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8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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?(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
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pjwjpujf wsjgiok pidmvw ehp vmjlwjkujw wh vmov vmjy gon zwj okk jkjljnvw he vmj sphkjvopion wvonfopf
he kiuind ow inwvpzljnvw in vmjip ghlsjvivihn odoinwv jogm hvmjp. Dpjov @pivoin mow jujn pjezwjf vh
widn vmj Jzphsjon Whgiok Gmopvjp+ mhtjujp kilivjf iv iw+ onf iw ofolonv vmov nh pjdzkovihnw ilshwjf
`y vmj Jzphsjon Znihn wmhzkf ghlj in vmj toy he novihnok wjke,owwjpvihn. Vhfoy+ sph,Jzphsjon
@koip iw azwv ow fjvjplinjf vh fjejnf vmj @piviwm pidmv vh hsv hzv odoinwv @pzwwjkw ow Jzph,
wgjsvig Vmovgmjp tow in mjp vilj. Mj+ vhh+ inwiwvw vmov hnky pjgbkjww vpjovljnv he vmj thpbind
shszkovihn jnwzpjw vmj novihnw ghlsjviviuj jfdj+ miw spilj h`ajgviuj. Onf mj wjjw milwjke
ghpph`hpovjf `y vmj ghzpwj he jujnvw.
Mopfky o foy dhjw `y hn tmigm Mjp Loajwvyw eipwv Liniwvjp fhjw nhv fjgkopj miw spifj in vmj
jghnhlig wivzovihn he vmj Znivjf Bindfhl1 @pivoin mow o khv vh `j ghneifjnv o`hzv. 0 likkihn
sjhskj opj in ah`w. Hnky vmj ZB mow wjjn wzwvoinjf dphtvm jogm onf jujpy qzopvjp ehp vmj
kowv 4 yjopw o pjghpf vmov nh hvmjp ghznvpy in vmj D= gon gkoil. @pivoin iw thpbind.R?\ Dhnj opj vmj mzlikiovind foyw he jghnhlig fjgkinj wingj vmj lif,93w ivw Djplony vmov mow
`jjn `ponfjf vmj wigb lon he Jzphsj. Vmj jnvipj novihn iw znivjf in tmov iv ghnwifjpw vmj ujpy
pjowhn ehp ivw wzggjwwezk jghnhlig pjghujpy1 Ow jopky ow 03 yjopw odh+ Dpjov @pivoin vhhb hn okk
vmjwhgiok pjehplw tmigm vmj ghnvinjnvok wvovjw mouj yjv vh znfjpvobj+ Djplony lhpj vmon ony
hvmjp. Dpjov @pivoin tow vmj eipwv ghznvpy vh ofhsv vmj wvongj vmov vmj thpbind gkoww vpofivihnokwvonfopf he kiuind olhznvw vh o kz}zpy vmov iw fjvpiljnvok vh vmj novihnw wzggjww+ wh sopind iv fhtn
iw vmj eznfoljnvok kjujp ehp mokvind onf pjujpwind vmj novihnok fjgkinj. @y osskyind vmiw pjljfy+
Dpjov @pivoin mow lonodjf ivw znsopokkjkjf pjuiuok wh vmov vmj Jzphsjon novihnw gonnhv mjks `zv
j}spjww vmjip dpjovjwv pjwsjgv ehp vmiw znghnvjwvjf lhfjk ehp vmjip htn fhljwvig pjehplw vmov vmjy
ghnwifjp khnd hujpfzj1
O fjgofj he dphtvm pjehplw onf lhfjwv fjlonfw `y vmj sjhskj mouj soujf vmj toy
tow vmj vivkj he o ghznvpy pjshpv in o kopdj Djplon novihnok sosjp -EOQ+ 3? Nhu 0336)+ onf iv
ghnvinzjw1 Dpjov @pivoin iw in einj wmosj. Vmj jghnhly iw dphtind+ vmj znjlskhyljnv povj iw
kht. Vmj ghznvpy iw wvikk pjosind vmj `jnjeivw he vmj pjehplw he vmj Vmovgmjp jpo. Vmjki jpokiwovihn he vmj jghnhlig wywvjl vmov wmj iniviovjf mow kjf vh dpjov sphwsjpivy.
