
1.2.5. Remotely operated leak deteotion set up forsealed radiation sources
, P» Sri Bamkriehna & P.B. Verna
Deteotion of possible leaks for checking the integrity of
remotely welded stainless capsules containing radioactive souroes
is of great importance.
In view of the high sensitivity (about 10** atm. eo/seo.
for 0.03 to 0.005 yum diameter of leak) reported for the helium
•ass spectrometer leak detection, a remotely operated leak deteotion
•et up using this technique is being developed*
Fig. T9 shows the schematio lay-out of the set up. Helium
is filled in the source encapsulation before putting the radioactive
•ouroe in and remotely welded. 3he source unit is then pressurised in
• chamber with helium, the excess helium is flushed out with Nitrogen
and finally chamber ie conneoted to the Helium leak detector* Die
remotely operated test chamber has been fabricated and is under tests*
"1.2.6, Development of pneumatic pressure-snotlon system for gammairradiation of samples in HIRUP source storage poolK.D.Nayakj A.K.Adhikaryj A.D. Naik.
In view of the faot that single line carrier system has the
advantage of leas apace requirement attenrpta have been made to develop
such a device to be installed in the waterpool source storage facility
at HIRUP for researoh and development activity. Accordingly, a system
of pressure-suction pneumatic oonveyor to oarry/suok the sample oapsule
made of Aluminium (25 am dia* x 40 am* x 25 gm.wt) to/from the high
T-11
intensity irradiation zone has been developed as shown in
This system comprises a lift of 6 metres height fitted
with one cone valve, two-way solenoid valves, and a blower of
I46O litxe/min capacity as per flow diagram. % e whole set tip is
ooupled with a control circuit for automatio operation of capsule
for irradiation purposes.
The principle of operation involves loading of the capsule
in the cone valve manually, positioning of the valve, followed by
switching on of the blower which guides the capsule through path *
to the irradiation zone at the bottom of the pipeline. After
irradiation exposure, as controlled by preset timer, the capsule is
brought back to the oone valve for manual unloading. In this reverse
mechanism the suction operation is achieved through alternate pathway
i.e. through path II. The whole operation of this to and fro movement
of the sample capsule Involves only 4 seconds.
' Further work is in progress for the development of re^eat-
oyole irradiation of the sample with pre-determined time interval
as well as development of coupling of data-logging system through the
teleprinters for long term routine experiment.
1.2.7. Badiation Dosimetry studies for I3OMBD
K.Eriehnamurthyi S.V. Kavadaj Deo Duttj & P.G. Ifethew
Work has been undertaken (a) to develop suitable industrial
dosimeters, (b) analysis of dosimetry problems arising out of long
tine ixradiation-ouB-lnterruptlon of exposure as in ISOMED and
f-12
•ad posnible solution thereof and (o) finally to carry out routine
doslaetry follow up work.
1« Routine dosimetry service
Dooimetry of 15 gamma oharabers at the time of their insta-
llation was oarrled out and a total of about 500 measurements have
been aade for this dosimetry.
Calibration and deoay ourves for Perspex-HX dosimeters were
being supplied to ISQMBD quarterly. The routine dosimetry faollity
Is also extended to ISOMBD.
2* Industrial Doaf retry
2*1* Conmerelal Psranex as an InduatrJ.aj, Dptilmeter
Th» suitability of oommeroial perspex as a dosimeter in place
of imported perspex-HX dosimeter was studied and the results were
found to be encouraging. The calibration ourves for oonmeroial
perspex at various dose rates indioate that the dosimetry response la
slallar to that of Perspex HX, The deoay charaoteristios af various
teapemtures are also comparable to that of Perspex HX, Also the
study of post Irradiation decay oharaoterictios show negligible
deoay for dosiaeters, stored at 0°C after Irradiation.
2*2* Bffy?tstability of Perspex HX dosimeters
It the thiokness of Perspex dosiaeters of the saae baton
varies by about + 20& the need to study the effeot of thiokness on
the response and post irradiation stability have been fait*
Observations were mode by irradiating the parspex pieoe* in aA.
film ohamber (0.5 Mrad/hr) and also In ISOMBD (o.O2 to 2 Ifead/hr.).
The results as given in Figs. Ti1 & 12 «how that thinner dosimettirs
decoy faster and response of dosimeters varies with thickness. These
effects are probably due to oxygen diffusion fading during and after
exposure of the dosimeters to the radiation field.
2»3# Red and Amber perspex dosimeters of BKAEA and use ofindigenous densitometer
A comparitlve study of Red and Amber perspex dosimeters with
olear perspex HX dosimeter was made* for standardisation* For a
given dose (2.8 Hrads In about 100 hours), the dose recorded by
Red Bsrspex dosimeters is 50# higher and Amber perspex dosimeters
is 25$ lower than that recorded by clear perspex dosimeters.
A simple indigenous densltoaeter was used Instead of the
oostly speotrophotometer for such study*
3» Poalmetrr Problem* t» ISOMBD
In View of long time irradiation-oum-interruption/of exposure
systea as in ISOMBD the use of Perspex BX dosimeters due to its
decay characteristics may not indicate the correot dose. In order
to oonfirm this and to find out the magnitude of the error involved*
oyole wise dosimetry of ISOMBD was carried out. The dose distribution
in individual oyoles is shown in
T-14
A comparison of the sura of the dose* of the individual oyeles
with the dose reoeived by a perspex HX dosimeter, whioh ha*
gone through the same number of cycles 1* given in table-^2* .
tt can be seen from Table-2 that the dose recorded by the
dosimeter which has gone through all the five cyoles is about
2O3& less than the actual dose. This is ascribed to the decay in
optical density caused by oxygen diffusion during irradiation*
To understand this oxygen diffusion decay behavitur, the irradiation
of perspex dosimeters in evaouated polythelene bag* ha* been
carried out. The dose given by such perspex dosimeter* which have
gone through all the five cycles is shown in the last column of
t»ble-T2.
TABU3-T1
Dosimeter used - Perspex HX, Batch 3, 1am
1 Cycle}
1 I
! n1 XIX
i ^!; V
Dose in M rads J
0.40 1•
0.80 •1 - 3 < > j0.72 I
0.36 :
T-15
TABLE-T2
Cyoles
I+II
I+II+III
I+II+III+IV
I+II+III+IV+V
p ~ ~ — — — — ---—..-..._,! Sum of the dosesI of individual
oycles from table-Ti
1.33
2.58
3.22
1
3.58•
1
irradiation field
' Dose givenby dosimeter
1.20
2.50
2.67
2.80
dosimeter in, h
Dose given bydosimeters inevacuated ipoly-thelene bag.
3.3
K.S. Aggarwal & A«R« Kaiurkar
The work has been undertaken to develop simple and fast
dosimeter for routine dose measurement in large commercial/pilot
plant gamma irradiator. Based on other reports, semi conductors
diodes have been tried to find out their suitability for suoh
purpose. The principle involves the measurement of lonisation current
of semioondootor diode in nanometer range, which is dose dependent..
Accordingly, a series of experiments were being carried out at
different dose rates using various types of locally available diodes
and the results are shown in H « . TI3. It appears that the diodes
of different specifications respond in different way although, their
response is directly proportional to lite dose rate. It it also
interesting to note the response for the same dose rate ohanges
T-16
with different voltage/current rating.
Therefore the- d;cnV;s -f same rating have been chosen
and their dose rate response behaviour was studied as shown In
Vig, 714, Hie result shows some variations at high dose rates
than at low dose rates within the diode of same specification.
Iron these studies it nay be concluded that the semiconductors
of the same specifications giving same current response can be
chosen ;for routine dosimetry work if calibration against standard
dosimeter Is carried out.
Work is also underway to stjdy the effect of cumulative
dose effect on the performance of the semi conductor after
repeated Irradiation exposure.
1,2,9. Large scale production of go-no-go radiation indicator label*
D.S. Iavale
large scale irradiation of medical products demands the
Incorporation of radiation sensitive indicator labels (go-no-go)
into individual pre-packaged product for :its Irradiation identification.
For such purpose these Indicator buttons were being imported froa
oountries like U.K* and the U.S.A. in view of heavy demand and
saving of foreign exchange by stopping import of these label* fox
this process as well a* for many other prooessfti, attempt* have been
made for Indigenous development and mass production of such labels*
The development of dye-Incorporated PVC-ooated radiation sensitive
label* Involves ttes-s different stages - vie*
a) selection of proper quality paper
b) devolopsmt of djs eneftig nil drying awhine ftar thinvallbzm coloured dye ooat on suitable paper.
o) development of punching •srihlns for unifoxa circular
label*.
Based on extensive study it wae fount that oloae grain
etnioture ant non-absorption property of the paper la essential for
obtaining eaooth,unlforai and glated ooatfng of VK baaed ooloured
dye dolotioa. if tar thorough e«r**ninff of varioue eomaevolal gsadea
on* each variety nuely, ehimo-art ptpev( taoked on eilioon ooatad
releaaa paper «ae found *oitable for auoh purpow.
paper-taps reel wae then Mounted and ooated in the awchlne
ae shown in Fi«.T15. Ihe prinoiple of operation involve* the unifora
application of ooloured dye (0.1 an thlok) of appropriate viscosity
on the paper tape moving at a epeed of 1 •eter/alnata, through the
adjuetaent of the slit opening of the applleator* % i e ia followed
by drying of th* tape at 9CW la 1.5 eatre loaf heated tunnel and
winding on a pulley for subeeqoent operation In punching awohine
shown in Tig, Ti6.
In this operatiom oiroolar battone of 11n«# 41M are pqnohedoat at the sate of 70 etrofeee/ata by tte proper adjostaent of •prlacloaded poach b^oek, oaa and the epeed of the tape. Care has beentaken ao that only upper part of the leadaata (ohroao-art) ia ptnohedkeeping the Supporting paper in taet* itntUy th* punched tattoneafter getting aeparated frosj wasta paper are «otni over pulley for
T-18
Sube«quent n«". A preset elactro-nwchantoal counter is attached
lo the mchin* for recording the number of button* as well as
•utoaatlo stoppage of machine,
1.3,10* Operational experience with ISOMED
A.D. Nalkj D.S. I«vale> K.Krishnanurthy
Operational experience with the ISCWBD plant during the last
throe years has given us an opportunity to taokle soas difficult but
Interesting problems*
A serious problem arose in April 1977 *htn about 70,000 ourlss
of oobalt-60 were to be loaded into the I30MBD eouroe plaque. Ttg.TlJ
•hows souroe loading here is a blind operation* Sh* parts in the
transport container and the oell wall, the loading tube, and the sours*
housing tubes of the souroe plaque have to be accurately in alignaent
for ensuring safe operation. Xa this lnstanoe, during the duaay
trials, the souroe plaque was found to the severely out of alignment
as Is depioted in the right hand oorner of the figure. The oause of
the tut was unknown. The situation was serious as it was impossible
to load, or even unload any souxoe in thai oondition.
In* task of unloading, froa ths misaligned souro* plaque,
the 21 souro* pencils loaded 4 years ago, and then repairing th*
daaaged souroe syttea to restore it* norsml funotioning was finally
•oooaplished with oomplete safety by using speoially d*sl«ned gadgets
and a olosed oirouit television*
T-io.
1.2,11, Hot-Call 3ervloea
V.A. Sathyaranjan, (J. Chandran & K.3.
«HlRt/P Itot-ooll faolllty provides a elean handily
capacity upto a million ouries, of oobalt-60. A total of about
,0*52 Million euriea of oobalt-60 were belt* handled durlnf this
period, Table-Tj and Table-T4 aunmerleee the Major )*ndling
•peratlone undertaken In reoent tinea*
1. J,.. HAWATtOlT PR0CBS3IH0
1*3*1 • ^evelopnent of wood-polyer oonpoiei,te»»
A.B. *
In view of the excellent asohanloal propertiee of
four aajor areas of large soale Industrial applloatlon were explored.
They azet
Chemical industry - for oorroslon reeietanoe
Flooring induatr/ * durable flooring
Textile industry - shuttle* & peras
Eleotrioal applications- HT insulators for ao traotlon
n Chemloal Industry}
In the first study, for an in-plant evaluation of the oorroslon
resistance WFC node plates and frames were prepared and tasted for
their performance in the thorium plant of the Indian Save Sartha Sitd*
T-20
The testier lasted fcr f-bout three years. The keen interest and
support by the Works Manager of Indian Bare Earths is gratefully
•okaowledged hero.
The results of the test are shown in the F1£.T18.
Thus WFC teak lasted for over 28 months In the hydroxide
press, while natural teak could last for about 6 Months.
Interestingly enough, the WFC teak oould outperform even pine wood,
the ohoioe tinber, for aold handling by 600?o.
In view of the benefits, a move to replace all the wooden
plates and frames by WPC has been nade by the Indian Rare Barths
authorities.
WFC in -the flooring Industry t
Our test resardlns the durability of VFC yielded excellent
results (as shown in Table ^3); thus while "lOOjJ of some natural wood
was destroyed within three years, a naximun of &f> loss was reoorded
in the oase of W K . in view of this fact a parquet flooring of WFC
nade from anjan, behera, biroh, haldu & tendu,all non-durable speoies
was installed in the exhibit room of the Isotope Group, to test the
lUng tern abrasion resistance, dimensional stability and the wear-tear
properties. The flooring has maintained its exoellent finish for the
last 18 wraths in spite of minima care and a few unexpected water
floodlngs.
T-21
Effect of environment on the durability of
Ho
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
*
• Tinber species
Rubber wood.
Boon
Haldu
Chir *
Silver oak
Red Cider
Mango
Gurjan
White Cider
Treated with oopper
Bolyner
loaditig in
72
1.16
43
73*
31
22
51
28
13
-chrom arsenat*. i
Percentage
Controls
100
2.8
20.9
5.4*
5
56.8
58.9
38.0
5.6
loss.WPC
5.4
2.3
3.1
5.4*
4.6
5.00
8.0
3.2
2.6
against biologioal agent*.
g the fxtllo industry
Far the third major application ef WfCf« laigw wtmAvr ot
shuttles and perns for usefor both synthetic and eotten flbreu
«a« prooessed* Extensive trial* wore oarried out in active
oollaboration of textile industry. WXC shuttles * • » letter than
thoM aad* from natural wood but w»rt found to be lower in density
and impaot strength. However, V K has been found extreaely good
for synthetio fibre perns*
WH? mM hlah tension Inaulmtari t
About ten,WPC^hl«h tension insulators have been pxosessed
at the request of the Western Hallways, for eleotrleal tests with a
view to using them In the proposed 22 KV AC traotlon for BoabsgrrSabataatl
sector. The insulators have been tested upto 50 W at VJTI. Further
tests are being carried out* .
A technitma for praier
Hie teohnique of radiation polylterlsatlon of aonoaere in
wood oan be extreasly useful to preserve Uie wooden.objeots of artlstlo
and historical value* Two driftwood eoulptures by an ealnent artist
were reoently treated by this teohnique.
For all these applications sere than 3 *•"»• °f mod-polyaer
oowposites were prooessed. The teohnioal and practical pxoblewa
encountered In soallnf-up a laboratury proeess to a produot evaluation
stage has been suocessfully ooapleted.
T-23
An Impregnation plant,(Plg.T19)to prooeaa about 300 kg/batoh
Of WC, adequate for a EHBttT type Irradiation facility hae b««n
deafened and being lnstai led* Hie facility will greatly help to
develop thta technology through pilot aoale operation for immediate
ooanerolal exploitation*
1.3.2. Radiation Folywwriaatlon of Aerylaide
A.B. Ma jail I p«°« Mathswf Deo Dutt & K.^rlahna«urthy
Poly aorylaalde la a widely c««<i water aoluole polyaer
In the i-
1) Seoondary oil reoorery operational Aa a drngf reduolns agent
2) Atper and pulp lnduatzy
3) Dranitn nlnlng opeiatlona t Aa a flocbulant and waatewater treataent
Die polyaer auat ibe devoid of oroae-llnklnff and nuat have
* aoledular" weight of 3 Billion or aore for all thtae applloationa*
A varletgr of •ethode ualng varloua Initiators la need for the
polyaeriaatlon of aorylmide, whloh la a very f aat reaotlon* Radiation
polyatrlaatlon of aorylaaide haa earlier been Inveatlgated (1) (2)*
Rowerert the prooeaa oontrol detaila and the aoleoular weight
oroaa-llnkinff data are not available.
With a view to developing • total prooeaa, the polyaariaatlon
ot aorrlamlde waa studied in detail.
T-24
Ths radiation was employed only aa a Initiator and. the hsat
of polyntrisation was oonssxvtd to tht Maxim* possible wrttnt,
and tht affaot of various paramttrs was studied. 1h» rtsultt
art briefly presented in Vablo *S and Tf,
Kb.
1.
2 .
5.
4.
5.
Iffeot
£ waterw/tr
2.5
5
10
50
50
of water on the radiationof Aorylanide
Gaama dost,M.rad forInitiation
0.51
0.20
0.05
0.01
0.07
Btroontl,^poljaeri
96.0
95.2
86.1
77.t
75.4
Table-T-7
poljraerlsetlon
if* Ivmeotage ofLeatlen oress-linked
polyatr
54
52.4
55.7
66.2
65.8
Bffsot of anlons of inoreasii^ aoidltjr
Reagant Sos«,N.rad jt oonvsrsion % otoss-linldiiffor Initiation
»aF 0.11 55 21
KaCl 0.15 27 50
VaBr 0.06 51 5
» aft. it QJ& solutions of salts n r i ussd for 0.5 *>1. of
T-25
Th« temperature w»e aml-tored with a thenoeoqple* Hie
Initiation prooees w»e atopped «hen a 2°C rise was observed In
£0 M O .
In another serJes 61* aolutlon of eerylaaide In water
waa adjuated to pB-15 and mis irradiated* About 05^ oonvereion
and ooleoular weight of A# 5 million wae obtainad. It waa also
obMrvad that «h* rate of polymerieation lowered with do»e rate*
tbe jhenomnen is being studied further.
Initial expariaent* have shown that a 100jt linear polyaer
of low noleeidn wei^kt ( < 10^) ia forned when polyaerisattoB is
earried out to Ihe presence of a traoe of aethanol 1 water (SOtSK))inog atmosphere.
1.3.J. Radiation ouriny of l»t»»
Dso Dutt| A*B* Majallwara
Saturel latex and eos«ulated Utex^lrradiated, with oobalt-60
g u m rays. A very low oross-link densily was obtained at a dose
of 1-2 M rade* A wmadmm oroas-linkins was observed at 12 M.rads.
HEFEREWJE3I
1) Baysil, B. , BaUantine, 2>, & Coloabo, P,
J . Poly. s o i . M , 117 (1960)
2) Jmdner, T.A,t and Morawets, R«f
J . Poly. Sol. 45. 475
T-26
of
(A.I. Boy & K.Krishnamurthy)
Another very fascinating and potential field of application
It the Sewage-Sludge-iiygienisation through irradiation treatment
process. Oonventional methods of treatment, as praotised by
aunioipal authorities, as veil as further processing like, heat
treatment, oheaioal treatment eto. do not ensure adequate safety
froa publio health sanitisation point of view.
The use of ionising radiation of digested sewage sludge
is frat from such demerits and instead gives rise to a clean
tnvlrwsatnt and batter recovery of by products based on well
documented faotsi (a) radiation rtnatvoys miorobial life and thus
dlslnfeat oontanimted sewage waste (b) radiation lower ohealoal
and bioohemioal oxygen demand ( COD & J»D)t which are index of
pollution and (o) radiation modifies sludge characteristics thereby
enhances filtration rates through greater dewatering properties.
Preliminary work has shown about 20$ improvement In sludge
settling time at 0.2 M.rad dose. Analysis of sewage sludge,
equivalent ooorersion to national level and corresponding economio
values of this valuable by-product has been oomputed and this amounts
to millions of rupees as shown in table-^8 whloh oould otherwise be
recovered by this process. Work is also underway to establish the
process parameters under local conditions and oonoeptual design of
pilot plant lrradiator for generating engineering data for suoh
process is In progress.
TABIg-Tft
Icoowny of digested aomg* alndf*
Constituent* Aaounta* ga/llter
byproduota
Iitreg«n 1«O
Ihoiphatvt 0.5
Potwh 0.80
a* fcrUllatr aat
Bqulvmltnt ofcountry'• annualoutput^ tonnsa
18 X 105 » .8 X 105 ts«a
9x 105
3(ot n o
foal
•aluai InBup##a
MllUoo
800
TOO
300
•Orgwilo Bitter 6.50
*Ca, %, S, Ha, Cl Smll awrant
Fuel g%» 180 aUlionou.ft/daj
* Ds«d a* soil condltiontr.
T-28
Major Work Carrie! in HIRPP Hot-laboratory (January 1975 * June 1977)
lo. lype of Job Bo. ofUnits
Description ofJob
Activityhandled
j
i DateI Proa - To
1 .
2.
SitftiA. CHAMBER900
12
CHAMBER4OO0/40OOA
S i U i * CELL220/200
TKLETHERAFY
OH u s
5. ISCMED SOOBCELQIDIBG
21
Secondloading
Source cleaningmeasurement,loading andtnloading
28,000Curies
10,000Curies
8,500Curie*
$0,000Curie*
Welding, Cleaning, 54,300Measurement, Loading Curie*and unloading 9 Coup-Operation ait*
rod*
January »75to June '77
200 en15.11.76220 en23.12.76
January '75to June '77
May '77
Remarks
1) Ifeit (4000A) sent t o SUMS
2) Only two unit sent toout-side party
1) Some problea eaownteredwhile unloading ft.C.200-Oltiaately each pencilswere removed seperately.
2) Special tool* v*x« aade todo the d> or* operation.
1) Special tools were nadefor loading and unloadingoperation*
1) PreBent ac t iv i ty1,33t57O Curies
2) Underwater storing donewhile rectification ofsources frame at ISCMS9
T-29
6 . P A I B I T SODBCS1O1DDTO
7« Co-60 BADIOGRA.-
rar
Second Welding* detainsloading aeasuremeat and
loading
- Loading, unloadingExtraction ofstuok op sourcesand rectification
21,000Caries12 Pencils
March '77
Januarj '75to June '77
1) Present activity48,000 Curie*
1) Some imported caoeraanamely MDIC0N, OBBITaCItwere bandied in addi t iont o CBC, UBO&BAPH, CfiC-2,and other Cameras
•.Shielding Testcarrici oat for8.C.9OO
Vestesrcied oat for1AI» Abeorberle t f lMk
O.abieldiBc Testf or Ieatro>Cell
20 Bos. Using G.C900 2,000 Curiessource pencil of activitiesBadionetxio used for thisMeasurements were purposecarried out to findoat flaws la Bellays
Secaaber «75
•75
Badioaetr /
T-30
D.Shielding Testcarried forPAHBIT flask
3 Hos. Hadiom«tiy 3,000 CuriMfor test used
March '77
E.Dosimetzy of 6X. 14,0001 in progress
Dosiaetiy, source 2,200 Curies June '77distribution pattern for test usedstudy
1.Experimental studiescarried out to reducestressing froa the topcentre of the flask,to make the designreqnireaent for1,00,000 Curie*
1.To find out thedifference in doserate obtained due tothe increase indianeter of the •euro*cage.