Vmj Djplon gmongjkkhp iw in vhvok ogghpf+ onf mj lobjw nh `hnjw o`hzv mht mj jnuijw miw lovj
@koip ehp miw opgm,ghnwjpuoviuj spjfjgjwwhp in heeigj. Wgmpfjpw onwtjp vh vmj qzjwvihn tmy vmj
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
0(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
Ko`hzp Sopvy tow in lzgm `jvvjp wmosj vmon miw Whgiok Fjlhgpovw onf tow dhind vh tin vmj
jkjgvihn+ fjwsivj vmj ondjp o`hzv @koipw sopvigisovihn in vmj Ipoq top1 In Dpjov @pivoin+ vmj
pjehpl he vmj wywvjlw he whgiok wjgzpivy mof khnd `jjn ghlskjvjf `jehpj Vhny @koip+ i.j. in
vmj Vmovgmjp jpo. Onf Ko`hzp mof vmj gmongj vh pjgviey vmj liwvobjw vmov mof `jjn lofj in
vmj Vmovgmjp jpo. Ghppjgvind o pjehpl iw lzgm jowijp vmon lobind hnj. -Wffjzvwgmj
Qjivznd+ 0 Hgvh`jp 0336)
Jowijp hp nhv vmj wzggjwwhpw he vmj Iphn Kofy opj okpjofy znfjpvobind gjpvoin pjehplw he o
pjehpl vmov wjpujw ow o lhfjk vh hvmjpw. Vmj Znivjf Bindfhl sphuifjw skjnvy he wvzfy lovjpiok nhv
hnky ehp vmj pzinhzw jeejgvw vmov vmj gokgzkovjf pjfzgvihn he vmj ghwv eogvhp ko`hzp mow hn vmj
thpbjpw vmjlwjkujw+ `zv okwh ehp vmj ghznvjpsphfzgviuj jeejgvw iv mow hn vmj ujpy szpshwj ehp
tmigm vmj pjehplw mouj `jjn lofj+ noljky vmj whkifivy onf vmj sphwsjpivy he vmj @piviwm jghnhly.
Lhpjhujp+ tmov `jghljw gkjop iw vmov hngj vmj pzkind `hfy he o ghznvpy fjgifjw vh szpwzj vmj
ghzpwj he wzgm pjehplw+ iv tikk njujp jujp nhv jujn in vmj eogj he znfjwipjf wifj jeejgvw
ghnvjlskovj o eznfoljnvok ghppjgvihn `zv tikk povmjp ehgzw okk ivw jeehpvw hn sjpejgvind vmiw ghzpwj.
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novihn
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novihn1 @pivoin iw o novihn in pjvpjov/ Vmj ghnvinzhzw fjgkinj he vmj jghnhly tow nhv hnky
ingpjowindky filiniwmind vmj sphgjjfw ephl dkh`ok `zwinjww ehp vmj @piviwm novihn2 vmj gosogivy vh
jnehpgj hpfjp thpkftifj+ ilsjpoviuj ehp on ilsjpiokiwv shtjp kibj vmj ZB+ mof okwh wzeejpjf okk
okhnd. Vmovgmjp vhhb iv ow o lovvjp he eogv vmov mjp Znivjf Bindfhl wvikk mof dpjov skonw ehp vmj
ezvzpj in vmj dkh`ok thpkf he `zwinjww onf ehpgj1 j}sonfind ivw spiuikjdjf sopvnjpwmis tivm vmj
Oljpigon wzsjpshtjp in vmj ghkf top2 sphuind ivw likivopy gosogivy vh ilshwj ivw htn hpfjp in vmj
Eokbkonf top2 onf kowv `zv nhv kjowv jwvo`kiwmind ivw phkj ow gh,kjofjp in vmj ghlsjvivihn olhnd
Jzphsjon wvovjw. Mjp fiodnhwiw he ghnvinzhzw fjejovw in vmj invjpnovihnok ghlsjvivihn `jvtjjn
wvovjw tow hnky vmj spjkzfj vh o dionv pjehpl sphajgv. Vmj Iphn Kofy znfjpvhhb vh wmobj zs vmj
jnvipj invjpnok jghnhlig wvpzgvzpj he vmj @piviwm `zwinjww khgovihn wh vmov iv lidmv odoin wjpuj vh vmj
woviweogvihn he vmj novihnw j}ogvind ilsjpiokiwv fjlonfw.
Vmj eipwv vopdjv he pjehpl tow vmj wvpzddkind wvovj,htnjf hp wvovj,wz`wifiwjf infzwvpiok `owj.
Tmhkj pjdihnw in liffkj onf nhpvmjpn Jndkonf+ Tokjw onf Wghvkonf fjsjnfjf hn vmj ghok+ wvjjk
onf wmis`zikfind infzwvpijw+ onf o wijo`kj sopv he vmj @piviwm thpbind gkoww tow jopnind o gpzwv in
vmjwj wjgvhpw. Mhtjujp+ vmj wjgvhp vmov sphuifjf vmj jnjpdy onf pot lovjpiok `owiw he @piviwm
gosivokiwl tow in ivwjke nh whzpgj he spheiv2 hn vmj ghnvpopy+ ow in lony hvmjp ghznvpijw iv hnky
pjspjwjnvjf o dphtind j}sjnwj ivjl in vmj novihnok `zfdjv. Ie iv fhjwnv yijkf o spheiv+ iv mow
ehpejivjf ivw pidmv vh wzpuiuj in vmj lopbjv jghnhly vmiw tow vmj Iphn Kofyw lo}il ehp mjp okk,
hzv ovvogb hn jnvipj infzwvpiok wjgvhpw+ ingkzfind vmj todj jopnjpw jlskhyjf vmjpj. In skogj he
hzvfovjf mjouy infzwvpy+ iv tow nht Nhpvm Wjo hik+ vmj novihnw wvovzw ow o dkh`ok einongiok gjnvpj
ow tjkk ow wznpiwj vjgmnhkhdijw kibj vmj kiej wgijngjw vmov tjpj vh sphuifj vmj novihnok `owiw ehp
gosivokiwv dphtvm onf vh vzpn vmj novihn invh on ovvpogviuj khgovihn ehp ehpjidn inujwvljnv. Tinnjpw he
dkh`ok ghlsjvivihn+ lzkvinovihnokw ephl okk hujp vmj thpkf Oljpigon ghlszvjp ghlsonijw+
Aosonjwj gop lobjpw hp Djplon jkjgvphnigw ghndkhljpovjw tjpj vh inujwv in @pivoin. In hpfjp
vh vzpn @pivoin invh on ovvpogviuj khgovihn ehp ehpjidn gosivok+ Vmovgmjp tow fjvjplinjf vh ilshwj o
pofigok gzv in novihnok todjw. Kowv+ `zv nhv kjowv+ Vmovgmjpiwl tow vmj eipwv wvjs vhtopfw odidonvig spiuoviwovihn sphdpollj. Sz`kig wjpuigjw pondind ephl shwvok onf vjkjghllznigovihnw
wjpuigjw+ tovjp onf shtjp zvikivijw+ vh poik onf oip vponwshpv+ znvik vmjn okk wvovj,lonodjf onf gh,
einongjf `y vo} pjujnzjw tjpj heejpjf ehp wokj vh gowm,pigm inujwvhpw. Eipwv+ mhtjujp+ vmj sz`kig
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
7(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
wjpuigjw mof vh `j gkjopjf he vmj jlskhyjjw ujwvjf pidmvw vmov tjpj nh khndjp oggjsvo`kj+ wh vmov
spiuovj gosivokiwvw ghzkf lobj o fjgjnv spheiv tivm o pjfzgjf onf gmjosjp thpbehpgj ehpljpky
jlskhyjf `y vmj wvovj.
Vmj wjghnf dponf wgmjlj ehp @pivoin vh pjdoin ivw ossphspiovj shwivihn in invjpnovihnok
ghlsjvivihn tow vmj pjehpl he vmj wywvjlw he whgiok wjgzpivy. Vmovgmjp fiwliwwjf vmj ingpjowind
sz`kig j}sjnfivzpj ehp wvovj `jnjeivw vh vmj gosivokiwvig shhp ow znsphfzgviuj ghwvw+ onf wmj wghpnjf
okk vmj wvjsw vobjn `y ehpljp Ko`hzp dhujpnljnvw+ onf jujn `y Vhpy dhujpnljnvw+ vh pjwgzj vmj
novihnok `zfdjv `y gossind vmj fjlonfw ehp `jnjeivw tivmin vmj whgiok tjkeopj wywvjl. Wmj
pjdopfjf ghppjgvihnw kibj vmjwj ow moke,mjopvjf onf gokkjf okk sjhskj tjvw tmh bjsv wzsshpvind
vmj hzvfovjf nhvihn vmov tow hngj vmj ehznfovihn he vmj tjkeopj wvovj1 i.j. vmov vmj gosivokiwv lhfj
he sphfzgvihn mow pzinhzw jeejgvw hn vmj fipjgv sphfzgjpw onf pjqzipjw wvovj invjpujnvihn vh pjwvhpj
o thpbind gkoww zwjezk ehp vmj njjfw he gosivok onf vh loinvoin whgiok sjogj. Ehp vmj Iphn Kofy+ vmj
pjujpwj tow vpzj1 tmov mof lofj @pivoin shhp tow vmj ghnwifjpovihn iv mof wmhtn ehp vmj wivzovihn
he vmj thpbind gkoww2 tmov sphliwjf o pjuiuok he vmj @piviwm jghnhly tow on ingpjowjf shujpvy he
ivw sphkjvopiov onf o eznfoljnvokky fiwlonvkjf whgiok jkeopj wvovj. In fzj ghnwjqzjngj+ wmj
pofigokky gzv whgiok tjkeopj soyljnvw onf pjfzgjf vmj nzl`jp he sjhskj jnvivkjf vh `jnjeivw
ogghpfind vh vmj lo}il vmov vmhwj tmh fhnv lobj okk shwwi`kj jeehpvw vh einf o ah` ov ony spigjfhnv `jkhnd vh vmj fjwjpuind shhp onf vmzw ehpejiv vmjip pidmv vh pjgjiuj tjkeopj `jnjeivw.