J.Heliability teatof "HOTAI"
Q.Obdexwater cutting -of Co-60 rodtrials
H•Power souxoe ~
Helmability Teat
Cutting trialcarri«4 in pool
Teaperature•easureaent
1,000 Curies
1976
1975
1976
I.For use in fiAEECOf
1.Using Teletherapysources temperatureBeasurcKent anddesign studiescarried out*
T-31
Table-4
cv* Type of Job Description of Jobno*
1. MISCELLANEOUS WOHK a. Maintenance of water pool(Hot-Cell, ll.S.M'e e t c .
b. Designing of necessarytoo ls for resets operationIn Hot-Cell.
2 . OAMU CHaMBU Testing and Ins ta lUt ion ofIHSTilLATICai O.C's to thw
partial*
GAMMA CHAMBER-4000 A(NEW MODEL)
1.2 M
1.3 M
0-4 M
FIG. T-1
GAMMA CHAMBER 900
(NEW MODEL)
IRRADIATION
FIG. T-2
CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR SYSTEM
FOR'PAN BIT1
(Under development}
BOX TRANSFER SYSTEMS
FIG. 1-t
MEDIUM SCALE IRRADIATORfor
STERILISATION OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES
Offloading conveyor
Source rack
Inner water- pool
Source transfer tubes
• Outer water lank
FIG. T-5
Panbit flask (Modified)
Lead ring
Additional lead plug
Fins
FIG. T-6
BOX TESTING STATION
1) FEEDER CONVEYOR
2) DELEVATOR
D STOPPER
A) WEIGHING SCALE
GUAGING BOX
STACKING CONVEYOR
FIG. T-7
REMOTE WELDING UNIT (AUTOMATIC)
nnnnnnr[Pwwr |"!id eydI supply I conUdltr
'rieUnttl Currtntcontrolfr mocMn*
Argon eyllndw
Gat •elwnNd valv*Gat
Eltctrod*
pencil
Chuck
FIG. T-B
REMOTELY OPERATED LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMFOR WELDED RADIOACTIVE CAPSULES
CLAMPET PISTON
AIR FROM COMPRESSOR
PRESSURE VE5SAL
SOURCE PENCIL
D 0 , 0+ » »
iOLSYSTEN
HELIUMLEAK DETECTOR
\ SOLINOID VALVECLAMPET BOOSTER
PNEUMATlC PISTON.
HELIUM NITROGEN
FIG. T-9
PRESSURE-SUCTION CONVEYOR SYSTEM
SOLENOID VALVE
WATER POOL
LOWER
SOLENOID VALVE
PATH T
PrtTH I I
FIG. T--.0
"1" y~DECA¥ CURVES FOR PERSPEX-HX DOSIMETER!__ ! I (BATCH-4) With varying thickness
I I I* RRADIAtED ' IN s ISOME.0~ ' ,
I i f T|M= SETTING : 14 5 mmI
—fr
- -_ .
IRRADIATION StO s AGO rtrs
JRR^DtATIQN ENDED s r 10 hrs OH 10 3
IRRADIATION" TIME; s i 76 hrs
0.89 mm0 34mm
UOOnun
- • I . . . - . . . ; . - •
ifcrsKjr
SilHH J | j | ! ; | l;;;"ii-<j=JH
DOSE RATE»CURRENT RESPONSEWITH DIFFERENT SPECIFICATIONS
500-
UJ300«
u»200-S
100-
6CURRENT IN AMPS X 10
FIG. T-13
DOSE RATE &CURRENT RESPONSEOF SEMICONDUCTORS WITH SAME
SPECIFICATIONS (EC 103)
500
c 400
30O
UJ 20O
1 100
I 2 3 I . 5CURRENT IN AMPS X t5 —
FIG. T-M
LABEL PUNCHING UNIT
(T)"Cam
(?) Punch
(3) Preset counter
© Feed rollers
(5) Separating peg
(f) Label tape
© Waste tape(S) Coated tape roll
® Top*
(S) Container fluid*
(c) Container
(§) doctor's knltf
( D Backing plat*
1) Applicator
2) Drying tunnels
?) Ft*d rollers
Winding rolls
DYE COATING UNITFI6. T-16
SOURCE LOADINGISOMED
DISCHARGE ROD
SOURCE PLAQUE
SOURCE STORAGE PIT
LOADING TUBE
SOURCE CONTAINER
ROD
2a-
20-
if)X
12
Performance of WPC filter press, platesand frames in the Thorium plant of
rIndian Rare Earths Ltd.
Control untreated teakr*WPC Teak
n
28-
20
Afraiine condition(up to5*/«NaOH)
Acidic conditions.1O7.H2SCA,2O% HCI
" Control.untreated pine
r WPC from pine
r-WPC from teak
The quantity of WPC processed : 0-7 Ton
Tot a! number of tests. 35Polymer loading - Teak - 5 to 10 */opolymer loading - Pine -70 to 80 %
FIG T-18
S-1Monomerstoragetank
tOOOL
5-2Monomerstoragetank
1000L
Mixingtank
750L
S-3Monomerstoragetank750L
Moisturetrap
cImpregnatorA50L
ISump tank
750L
N2 gascylinders
Vacuumpump
IMPREGNATION PILOT PLANT(WPC) FI6. 7-19
CROSS LINKING OF NATURAL RUBBERUNDER GAMMA IRRADIATION
Natural Latex-Density of Cross Link
Natural Latex •/• Cross Linking
Coagulated Latex Density of Cross Link
Coagulated Latex •/# Cross Linking
•140
120
100
1 8 0
18 60Su
20
010 20 30
Dost(Mrad)
80-ii
6b.'
40 1
20
PIG. 1-20
2 . INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1 RADIOGRAPHY
2*1*1 Bvaluat iea Of IntUggnwa Se l ea iua Ceatei P la tea
G.C.Daa) B.N.Deakpaaie} anil B.H. Waaerkar
Tke exteneiea ef xeregrapajr te iaiuatrial raiiefraphjr will
•ake availatle a iapi4 aai swr* •••sitiv* tccaaique at a eeaaia'exably
lever oeat. The aivantagea ef xerera4iegrapk7 arei
K» iaric reen facility
Reuaable platea
7»xy faet ]»x»ceasiaf
Permaaeat image
Direct viewiMg ef iaag»
Suyerler reealutiea
Hiali centraat
laexyeasive (erfiaary payer caa be u«ei f e r recerliaff.)
Witk a Tie* te ievelep a t e t a l xer*ra4iegrayk]r ayetea fer
iaetefea t tke iadigeaeua xerexi^f equiaaeat aai oateriale are beiaff
a tut i e l ia ieptk. A* a f i r s t stnp im tai* tl ireotiea, aa eraluatlea ef
iaiigeaeua aeleniun plates was cnrrJ<r< eut. Seleaiua platea with a
eeat iaf taickaeaa ef 47, 70. 95 t 120. 140 mioreas were epecial iy
•Btaiaei., Tke oeatiaf taiokaena waa aeatmrei witk XKF aai beta back
•eatte.? teokaiquea. aai waa feuai i a geei agreaBeat.
H-2
Chart* build-up and decay ckaraeteriatica »f the platea.
Tke •lactxic potential developed was Boaaured with a atatio
charge aeteri ia a epecially deaigsed ckanber ia a ceaataat geeaetry.
Flg.R-1 akawa a plot of oaxiBUB potential developed against coating
tkickaesa. Ike saturation yateatial iacxeaaea liaearly witk tke
eaatiar tkiokaaaa nata 130 mioraaa.
Tka plattB wera allawet to iiecharge ia tka dark. Tka
lark 4iaekarca curvea for tka iaiiviiual platea axe araaaatai la Fif.R.-2
Bata of aiacharga retucei witk tke increaas ia the ooatiag taiokaeas}
inlioatiac that thioktr oaatiaga are a«vaatag«ou8.
Oaana raiiatioa aaa the Voltage reapaaBO of tka alateat
Tka aecay of rosidual poteatial of a charged xoreratiofrapkic
ytate expeaea ta (anna rays ia governed by the ejcsoitential aquatiaa:
v - v.i-^'T - Eeaidual potential
Vkore t To • Iaitial patential
B • Constant for a given plato
T - Thioknoss r>£ the
fl«.B-3 skawa tka plat of lee: plftto T«lta«« affaiuct gaana raiiation
<aaaf for Taxioua coating: thioknesee.?. The i>s:ttia,J. neuliaear reapeaae
eaa b« attributed to initial aocay or faster <nrk disohargo* The alapaa
are prepeztioaal ta ceatia* tkiokaeaa and have a oouataat Talu* of
(4.7X1O*4)/ aiorea, ia tka xaa(a of tkiokasae from 95 ta 145 micreaa.
Tka in|t okaracterietio ourrea in Pif.E-4 ware ottaiaed tgr
paattiaf the plate potoatial against tka logarithm of ozpoaure, while
H-3
avtke everall oeatraat is gives byl Q - •
i
Tke ceatrast values are preesated and lie betweea 0.1 - 1.0.
Hewever tkere is a preaeunced increase ,ia centrast ever a sharp
beuadary due te electrostatic effect duriag tke inage develepneat
•kick ia turn imparts better discentibility ef detail te a
Tku» a oeatiRff tkiokaeaa ef 70-200micreas was feuai
eaaential fer geei xeiwxadiegrapky. (See Table R-1). Tke quality «f
iadigeaeus plates aeeas furtker inpreveneat regariiag tke ceatiag
uaiferaity ani surface fiaiak.
Cereaa iiacharge uait
A cereaa 4isckaree unit te vary tke eperatienal paraaeters
la beiag aevelepea as. tke ceonercial uaita ef preset type te aet have
prcvisiea fef varying the epemtienal cenaitiens.
Tke xereraciegxapks were cenparable ir defioitiei aaa ietaila
te kig* quality raiiefrapks ettaiaea with fine graia films. Hewever
tke re is a pessibility ef gettiag 'gkest inuiges1 due te iaclemplete
•iaokarge.
2.1.2 Efficiency Of Intensifying Screens la Isetene Ha<ie<rrapkyi
G.Singkj R.R. Wamerkar
Metallic soreens, especially ef heavy metals are reutiaely
empleyei ia isetepe r*<ie«rapky. (1) Tke iateasificatiea actiea ef tke
aoreeas witk X-raya kaa been stuaiei earlier (2,3) kewever 4ata are net
available regarii«g tke isetepic gamna rays. I* ezier te threw nere
light en tke a»«e ef actiea ef tke metallic screens ia iaetepe radi»grapky
aetail study was uaaertakea ef tke bekavieur ef netallio acreeaa ia fil«
Uaokeaiag*
Qptl
TABLE R-1
Salaniiw Coating Thicknesa for Xeroradiographr'
81. Bo.
1
Hadlatlon
Co-60
Source Energy
1.17,
MEV
1.53
•
Thickness Bang*of SelenituiKicrona.
200
2
3
4
5
6
Ir-192
Ta-170
Imr241
1-125
X-ray Mohine
0.30 -0.60
0.084
0.060
0.027,0.035
80 kvp
WBLE-H-2
130-200
70 - 100
40 -80
40-80
40 - 80
Berroduction of radiofraoha
81. Original Bxposnie tiae Density of Expoeun tine Density ofBo. radiograph for interaediate interaediate for comrerting the negative
density positive. positive into negative copy.copy.
1
2
9.
4.
5.
6,
1.6
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.0
20 second*
M
*
60 "
N
H '.
2.9
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.2
.65
80 seccnds •
m
n
n
10 «
n
1.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
3.2
4.2
Taa experlaeatal werk kelyei ia uaierataailag ef tke eeaalex
aaaeoiatei witk the lateaeii>lBg aetiea ef tke aetal fella ia
gun* xaMegrapay. Beaiiaa tale, tke 4ata geaeratei la tke abeve
experlaeata ceuli be ef a practical value te tke uatxa ef iaoteye
n4ie«T«ftkjr ia tkeix laaveotiM wexk. W«,H-3 and B-4 ahc* the aeulta.
2.1.3 Eeareiuotica ef ifcale«ra»ha - H.H.We«oxter and H.l.Malhotr*
A xaiiagsaak beiag a aegativa laac* itaelf, its furtker
repwiuotieli aa aattker negative image feaea a ao«b#r «f frebleaa, :
•a tke etker kaai tkexe ia aa iaoxeaeiag 4eaaai far referenoe zaiiegn?'aa
la atatrfaxiisatiea aai zmttlae iaaveotiea werk. Tie caia prefclea la
refteiuotiea ef tke a4iegrapka la tke oeaateaalaf af cailagnak tlla
teaaitjr nklek oauli be aa kigk aa 5 te tke vketegxajkio fila ieaalty
ef abeut 1 witkeut aaexifloiag tke fiaer qualitiea ef tke erigiaal.
Ike zailegxaak oaa be «e*iei ia aegative iaage eitker by xeaartlag ta
apeoial fra41egxafk 4uflioatiag filaa* er by uaiag aa latezMiiate
»eaiti»e. •*• ' . . ,,.. ' i:..
A otes «e4ge ef kaeva deaeity waa uee* te oarer a tiit
xaage af xailegTavaa. Ike iatemeiiate peait'iva aai aegatita oefiea
ware •reaaoee la tke fellewiag eriert
.1) laiirWual iatexM«iate yealtlTea with axpaaoxt tlata
ef 20^0 aa« 60 aeoeaia ware •Me*
ll) ftrea eaok ef tke abera iatentHiate «ealtir«at fear
eetaxate aegatiTea were vzedueei fer eayemr* tiaa ef
10, 501 66 aai 80 neoenia xeapectively.
B-6
Tke f l la eeneitlea wexa meaeuree la al l tka expeaurea
with a 'Tketevelt' aenBifceBeterr, Agfa-Ceveart 0-4 f i la waa feuae
aultabla far al l tka expeeurea. The f i lm vara expeeee ta UV l l fkt , and
W«t-e FuvlHov pxeceaaei. The reaulta are auaaariaea la Tabla-R-2 a>ui
I1f.E-5, 6, 7, aai 8.
By uaing tkia tachaiqua a aet af weM raaiegraphe aa4 a faw
eaatinff xattlegzmpha kava baen auooeaafully ra»ra<ueei« Tkeaa kara baa*
fauaa very naeful la tka practice of later*ratatlea.
2.1.4 Hat Raeie«apky
R.R.Wanorkar H.K. Halkatrai and N.S.Jagaaia.
Eaiiejraphlc ezanlnatlan•af intanaaly raaieaptlva aeuroea
uaiac external laeteyic aeuroea - Hat raiieffraph) la aa ianraluable
teal ta aaoertaln tka iategrity ef railaactlra aaterlala la aealaa
aaaeabliea. Iaapectien ef apaat reaoter fuel pine kaa beea imf «itk
MUtrana. Co-60 aluga alaa kara bean raeieffraphlcally iaapeotei vitk
X-ray BaeklBaa. ia effert waa amaa ta atu<y the techalque af kat
raeiegxayky uaiac laetapa Seurcea.
Tka e^eriaeiital aat up la ahewn In Pig.R-9. Aa aae oaa
ezyeot tka abjeot lnage aa tke raeiegraph will be heavily fa^gaA iua ta
extraaeeua raciatiea frea the abjaot. Ta lBprara tka quality ef tka
laate a auaber af ckeaioal reaueeza ware eapleye4. Table B-3
fire* tka ceaparative parfaraaaea ef a few reauoara. in Affa-6eraart
5-7 fila. waa eapleyet tkzau^iaut.
Buriag furtker ezperlsaBtatiea, Ir-1?2 raJiagraakr aauroea'- . • • ? ( . . . " . * • • • - .
featalaei la aeuroe pantlla wara xa41agrapke4 «ltk aaatkac Ir-192 aanxoa.
H-7
D M effaot ef eaaplaatiaaa ef rariaua aaurce ta flla an* abjeot to
fill iiatanoea en tke axfeaure vaa stuaiai.
TABLE R-3
81* Bttucar laatapeI*. Sturoa
Bx»»aur» aaoaaaazgr far Rainetiaaa f i la iaaaltT af 2.0 QualityDaaa in xala Tiaa ia alaa.
1.
2.
3.
4*
5.
6.
K*«ak-B-2
" -B-4A
* -1-5
" -E-e
" -a-23
Uar'akaraaaiaairtauotr.
Ir-192
Ir-192
Ca-60
Ir-192
Ir-192
150
55
265
100
100
25-100
10
30
10
80
2-8
45-18
10jt rariatiaa, faat
tJaifara^ bat alaw
10J6 yaxiatiaa, faat
8j( Tariaiiaat alaw
10jt rariatiaat rarjrfaat.
1OJ< raiy alaw
lafawnoaat
1 • "Ui« of Copper1 Bera«w and lead filtexs for ootalt-60 radiography"
Xatarial Sraloation" 22 P.189-192 (1971
2. "Fundaaantal action of lntenaifying aoraana"
Katarial Svaluation i p.23 ( 1949)
3* "Hatal lntaaifylBf aoraana for xadiogxaphy"
Brlt.J. Hon.OaatxuotiTa Taating U t pp*55-59» (1971)
R-e
2.1.5 Btatic Ckante B w i l t i n g i y i t w F»r Xerara*iegra»k3r
A.K.Aakikary
A kigk veltage (10 kv) cereaa eieckarge ualt far electre atatia
ekarge aepeaitiea • • pkete oaaauctive aeleaiua platea aaa beea ievelepei*
Tke unit prevlaee f#r tke variatiea ef tke eptiaiziag paraeetere rig.
ofcargiBg tin*, ckarglng v«ltaj«, grli Yvltage, anl plateCioi^tanc*.
l\irtk«r teats o« tk« unit are in pxvgx«sa.
2.1.6 Baai»graplcr Caa«ia Mc4«l-IRCX-150
O.C. Batlskt D.C. Ikarj S.S.Patelj a.D.Naikj H.B. Wan«rkar
Tk« i«vel«pm«nt tf a ra*i»gmphy tcokaiqut wltk a 20 Ci Ir-192
uuro*t spvoially c«v«l«p«4 f«r tkt iaspeotira «f aircraft •*gL»9»t
wktr* tk« ••urce kaa t» bt p»«iti««< in a cavity, ««ep iasi<« tha
aaa b*«* r*part«i tazliax.
la via* »f tka great «oep* fer tke uae ef tkia teckaique la
•tker aiailar aituatienat tke Radiegrapky Canera IRCX-150 keueiag a
150 01 Ir-192 aeuxoe kaa beta 4evel»pe«, aa akrra ia Hf.R-9. la tali
•yattBf uallke etker eaaexaa, tke aeuroe attacke* te tke leaaiag tip
ef tke trivia* teleflex oaUe ami aeviae ia a flexible eeniuit oaa be
*eaitie>e4 la aay deal red feaitlea, witaia J.J aatrea tx»m tke oaatra,
wltk a IriTlag gear place* ever 9 Mtera away. Fellewiag are tke aaia
features ef tke naitt
1) Fig tail aaeeabljr (PTi). H r R - 1 0 * E-11.
The aeuxoe oapaule aa< tke oeupllag eleatat are
attacked te eitker eai ef tke pleoe ef teleflex oable
by erlaplag. Tke oriapea jeiat aaa tke oeupliag are
eeaigaea te aafely wttfiataat a pull ef 5 kg. Tke
cauyliac eta be tiaaagaget aaly wkaa tke cabla la
•at af tka canduit.
2) Safaty lacki Fi«.R-12
Tkia quick relaaaa lack rataiaa tk« H A la lackea yaaitiaa
witkia tka akial* aa« yeiaite it'a m w m t aaly «k*» tk«
itlafltx iriY* oabl* i« oauplW t* tk« PTA.
3) Drira «tar I Fig, R-13
Tkla taablta •ffaxtltaa an* aaaatk aavanaat af tka aauroa
by tka telaflax ariTa by taxaiaff a kaaila. A ai«it»l oauatar
iaalcates tka axtaat af aartaaat af tkt iauroa, wall* n i
mat c*aaa ligkta iaiioata vkatkar tka aauroa la cut af akial4
•x fully la akiala.
i) FTA tzaaayart flaaki Iif.R-14
Tkia flaak aaablaa aaay raplroaaaat af tka PTA far aauroa
raylaaiakaaat at tka aita witkaut aaoaaaitatiaff kaailiaf af
uaakiaUaa aauroaa.
2*1.7 ^iktwalakt Irlalu^ Caayaa far Pi»aliaa ftaaaot^aa
O.C. Batiaki F.A. Varkay
A lit̂ it waitfit aal oaayaet oaaaxa with tuagataa allay M
pkiaUiac aatarial la baiag i f U f i with a rlair ta aaatlar tka aaala
af xaiiagxmyky waric aa laaf ylya llaaa* Tka 4«al«a Ircalaff af tkia ualt
ia uaiar yrayaratiaa aai tka fabrloatiaa yraoaiura la baiaf warkai ant
wltk a yarty ia Faaaa wka ayaoialiaaa ia yawaav aatalluxtioal yraeaaa
•f fabAaatiaa af tuagataa caat.
R-10
k.1.8 Uraaiua Bkisldea1 Irjgtua Casern (UIR-192)
G.C. Batiekj S.C.B^rj B.E. W&merkar
le fulfil tke meed ef compact light weigkt radiefrapky camera*
wkiel are at present imperted, iavelepmeiit ef a skieldiaff bleok fer tke
IECX-150 type camera wits depleted uraiiuB intead «f l«a* at tke
•klcldiif naterlal has been undertake* i» o*llab«ratiM wltb tk» Itcaio
Futla DivisiM.
Tk» castabl* refractory n«ul«y aa« tke wctdaii fa t ten f*r
oaftiaf tkt *aia uraaian akield, witk a Zircalley tub* f*r tke S-*kaye4
oarlty kare beea tried tut.