Vmj eznfoljnvok spj,pjqziwivj1 `pjobind znihn shjp
Ephl vmj hzvwjv+ Vmovgmjp tow o`whkzvjky ghnuingjf vmov on heeigiok fjgpjj `y vmj dhujpnljnv
vh pjuivokiwj vmj novihnw gosivokiwv whzpgjw he tjokvm+ onf vh fhtnwij vmj @piviwm jghnhly onf
spiuoviwj vmj sz`kig wjpuigjw ehp vmiw jnf+ thzkf `j inwzeeigijnv ow khnd ow vmj sphejwwjf jnjlijw he
vmj dhujpnljnv+ vmj vpofj znihnw+ tjpj wvikk in o shwivihn vh h`wvpzgv mjp lhfjpniwovihn sphdpollj.
Vmj mjof he @piviwm dhujpnljnv mof oktoyw `jjn ofolonv vmov in hpfjp vh goppy hzv mjp pofigok
whgiok pjehplw+ vmj znihnw mof vh `j gzpvoikjf. Oevjp okk+ vmj thpbjpw oeejgvjf `y mjp pjehplw mof oshtjpezk hpdoniwovihn hn monf in vmjip vpofj znihnw+ tmigm tjpj mopfjnjf in `ovvkj onf okwh
spjsopjf vh eidmv+ onf tmigm wvhhf zs odoinwv vmj wvovj hpfinongj he todj fzlsind onf koyheew.
Lhpjhujp+ vmjy tjpj pofigok hsshnjnvw he Vmovgmjpw odjnfo1 vmj sopofidl wmiev in vmj whgiok
tjkeopj wvovj vmov fjgkopjw vmov vmj sphuiwihnw thpbjpw mouj vh lobj ehp vmj injuivo`kj gowjw he
njjf in vmjip gopjjp in gosivokiwl vh `j vmj htn pjwshnwi ikivy he vmhwj tmh gonnhv oeehpf vmjl.
Vmjpj tow nh qzjwvihn ehp vmj Spilj Liniwvjp vmov mjp h`ajgviujw khtjpind novihnok todj kjujkw+
kiqzifovind znspheivo`kj infzwvpiok wjgvhpw onf spiuoviwind vpofivihnok dhujpnljnv vowbw in
inepowvpzgvzpj okk vmjwj tjpj o qzjwvihn he shtjp+ i.j. vmjy pjqzipjf `pjobind znihn shtjp. Vmj
Iphn Kofyw lonvpo Vmj whkzvihn vh vmj znihn sph`kjl iw vmj bjy vh Dpjov @pivoinw pjghujpy tow o sphgkolovihn he gkoww top ephl o`huj odoinwv vmj vpofj znihnw onf ghnwvivzvjf vmj eipwv
wvjs he mjp novihnok pjehpl sphajgv. Szkkind vmj vjjvm he vmj vpofj znihnw tow vmj okk,ilshpvonv
spjpjqziwivj ehp wzggjwwezkky j}jgzvind mjp sphdpollj+ tivm okk ivw ogghlsonyind gpzjkvijw. Ehp vmj
@piviwm vpofj znihnw mof njujp wmhtn vmj lovzpj `jmouihzp he fjlhgpovw vmov tow j}sjgvjf he
vmjl. Hn vmj ghnvpopy+ vmjy mof oktoyw liwzwjf vmjip shkivigok kigjngj vh ghlsjnwovj ehp vmj
wzsjpihp shtjp he gosivok+ onf vmjy mof in on ippjwshnwi`kj toy gmhwjn vh liwinvjpspjv vmjip vowb `y
wvodind pofigok+ whljviljw znghlsphliwind todj fiwszvjw hn `jmoke he vmjip ljl`jpw. _zivj in
ghnvpowv vh vmjip Djplon ghznvjpsopvw+ tmh mouj oktoyw `jmoujf ujpy pjwshnwi`ky ow sopvnjpw in
ghkkjgviuj todj njdhviovihnw `y mhkfind `ogb vmjip fjlonfw ehp vmj `jnjeiv he ghpshpovj spheivw onf
jghnhlig dphtvm+ onf ehp vmj wobj he whgiok sjogj.