2.10. Mlmi X-Rar Iartruneat
X* Krl»k«anurtkjrj V.P. Deskmukk
AM ia«t«p* X-Hay iBBtrunent, weigking less tkaa 100 gm aid
eayabl* ef keuainf abeut 1 curie ef Iedi»e-125 kaa bees develeyed far
US* i> •ftoifio apvlicatiena auok at dectal radiegrapky, Maunesraphy
•tt4 lainstxial radiegrapky ef ligkt mettls.
fif.Er15 skttrt tke iatenal c»a»tructie» ef tke instzuneoit.
Tke tiay i tune i t Bade ef am 1-125 ocEj>eun<3 iaeerporated i» a «rlaas
•atrix te •iNiaiae eelf-abeerjitien an«! U< ?»vide higk integrity.
Ike tkiela la a eaall oyliaeer ef tuagst»» alloy and i s prevldod
witk 60* *y»x amcle oealoal epeaiae, fer exyeaure. Tke aeuxoe la
•ere! frea "eff" te "beaa-ea" yesitiea nt Tioe reraa by a ball-peiat
yea MOkaalaa.
Xufi i f ferloea suck «• X-ray f i l« , yelanlc f i la aid aelealua
ylate nave beta used te eraluate tka yaraaeterc suok M expeaure time*
detail, aeMitiTity, oeatraat e t c , ebtalaable witk tke uait.
R-11
2.1.10 Labagrark
JL oempact ss#lf ccattiiiae ujiit far tkt aeaeaatratien. aai
teaokiBf ef tk« iaetep* ra«i»gia.pky teckaique la a laberatery kaa been,
eevelepee*
Fig.R»i6 akewa a out away view ef tk« uait. Fif.E-17 »k«w«
tk« ••uree ktusisg «itk axitmrt aaokaaiaa wkil* Pis.H-18 it»ict« tka
••urea kalaer witk an ioilcatvr Ian* •iuulatiaff tka raaiatiai baaa
far aattiag up aa axptriaant*
Tke uiit ia i*aiguei far kauaiNf 50 ouriaa af Ir-192 u «
fraviiaa far a aaxlmua axpaauz* area af 200aa z 200an at a aauroa ta
fila aiataica af 600i». Tke axyeaura tiae ia autaaatloally caatrallai
by aa atjuatabla preset I tiaer.. .Tke expeaei fila ia aaaually yreoeaaea
tkrauck rubber glevtB ia a eark ckaaber (aijaiaiae tke expeaure okaaber)
previiet witk preceasiag aelutieaa aaiataiaei at 20*C.
Tke unit eoeupiea a fleer apace ef leaa tkaa 1 aq.aetre aa«
ia aafe te ke place* ia aay laberatery *x effioe witkeut apecial
preoautieae, aai reqairea 220 velta A.C. paver supply. Ike expeaure
fulla tke aeuree te aafe peaitiea la tka oaaa af pewer failure.
H-1?
2.1.11 fta«i»i»trlo TeekaiouB F»r H»m»OTnit.Y T«tlag Of Caatalaar Flaaka
F T Higk Iat«a»ity Ra«iati>a Sauicaa.
K.S. i«ar*al» A.R. Kalurkar» & F.V. Kulkarai
x A laif* auabar af a camfact ixxaiittiaa units auck aa OC-9OO,
OC-4000 ate. ax* yxaaueaa la tka aaotita. 1 kaaafwaua aad «alf*xB
•alaldiaf far taaaa ualte la a mat fax tka aafaty af raaiatia* trazkaxa
aaa aolaatiata. Tka caataiaar flaaka af tkaaa lrra«i*t«r« ata rautiaaly
^aaitaxai uaia« tkie taokaiqna. '
.A bata-gaaaa f xaba ,ia oalibrataa wlik a aarlaa af laa! flataa
aat a cavity af kaam flKaaalaaa. 7ka axyaxiaaatal Mt-ua i t akawa
la flf.B-19*
A aallbratiaa ouxva akava ia Fif.E-20 i s 4nwa btsci • • tka
faaulta.
Walla t«at±«f tka laaa flaak, tka aMtira aerfaea ia aayyai aa
akaira IB tka Ti«.l-21, tka iaairirtuai aagnaat ia tkaa maltartl witk tka
bata-fuaa *rcba« aftar iaaartiaf * Oa-̂ 0 aauxoa ia tka caatxa af tka
-flaak. Tk» xaaiinca ax« \bm ^renazvd As*' tk» ^xvaaaen aid aatHra af aa/
aaatiaf aafaot ean aaaily be 4«>texiaiacdl fairly aooomtaiy with tka kaly
af taa ealiteatiaa
2.1*18 p»aoialliaa
A f»w i^aartMt apaoific yca'clana takaa uj »t tka iaataaoa
af tka variaui iaauatxiaa* axa naatiaaaa balavt
1. Baaiaaatxia axaaiaatlaa af a fxaotlaaatiac t*w«r at Lnba Xaiia
Idrttaa, Baabay
T.I. JaykuMr.) 0«8.SiB«4i
Tka caaaity aa« viaoaaity «t aa ail fxaotiaa fzaa a alatillatlaa
R-13
tewer (See Table R-5) were feuad te be ceasistently lewer tkaa tke
calculate* value. Dielecatiea ef tke baffle trays was suspected fer
suek abseraal eccureace.
TABLE R-5
DETAILS OF THE TOWER
1. Material ef ceastructiea - Steel plate 16 nm thick
2. Baffle trays " " 2 an thick
3. Claddiag - Glass weel 80 u
4. Diuuieis - 26 M length, J.5 M sl*s
A radieaetrlc surrey ef tke tewer was carried eut witk a 10 Ci
Ir-192 seurce aai a beta-gamoa ceustrate eeter.
Fif.R-22 skews tke aetails ef tke tewer, wkile Fig.R-23 skews
tks experlaestal set-up. Tke results are presentee la Fig.R-24.
Tke survey iaeioatei tke tisleoatiea ef tke bettea tray fren its
•emal pesitiea. Tkis was subsequently eeafiraes whea tke usit was
pkysically exaaiaei euring tke repairs.
2. Raeiegiaphy ef RCC Structure At Tke Berivali Telepkeiie Exchange:
R.N. Seskpaate; T.K. Jeykuear; O.S. Siagk
Detailed erawiags ef pesitiea aaa size ef tke steel reiMferoemeats
are accessary fer tke extension ef any RCC structure. Siace these were
set available, isetepe raAiegrapky was employee1 fer tkis purpese at tke
instance ef F&T department fer tkeir expansiea sf Berirli Telepkene
Ezckange facility. A 10 Ci Ce-60 seurce tegetker witk fast medical
H-14
X-ray * i l« *«• •mpl'yed. Size and leoatiea ef tke steel reiaferceaeat
were determined witkia + 2f> aocuraoy wkiok Is feuad adequate far tk l s
purpese.
3. Use ef gamma - back scatter tkiokaess gaugiag teckalque
fer ctrresiea estimation, at Oberei Skeratea Hetel
T.I. Jeykumar) O.Siigk
1 keavy leakage ef water threugk tke ckillei water vipeline
ef tke air cenaitieaiag plant at Oberei Skeratea Hetel was aetioed.
Ike leaks were attributes te cerresiea ef tke pipeline sue tw aixiag ef
SOg fren tke flue gases ia tke water nyet«n,Bi«ce tke ceeliag tewer aai
tke eutlet ef tke fuxaaoe flue gases were lecatea aajaoeat te sack etker
at apprexiaately sane elevatiea ef 115 H.
Twe seotieis ef tke kigk pressure pipeliae carrying ckillei water
were examiaes te estinate tke extent ef oexreaiea by gamna back scatter
taickaess gauging.
Ultraaeaio teckaique was fauna unsuitable because ef tke euter
surface beiag painted and tho l^terr^.l surface beiag cerreded. Tke
figure skews tke experimental o«t :xp .53d c?.iibrati«a curve.
R-15
4. Besides these a few »tker iastancas »f specialise*
at* listed bel»w ia fable fi-6.
TABLE R-6
Specialised Radiography A»»licatioa>
61* OrganisationMo.
Material Inspected Source Remarks
1.
2.
3.
4*
5.
6.
7.
ISBD
Indian Havy
H-5 Project
RiFF, Kota
Indian Railway
Hindustan SteelRourkela
Guest KeenWilliams
Rocket-fuel
Rivetted Joints ofboilers,propellerblades,submarineheader.
Calendria, Welds,Uranium castings,Transport-flask leadshield
Haematite concretetest blocks
Thermite weld joint
Trunion-ring castingof L-D convertor
Retort vessel
Ir-192
Ir-192
Ir-192
Co-60
Ir-192
Ir-192
Co-60
Co-60
for honogenity
*
for integrity
Thickness measure-ment.
Variation of plate potentialwith thickness of Se coating
15
ia5 1.0
ib)
5 os
01
Charging tlm> 8»»codt
20 40 60 60 100 120 140 160
THICKNESS OF St COATING ( In micron*>FIG. R-1-
DARK DISCHARGE CURVES
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70
OCCAY TIME <Minut»«)
PIG. R-2
80
u:
3-0
2-5
20
1-5
1.0
05
FILM-AGFA GEVAERT D7SOURCE- IRRIDIUM 192NO OBJECrDENSITY 20
FRONT SCREEN
0-
BACK SCREEN,
3U0
2.5
2.0
1-5
10
1-0 20 30 40 50 60 7-0 80 90ATOMIC NUMBER
1.0
0 20 40 60 60 tOOATOMIC NUMBER
GRAPH BETWEEN INTENSIFICATION FACTORAND LEAD SCREEN THICKNESS.
FIG. R-3
ELECTRON ABSORPTION C0'WV6SIN ALUMINIUM.
r 100
Due to —directgamma rays
20 40 60 80 100MILLIGRAMS PER SQUARE Cm.
FIG. R-4
130 150
PRODUCTION OF INTERMEDIATE POSITWE
Exposure - Ultraviolet-RadiationFilm-Agfa gevaert D4
4.0
3.5
3.0
• 2.50•5
5 2.0
oo6 1-5
1.0
o—»60 Sees.40 »20 ••
10 1-5 2 25 3O.D of original-ve
FIG. R-5
3.5
PRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE COPY-
.6
From intermediate positiveof 20 seconds exposureExposure-Ultraviolet RadiationFilm-Agfa gevaert 04
1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.80-D Of Intermediate + ve
FIG. R-6
PRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE COPY-
4.6
4.2
3.6
3.4
* 3.0
u
oa.w
3 2.2ad
1.8
1.0
.6
.2
OfFrom intermediate positive
I seconds exposuresure - Ultraviolet Radiation- Agfa gevaert D*
U 1.8 2.2 2.6 3^0»0.D. Of intermediate +ve
FIG. R-7
3^4 3TB
PRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE COPY
From intermediate positiveof 60 seconds exposureExposure - Ultraviolet RadiationFilm-Agfa gevaert DA
©—*10 Sees.»30 "
1.4 1.6 * 2.2 2.6 3.0—*»0.D Of intermediate f v«
FIG. H-8
G3
3.S
©GEAB BOI
© GEAR BOX HANDLE
© TS1POC STAKB
© CONNECTING CABLE
© COUPLING
© FRONT END BOB
© SOURCE cmoe CONDUIT
0 BACK END CONOUT
® MAIN BODY
® TROLLV WHEEL
© HOOK FOR MECHANICAL LIFTING
© TROLLV
@ BACK END BOB
© PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY LOCK
@ INDICATING LAMP'SOURCE EXPOSED'
© THOU* HANOLE
© ACCESSORIES BOX
(5) PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY
lridium-192 CAMERA ASSEMBLYIRCX-16O
HG. R-9
44444444k
252
1) Source2) Source capsule
3) Teleflex cable4) Ball stopper
5) Female coupling6) Male coupling
PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY (PTA)
FIG. R-10
'WSMSutssMtuttmstttnsmtL252 '
(a)
(y Mol* coupling
(z) Fwnoto coupling
® toll stopper
0 T«t«fl« caM*
(9) Satire* copault
(5) Sourc*
(b)
(c)
r—tfki1
(d)
SOURCE PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY (PJA)FIG. R-11
1) Dicky lock key2} Dicky lock3) Retainer ring,4) Female coupler5) (PTA) Male coupling6) Male coupler7) (PTA) Female coupling8) Blind cap9) Holder
Flexible conduitIt) Teleflex cable
PIG TAIL ASSEMBLY LOCKFIG. R-12
DRIVING UNIT INCORPORATING INDICATION LAMPSAND REVERSIBLE COUNTER
INDICATION LAMP
GEAR CASING
FIO. R-13
-290
(T) COVER Q) HANDLES © CAP©SOURCE PK3 TAIL ASSEMBLY (PTA)@ SCREW LOCK (?) PAD LOCK
Lead Pot For IRCX-150
FIG. R-U REF 1699
SOURCE CONTROLSEXPOSURE CONTROLS
iiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiilliiiii;;: : : • • • : • • : • • • ; • • • • : : : • • : : • : : :
SOURCE HOUSINGAND SHIELD
DARK ROOM'
LABOGRAPH
SOURCE CONTAINER WITH DRIVE MECHANISM
© SOURCE DRIVE SYSTEM.
<D SOURCE IN SHIELD CONDITION.
(3) SOURCE IN EXPOSED CONDITION.
(A) EXPOSURE COLLIMATOR.
FIG. R-17
SOURCE HOLDER
33=JJL
15 0 mm263 mm
SOURCE LOCATIONEXPOSURE: AREA INDICATING LAMPCOUPLING FOR DRIVE SYSTEM
FIG. R-18
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR RADIOMETRY
ANALYSER ft SCAIER DETECTOR HEAD'
OBJECT-̂
(Lead 9plates.each pi 25 mmthick)
• The detective Plate has a holt ot 20 mm tfand is shifted to various positions from 1to9
FIG. R-19
SOURCE
CONTAINER
(Sourc* Exposed)
RESPONSE OF THE DETECTOR W.R.T. LOCATION OFTHE FLAW (DISCREMINATED ENERGY-U7 MEV )
100
M
C75
c9
onSO
Material© - 2 0 mm 0(2)-2 0mm 0
-20mm 0-20 mm 0
: Lead 2 25 mm Thick6mm deep flaw12.5 mm deep flaw25 m m deep flaw37.5 mm dt*p ftaw
SODistance of the flawobject (In mm)
100 ISO ' 200from Inner surface (source side) of the
FIG. R-20
Lead filled container withmarkings for Radiometry
FIG. R-21
FEEDENTRYNOZZLE
LIQUIO LEVEL
.STEAMNOZZLE
FIG. R-22
SK€TCH-2RAO1OMETRY SURV.EYTR T 5 0 ( J B O TOWER)
SOURCE 5IDED
FIR 2B
DETECTOR SIDE
A \ VTRAV# U
TRAY # 3
TRAY # 2
-22|-20
iF-16
12
i I
V.LLJ
FIG. 2A
I—I
x.---
FIG. R-23
SKETCH 3
RADIOMETRY SURVEYT-101 (LUBE VAC TOWER)
Set of '<«^ to SOVrtf fonl>O»( *t
SX11CH-4ftAOlOIETfy SIMViV
T-'OC
c 7 f 9 toON TIC COLUMN
FIG. R-24
2.2 ISOTOPE INSTRUMENTS
2*2*1 Scan Converter Inspection Syaten
6.S. Ramakrishna} R.S. Deehpandet D.Ranganathanj &
K.Kriahnamurtky•
la view of the need for a simple and rapid, on-line
radiegraphic inspection set-up for industrial products, development
•f a "flying spot scan conversion system", aiming towards automation
•f industrial radiefraphy has been undertaken.
The BChenatic «f the system is shewn in Fig.I-1.
Fer seurce ef radiation, initially a 100 KV potential industrial
x-ray equipnent will be used and later en will be adapted fer isrtepio
seurces.
The principle *f cperatien involves generation *f a fine flying
spot of radiation by the vertical cellimater and a horizontal bea>
chopper wheel driven by a synchronous motor. The b e u scans the
object vertically, while it moves horizontally on a conveyor. The
emerging signal is detected by scintillation detector which has detection
efficiency of about ifjfr compared to film which is a poor radiation
detector with efficiency of about 1$.
The electrical signal output from the detector i» related
to the intensity of the attenuated beam and is stored in a special
merery device,while the sequential scanning is in progress. The stored
information is displayed on a conventional Television Monitor for
image visualization and subsequent analysis
1-2
Xaitial etuiiee *f raiiatiea eaergjr, <••• requirement,
i*t*ot*r okaraoterlatiaa ani electrealoe requirement k M beea oeayletei;
tkt ekaraoterieyloe ef tke ayatea art i k m la tabl* 1-1.
Zayertant features t* net* are the tetal i*e* reoeivei by tke
•kj**t baiaf leaa taaa a few aB aai tk* tiae required fer eoaaalag baia^
af tka evier ef few aeoeaia.
Aa «x»eriaeatal aat u» wltk a 30 oa l*aft 1*8 ca f plaatic
•oiatlllater aai a aultable yk»teauitl»li*r tub* aaaeabl/ kaa been
4*r*l*yH| wail* tk* 4*aiga ef tke yulae yreeeaaiac f neaerjr aterage
aoi ta* aoaaaia« beaa geaexater oenaiatlnc af * vertical celllaater
aai okayyar wkeel aaaeably ia la yregraaa.
0.8* Saaakziakaaf D. Sanganatkaa| K« Kriaanaaurtky
tk* leaifa aai iereleyarat af a aelii atat* raiUtiea ieteoter
fer lew *a*zg]r raii&tiea i*t*oti*n uyta 100 kerv baavi ea th* iatemal
avalaaok* aultiylioatlen ia aeaioeaiuoter* kaa Vaaa takaa ay. Tkia la
ia Ti«» *f tk* B M I fer a reliable aai kl«% oeuat xata oayabillty
ietucter fer ia*t*y* ayylioatiea la iaiuetrlea. Ike feature* ef tke
ieteoter arei
Higk oouatiag rate capability
Qeti lew eaeray reayenae
Higk aanaitivity
Wii* t*ay*ratur* rang*
Waiewleaa aatur*
Mialatuz9f reliable, leag l i fe it lew o*at
100 Mo/a
few KeV t* 100 K*T
Miltlylioatlra uyt* 103
Uyt* 100*C
1-5
The arelininary design «f ta» ••IK atata deteoter deTeleaed
and fabricated ia ech«m*tically shewn in Fig. 1-2.
The device is batdc&lly a P N atructure aillcaa diedcu
It la feraed frea a H-tyve wefer af resiativity 40-49 eha-ca, 25 aa die . ,
and 400 thick. A degenerately d«*ed P+*regien ia feraed ia the wafer
tj iiffuaiBg bazaa at 1150'C far 14 hra. ta get diffueiea death af 50/4,
when the iaciteat xaiiatiaa thrau^i the eatxanoa wia4av pra4uoea
frimajr alaotxaa - hale aaixa in the ir lft ragiaa. By ahataaaak
teohoique aa< oheaioal atohiag yxeceae centaur aagla af leaa t a n 90*
omit Ht be ebtaiaei. Lew centaur angle waa feua* eaaentiol ta kaap
high iatenal f ial i aaoeaaary far aralanoha aotlaa urt law aarfaoa
fi«14 ia areyent auxfaoa bzaakiewa af the 4evloe.
la aohiere thia a cenbinatlea af aeohaaloal barallBf aa4 ohealoal
etehikf wta trie* am4 feua* auocaeaful ia abtaiaiag a laairai aagla af
5* ia 7*. f*e leakage current ef the aevicea waa abeut 200/4A at 2130 V.
High avalanche Yeltage at lew leakage ourrent waa feua4 aaaentlal far
lav neiae, while high internal electric field af the azwar af 150 ta 200
kr/ca waa required t*r okarge aultialicatiaa due ta laaaot iealsatlaa*
Aa eatraaoe wiadew af 5 M *i*« ••* 25/4 thick waa fened ta reduce the
dead layer. The entranoe windew waa oaated with geld by Tacuua
araaaratlaa and the oaat«»urad aurfaca with BTV xubaer t ta aiaiaiaa
the leakage ourreat. The beraa diffused devioea ware fabricated at the
TUB, Jelid State Dericea Labaratery and the Oalliua diffuaed dericea
ware abtaiaed frea aa eutaida agency with cellabentive efferta.
1-4
Mart tkaa 40 atttottra wtrt fabrloatt* tkua but taly tw«
•tvltta oiull ackitvt tkt atalztc aralanokt ekaraottrlatloa. Tkt
•ytolfltatitia tf tkt dtriot art «lTta la Tablt X-2 vkUt it» aralaMlit
tkaraottrlttlo i t pxttftnttc la tkt fifuxt I-J-.
TABU 1-2
Sttelficatitai t f tht AT*l>nckt Ptttottr.
1. Ltakagt eurrtnt i 150/4 A at 2130 Ttlt.
2* Ctattur aaflt i 5 * 7 *
3. XatMDca wiBttw t Otl* 0Mttt,5a« i l » . , 25ptkiok
4* Iattraal fitl< i 200kr/o«.
A tuiMl dlt it atatstkblt twitoklaf •lzooit m i latlgnti ftr -
Itttotiac tkt tobwat atctnii pulata frta tkt 4*t**tar. *Wa att-uf was
ttatti uU otula i tttot tkt 60 ktT « U M raya tf Aa241» wtrk la la vrtfxtaa
t t furtktr rtfiat tkt ttokalqut aai t t rtiuot tkt atiat l t v t l , wltktut
aatrlflolaf tkt avalaackt ckamottrietict.
2.2.3 Digital Prtatt I»»taurt Ctntrtl ftr latttat Ba41tiara»ky
0.8. Baaakziakaai A.S. Ftatkarkati T.K.Jtykuaar
la littfatrlal radltffrayay ttftolally witk Iz*-192t tUbtratt
oalonlatltM ftr ittttalo ttoajr, aattrial tkiokataa aai aoatttrlaf art
aaavtliablt tt arzlrt at a »rt»tr tzptaurt t lat. A alaplt tltotxtalo
<trlet kaa bt«a ctvtltyt* tt tvtzotat tkla. Bltcfc tlafraa tf tkt
oipoult la aktwa la l l ( . i - 4 .
Tkt xtaataat tf a O.M.tubt vat eallbratta afalaat tkt 4tat
ual»t varltua fl lttra. Ttirtktr tkt rtayaaat tf tkt ayitaaj «aa aatektl
«ltk tkt okaxaottrlatioa tf tkt x-ray flla*. Tabla 1-3 Maatrlata tkt
xtaulta.
1-5
TABLE-I-5
81.la.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Siaal tkickaeee ia ••.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Density ektaiaed fara aet af expeaun
Agfa D7-F11B1700 aB
2.04
1.92
1.89
2.10
Kedak D-54 Film800 BR
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.9
With the uae af tkia devioe am* kae ealy ta aat tha pre-cali-
brated deae far a givea fila ienaity aa recariei by tke O.M. Tuba.
Tke aa< af avyravrlata axvaaura tine ia iaiicatei by bath auiia til
visual aigmal. I* a aiallar ayaten en»laya4 in tha "Labagzaak" tka
eauroa ia ratxiYea back i»ta tke ahiela autamatically by aaaaa af a
aaleoaia aotuatea ••ohaniaa.
ia laa okaabar ia beiag «evelape4 ta railaoa tke O.M* tuba,
Which kaa a Taxy linite* Ufa.
2.2.4 Davelawaeat af Ian Mebility Analyser
1UK. Sinkaj K. Krisknaaurthy
Aa azvarlMatal tast aat-up haa bean prepared fer aeteotia^
tka praaaace af certain preaolectei censtituents af a gaa aanpla, basee
ea tka yariatiena ia tke aebility ef leas ef different gaaes ia aa
applied electrical field.
1-6
A Bat-up witk a aaa curia tritioa aauroa, • aftllaotia* alaotraaa
•ni faur polaai fata alaotraiaa In aa apaa ckwrter (50 aa p< x IOOJWB laa*)
ka* beta i»r»l»t*i. Tkt parfaraaaca •T«lu«tlM« art bala* oarri«4 cut t*
•»tial«* tk» «ri« aise u i J.*c&tira »f tht «xl« •l«etni«« t» •labla tk«
Mlaotlaa «f tiffaxtat iaaa. Tka waik ia aia«i at eallaotiag neceBtary
iata far tka iavalaiMnt af a oaaaaxclaHjr Tiabla ataaapkszic pollution
•Ian qrataB.
2.2.5 n n ntncioi METHOPMEKC
1* Dayjj Iairtvatata aa, twia ckaabtr iataotara
B.8. Oashpaaia * 8.B. lutta
A faw aa* «aai<na af tka Snaka Sataotar kara baaa axparlaaatai
iarint tkia paxlaa. llc.Z-5 akawa tka fixat aaaiga 4av«lapai vkiok
oaatalaa a elaaai afttnxataa ekaabax far, (i) oaapaaaatlnc arzara 4uft
ta Mfply Yalta** rarlatlaaa, aai fax (ii) oaapaaaatiag arzara iua ta
aabiaat teaparatura aai kuaiAitjr okaagaa*
Oavalapaaat af tka pxatatypa akawal tkat tkia iaaiga funetiaaai
affaotiTaljr. Ea«aTar<i iapxaraaaata ia thia aait wara oaaaiaaxai far oaat
re«uotiaa. Tkia baiag aa iapartaat faotar aiaoa tka faaiga ultiaatalj
•ia* at cavalaplaf a oaaatroiaHjr viabla praduot*
Vlg.1-6 aktwa tka eaaatraetiaa cataila af tka iataetar* wkiok
alialaataa aaai far ki^i fraia iaaolatiag aatarial aai eaaaiiaAbly
raiacaa tka oaat af aatarial* Hf.I-7 akava tka oixonit iiagraa af tka
iataotar.
1-7
2* 8—k> iataotar aarfaraanca araluatlaa
M.K. Slakai Q.B. Qekkalet . 8*8. Datta
la arler te evaluate tke eaek* leteetexs f»r eeaplleaee te
lateraatleaal ataoiaiia, tke felleala* labemteqr teete were o*alaet««
1) If feet ef euyyly Yeltage vaxiatleae, aa ieteetlea
eoyyly Teltage variatleas betweea 200 V i.e. te 250 T. i.e. akevei
laee tkaa 2jt change la ieteetiea eenaitirlty.
U ) If fact ef aabieat teayexature •arletieaes- Taste wkea eeainetei la a
eeatrellai teayeratuxe oaaaber ekewei leae tksa tjjft ekaage la
ieteetlaa eeasltlvltjr whan teayeratuxe waa varlei bataeea 25*C te 50*0.
H i ) If feet ef kuaUity yarlatiaai- Teata «kea eealvotei la ft eyeclelly
eleaei ekaabar ekewei leaa tkaa 155̂ okaaga la eetsottea
wkea koaKlty vaa varlai batveaa 0)f B.8. te 1000 I.B
at 28aC.
I T ) Vfeet ef eeneelve ataeaykarai- Deteeter* wkea exyeeei te eerrealv*
ataaaykara ef SOjt ceoaxatei by aa aialxtaxe ef 20 f M ef Milaa
tkleealykate ft 10 al af HjSO. f la a eyeolalljr •reyaxei eleeai ekaaa«r»
aac aka*a leea tkaa 2Jt okaa«B la iateetlaa eeaeltlHty, fer a yexlet
ef 16 iaya.
T ) Effect ef Tlkratleae* Sataotera akewei ae aaaafe er ekaafa ef
eeaeltlTltr wkea ezyetel te 0.1 aa asylltuie TltaatleM ef 10 ta 50
eyelee yer aeeeai fraqoaaej far a tetal yarlai ef 45 alautee.
vl) If feet ef air Talaalty aai air Jiraotlaa ekaa««ai- A syeelal
ekaaber waa yaayarei fer tkla test te yendt teats at eeaataat air
•elaeitiaa.
1-6
Tests cenducted upte an air velocity ef 150 ft/ain. at the
detecter skewed +25$ t» -10# change la chamber voltage (Detecter
sensitivity) depending upen the direotien ef air flaw te the
ietecter. This being the largest seurce «f error shall determine
the mazlBUB usable sensitivity fer a particular lecatira.
Tii) Detection sensitivity 1- Tests cencuotei in a specially prepare*
wssien chamber »f size 28 cm x 46 ci x 180 C B l*ng sh»w«* that
13 ag/> »f SD«ke density was detected by 10^ *r larger ohange
ill the sensing chamber voltage.
IB *dditi«n t» the absve ncted lab»rat»ry tests a field fire
test was als# conducted, in a clseed r«*a, by lvcating 4 detectsrs
8 Betera apart •• a 3 neter high osiliag and by igBiting appreii-
•ately 100 gas *f different types ef esabustibles •• the fleer
aid centrally lecated between detectors. Experinenta •• weed,
paper, gassline and pslystyxene as csabustible skew **cti«a
withia 2 t» 4 •!"• *f igBitisn.
3« Reid i»stallatj»ns and susratisa enerieaces »g g—ke detecters
ILK. Siahai B.S.Deshpande, S.S. Dattaj & Allaa Baakiaa.
Dstectsrs wers inatallad at a few iapertaat preaises la Bsabay,
la srdsr ts gala actual eperatiag expsrieaces frsa tk«B. Absat 100
d«t«otsrs kare st far bsea inetalled daring this peris*, th* fi»ls trials
skwred tkat air Telecity rariativas la aotual lastallatisas osuld bs
•saawkat unpredictable and tke deteotars eccaaieaally, aeeded x«-«ijustasats
•f dstectiea sensitiTlty at sit*.
1-9
Hewever, a neea waa felt far aetectcra eperatiag at- lewer
veltafea te catar ta the neaaa af aiaing ana etker fire-preae lnatallatiaH.
Witk tkia ia aiaa, ievelepment af a twin chanbar e>tecter eperatiag at
12 Y.a.o. kaa beea uaiertakea.
(,» ParalaaBaat af caatral canaalaa far aaaka iatactiaa ayetenai
B.S. Daahpanaaf U.K. Sinhaj S.S. Satta.
Taxaa aaaigna af cantxal caaaalea canaiatiag af tke fallewlag
•^b-ayataaa kava baea ievelaaei aurlng tkia periaa:
i) Hegulatea pawer aupjly far araviaiag a ragulatea v«lta^a
and 250 V i.o acraaa tae aataotara.
ii) Vaaitariag oirouit far manitaring aatectara lacated at
aiffarent lacatiane ia tha builaing auck aa ta ganeimte aa
auaia-Tieual ala .* af fira wkaa it is aetactea by a»y of
tke aetectara ia tke ayataa.
iii) Suaerriaarjr circuit far ayataa auparrialaa ta faaarata
aa alara af fault caaaitiaa, vkaa tka ayataa is raaasral
iaayezatiTa aua ta aay circuit aiaoaatiauity.
I T ) Staaaby yawar aaurce ta prariaa altaraata battery aawar
ta tka ayatea aunaf aaiaa failnra.
tlc.I-8, 1-$ skew tka aaliaat featuraa af tka cizeoit aiagraa.
Tka tkraa aaaigaa af tka Caatral Canaala ataaaaraizea ara«
a ) Canaale type 125 - DaaigBaa far aaaitariaf 5 aateotara
witk a aingla sane fira aaa fault iaaicatiea.
b ) Caaaala type 5225 - Seaigaaa far aaaitariag 50 aetectera .
witk five zeaea af fixe ana fault iaaicatieaa.
1-10
c ) Geasele type 10Z50 - Designed fer aealteriag 50 detecters
with tea zenes ef fixe and fault iadicatieas.
Over tea censeles, in all, have «e far been preduced and used
f»r the installatien meatiened earlier.
2*2.6 Characterisatiea ef theraeelactriw aedulea fer Badieiaeteeio
Fewer Ceaarater System
K.Krlehnaaurtby and D.BanganathAn
Aa experimental set-up kaa Deea ieaigaei te atuey the
eharaoteriatioa ef the Biamutk Telluriie (Bi-Te) thexaeeleotrio aeiulea
ceaaiatiaf ef abeut 50 limba fer the aeTelepaeat ef raiieiaeteye yewer
generater aratea.
The aeiule was iaelatei fres the heat seurce using extremely
thia aioa aad aluadaiua exide fills. The fill which ia essential f «
eleotrioal iaaulatiea was feuai te have yrefeuad iafluenoe en the veltage
develeyed aad the thiokaess ef which has te be practically aegligible fer
•ftiaiM heat traasfer and eaergy utiliaatiea. Different film thickaess ef
less thaa .00$ ca have beea atteavted ((See Table R-4).It was found that a
wuciwiB ef 1.2V can be achieved usiag thia aLugdaiua exide filas, with a
differential temperature ef abeut 90*C, giving a slepe ef 8.7 BV/'C.
Initial experiaental data shewed that with a het aeuxce teaverature ef
areuad 120*C, it weuld be feasible te geaexate abeut 1.2 V with a aiagle
aedular chip. Pellewisg this,internal resistance ef the aedule was
aeasured fer preduoiag a matching eutput lead and fer the deaign ef a
fewer eeaveraiea systea.
1-11
A pewer cenversien tleaiga nedel wag ceaceived far develeping
eptiaised parainetera aa regards keat ceaaenratien ana keat transfer
freaj tke xmaiaactive capsule* Tke system canalsta af a dummy radi«*ctive
aauroe iaternally keated by an external aupply,ae as ta ackieva a
•aJdnnia tenpezatuxe af abaut 125#C witk a oensunptieii af abaut 20 watts
af pewer* Tke capsule was aurrcuaaea by a keavy aeneity natexial ta abstract
abaut 7OjC af tke raiiatiaa pawer fram tke cabalt-60 saurce. This waula
neaa a aauroe activity af abaut 2000 d af cebalt-60 far initial trials.
(«30 watts). Pij.I-10 akawa tke experineata? aet-up.
Tke tkermaelectric nadule waa placed aver tke saurce with
appraprlate tkickneas af tkermally ceatljcting but electrically insulatei
alualaiuB axide filu. Tke averall systea was thermally iaaulat«« witk
kigji crate iasulatinf natarial.
Tke set-up waa atuaie* far variaua input pewera ranging fraa
4 watts ta 20 watta. Tke afficieacy af tke ayatea waa fauna ta be abaut
1*.
Tke atuay revealed passible areas af inpreveBent far tke
future design, k new varaian is being attempted ta atudy tke actual
prebleaa witk a 2000 ci. cebalt-60 aauroe,inside tke kat cell*
1-12
TABLE 1-4
Mica and Aluminium Oxide as Thermal Insulators For T.E.M
Hat Emi C»l« Eat Differential Thermoelectric E.M.F Therneeleetrioleap. Tea*. Temjeiature with mica iasulatera E.M.F with•C *C *C. (.005 cm thick)T*lta. Aluminium «xi«e
iaaulatvraj}.OO6c« tkiok)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
30
30
32
32
32
32
34
34
35
35
0
10
18
28
38
48
56
66
75
85
0
0.050
0.100
0.175
.0.275
0.325
0.375
0.450
a 500
0.600
0
0.125
0.250
0.400
0.500
0.650
0.760
0.980
1.125
1.250
1-15
2.2.7 A Dual Actisa Selid State Fire Alarm System»
Rameskwar Natk
la advanced detecter system werkiag •• 12 velts D.C , is toeing
developed keeping ia view ef tke stringent safety regulations ef nines,
skips* annuaitien fact«ri«s etc* Tke a.4iei features «f tke eystea are)
1. Lew eperating veltaget 12 v*lte S.C
2. Dual actiea t lenisatien ckaaber and * -thermiatea
senser t* detect b»tk smske aid
keat.
3* Tstal selii state circuittry witk Integrated circuit
design. See Fig. 1-11.
A few fi»t«type detecters and tke allied electnvnio oircuitry
kave %een dereleyed. Tke tests kave skewn tkat a wide variation in
relatire kuaidity^air velocity kaye a very aegiligible effect (less
tkaa 10)t) •• tke sensitivity ef detectien.
Partker perferaance evaluatien is ia pregress.
TV MOMTOR SING? SPOT ft£SCAN CONVERTER SYSTEM
-CONSOLE.:^ .
P M T PREAMPUFER
Nar CRYSTALDETECTOR
SHIELDINGSAMPLE
PHOTO SENSOR U )
Rvststlvltyt 45-10 Ohm-em
W«frr: N-1ypt «|Ucoh
Dop«hi: OctKium/loftn
Av«Vonch* V9Hog«:*fJ0V
25mm #
SCHEMATIC
AVALANCHE DIODE CHARACTERISTICS«•— Rrvtrs*
2tO0
J/
IFabricated in
elaboration with
Bias Voltagt (volts)2000 1500 »00t
• •
itr~~n <tr n —r
^Ovttctor Bta» Potot (2t3OV>
*Galllunrt Dooed.
TIFR
PIO. 1-3
0
•100
200
300
•m
500
+ ' •
1
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT
POWER SUPPLY
G.M.DetectorCircuit with filter
Operational Amplifier+Butter AmplifiertShaper
ScalingCircuits
Th<cknessSelector
Alarm
Electronic Switch PresetRegister
Sourceexposure
termination
FIG. 1-4
COLOCATHODE
TUBE
AMERICIUM SOURCETWIN CHAMBER
DETECTOR HEADPIG. 1-5
SMOKE DETECTOR HEAD
COLO CATHOOE TUBE
CLOSE CHAMBER
SOURCE
SENSITIVITY PIN
OPEN CHAMBER
FIG. 1-6
NEONLAMP
3O
NEON
CLOSEDCHAMBER
2J: OPENCHAMBER
1) WIRING TERMINALS 18.2 TO CONSOLE.
2) WIRING TERMINALS 1 8.3 TO(a) SINGLE LAMP UNIT.(b) ZONE INDICATING PANEL.(c)MAIN INDICATING PANEL.
62 DETECTOR CIRCUITFIG. 1-7
DISPLAY CIRCUIT230 VAC EMERG.(L)
POWER SOURCE(EXTERNAL)
230 VAC EMERG.(N)
FIG. 1-6
ZONE CIRCUITS
M t t
•250V 3 8 =
OV<
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0C UNOER VOLTAGERELAY SKa.tC/0225 V 4 ma i£/O
TO*
•DEARTH FAULTRELAY
NOTE : ALL RELAYS SHOWN OE ENERGIZEO
it,
DETECTOR HEADSMAXRSNOSiZOHE
FIG. l-t
Water Out
Heat Sink
Thermo Couples
— Thermo Electric Module
Insulating Material
«-»Aluminium Oxide Film
ElectricalHeater
AN EXPERIMENTAL T. E.M.
CONVERSION DEVICE
FIG HO
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DUAL ACTION SOLID STATE FffiE AUBW SfSTEMFie. M I •" v5; I.----: x?.
B-1
3. TRAINING & EDUCATION
3*1 Training Course in Industrial Isotope Radiography
With the increasing demand for the use of radiography for
quality control in all engineering industries, the need for qualifie
radiographers is rapidly increasing in our country. It is estimated 1.
at present over 200 industries in the country use radiography for theii
inspection and over 1500 persons are employed in some or the other
xadiogrepbio applications. Besides this,there is an additional demand
for BOre than 150 trained personnel annually. Is a part of the programme
of the promotion of radioisotopes in industry, Isotope Group started
conducting training courses in Industrial Isotope Radiography in 1964.
This activity has gradually grown in proportioned now we conduct advanced
training courses in Industrial Isotope Radiography with the active
co-operation of other divisions of BARC and I.I.T Fowai. During the last
3 years we have conducted 5 training courses which were availed of by
90 persona fron various industries. This is the only centre where a
course of advanced nature in Industrial Isotope Radiography is available.
Salient Features of the Course
The course by Isotope Group runs for 30 working days and is
designed for personnel of supervisory cadre. The course material includes
basic nuclear physics, radiation safety, all aspects of x and gamma
radiography, national and international codes with emphasis on
interpretation techniques, welding, casting and forging techniques,
recent research techniques and matters of related administration and
econonics to provide adequate insight in the subject. In addition,
E-2
once in a week croup discussions axe held. At the end of the oourse,
the participants are required to undergo tests in theory and practical*
including nainly radiography subjects; Suocessful oandiaates are
awarded a "Certificate of Achievement".
4. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1. "Radiation dosimetry problems when sterilizing oedical products
in Gamma Irradiation plants". Krishnamurthy K.
Proceedings of the Symposium, 'Radiation sterilization of
•edical products'. IAEA Bombay . p. 305-322, 1974.
2. "A low-cost irradiation facility for pilot-scale process irra-
diation studies". Krishnamurthy K. , Aggarwal K.S.
ibid pp.331-338.
3. "Current status of Radiation Sterilization of medical products
in Indiat Problems and special advantages in developing
countries". Iya V.K , Deshpande R.O , Krishanmurthy K ,
and Rao M.V , ibid. pp. - 437-446.
4. "Radiation treatment of sewage - Present status and future
prospects". Iya V.K , Higam S.K , Krishnamurthy K.
Hational Seminar on Hydrology & hydraulics DAE p.58-72 Dec.1974.
5. "Studies on Co-60 gamma radiation processing of bamboo-polymer
ooBposites". Adur A.M and Nigam S.K. Isotopenpraxis 11,
ijp.21-24, 1975.
6. "Complimentary Role of Radiometric Techniques in Radiographic
practice". Krishnamurthy K, and Aggarwal K.S.
Proceedings of the "Rational Symposium on Industrial Isotope
Radiography". Tiruchirapalli D.A.E. pp. 97-120, 1976
7. ."Development of techniques for furthering the use of isotope
radiography" Wanorkar R.R, Singh G.S , Kalurkar A,R ,
Jagaeia N.S and Ualhotxa E.K . ibid pp 183-2C?.
II
8. "Relative effect of front and back intensifying ecreena in
isotope radiography", ibid pp 231-245*
9. "Applicability of gemma radiography and ultrasonics teeting in
welds and castings". Kiiehnaonirthy Kt Wanorkar K.R and
Jeykumar T,K. ibid pp. 244-260.
10. "Indigenous development and production of gamma radiography
equipment". Rrishnamurthy K, Patel S.S, and Eatioh G.C.
ibid pp 295-310.
11. "Labograph" A miniature radiography laboratory for education
and research" Kriohnamurthy K, Euralidharan F, and
Aggarwal K.S . ibid pp J23-55?
12. "Electronic device for automatic control of exposure In radio-
graphy" .Fendharkar A.S t xnd Jeykumar T.K. ibid,J34-J45*
13* "Developments in isotope xTorfldio^ruphy following usual
xeroxing technique". Kriahnaaiurfchy K, Waoorkar R.K and Dae 0.C
A paper presented at the "National Syaposiua on Isotope
applications In Industry", iy /7 , Bombay DAE,
14 . "Development of aini x-ray equipment and techniques for the
application of low energy iaotope sources". Ibid.
1$ . "Educational aspects and Industrial Radiography"t Krirhnasurthy K.
Wamoarkar R.K , and i>lngh Q.S . ibid.
16. "Development of ionlaatlon snoke detector system for f ir*
ptotoction in industrial and coaaerclal buildings".
Kriahnaaurthy X, Rao S.M. Sinha M.K, Deahpand* R.S, Ookhal* O.B
and Dutta S.S . ibid.
I l l
17* n6oa* Industrial applications of radlolaotop* t n c t r gas
analyser". Krishniwurthy X, R»o 8.M. ,Mawda S.V, Hair A.B
and Shii Kaaakrlshnan P, Ibid.
10* "A new aaterial for chemical industry - wood polyasr coapoaltaa".
Majali A.B and Patll N.D. ibid.
19. "EadiatioD curing of Natural latex". Majall A.B and Deo Dutt. i.hL
20. "An «valuation of the ecoiioaic aspecta of tba radiation coring;
of wood-polycer cocposltes". lya V.E, Krlahnaaurthy K and
Hajall A.B. Ibid.
21* "Beopt of eew«g»-wft«t« irradiation la India". Roy A.If,
KrlabnaBurthy Kv and Iy« T.X. ibid.
22. "Gaaaa ircmdlatora for nd l s t lon raaearcb and proecaalnf in
induati7n. Krlohnaonsrthjr K. and A^^nral K.S. ibid.
2} . "Radiation procttaed cone ret c-polyti*r coapoaltea".
Majall A.B, Adur A.M. (Internal Kcport)
24. "Sxasinatlon of a t t t l xvlnfozeeaent in the thick RCC atxuotura"
Singh O.S, Jeykvaar T.K and Wanorkar B.R. (Inttrnal Report)
25. "ladioattrio «xaaination of fmctlonatlng tower in a r*finery".
Bivh O.S. Jeykunar T.K and Wasorkar B.fi. (Internal Report)
26. "Eatlaation of corrosion of a c h i l l H water s tee l pipe with
faaaa back scatter technique". Singh 0. and Jeyktiaar T.K.
(Internftl Report)