In kinj tivm mjp pofigok sphdpollj+ vmj Iphn Kofy znfjpvhhb vh whkuj vmj znihn sph`kjl tivm
o ujndjongj+ vh `pjob znihn shtjp onf vh j}sphspiovj ujwvjf sphkjvopion pidmvw in novihnokiwjf
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
6(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
infzwvpijw vmov tjpj znfjp mjp fipjgv ghnvphk. Ov vmj wolj vilj+ wmj jnghzpodjf vmj gosivokiwv gkoww
vh eidmv vmj gkoww top tivm znejvvjpjf pofigokiwl. Ow gosivokiwvw fhnv mouj vh `j vhkf vmov vtigj+
vmjy wzwsjnfjf vmjip ogbnhtkjfdjljnv he znihn shtjp. Vmjy wjv hzv vh fjlhkiwm vmj znihnw
ehhvind hn vmj wmhs ekhhp onf vh eznfoljnvokky wmiev vmj ghnfivihnw he j}skhivovihn in vmjip ghlsonijw
vh vmjip ofuonvodj. In vmiw wvpzddkj+ vmj wvovj vhhb wifjw onf ogvjf ow vmj shtjpezk odjnv he vmj
ki jpvy he gosivok. @y jlskhyind vmj ehpgj he vmj kot onf he vmj shkigj jujn likivopy ehpgj+ tmjn
njgjwwopy vmj Iphn Kofy wjgzpjf uigvhpy ehp vmj gosivokiwv gkoww in vmiw ghnephnvovihn.R0\ Vmj einok
`id `ovvkj odoinwv vmj jnjly tivmin jnfjf tivm o gpzwmind fjejov he vmj linjpw znihn NZL in vmjdpjov wvpibj he ?9=6(=:.R7\
Vmiw gkjopjf vmj toy ehp mjp skonnjf didonvig lhfjpniwovihn sphdpollj pjdopfind vmj ilsjpiokiwv
`owiw he vmj novihn+ onf nh hnj mow invjnfjf vh eokk `ogb `jminf mjp ogmijujljnvw wingj vmjn.
Vmovgmjpw lodig ehplzko ehp lhfjpn whgiok pjehplw `pjob znihn shtjp shkivigokky+ zwj todjw
ow vmj okk,ilshpvonv eogvhp in ghlsjvivihn+ onf zwj whgiok j}sjnfivzpj ow o ljonw in vmj dkh`ok
ghlsjvivihn he onf ehp gosivok nhv hnky ghnuingjf mjp shkivigok piuokw hn vmj @piviwm Iwkjw+ `zv
zkvilovjky szv on jnvipj gzppjnv he `hzpdjhiw shkivigw+ noljky gkowwigok whgiok fjlhgpogy+ hn vmj
fznd mjos he miwvhpy.R6\ Wingj vmjn+ vmiw mow `jghlj okk vmj podj okk hujp Jzphsj.
Vmj Ko`hzp Lopbjv
Vmj novihnok ogmijujljnv he o fjpjdzkovjf onf ekj}i`kj thpbind gkoww
Thpbind khndjp mhzpw ehp kjww lhnjy mow khnd `jjn o pjokivy in Dpjov @pivoin. Wingj vmj
Vmovgmjp jpo+ vmj shkivigok lonodjpw he vmj @piviwm Iwkjw mouj pzkjf hujp o fjpjdzkovjf ko`hzp
lopbjv onf midmky ekj}i kj jlskhyjjw. Dhnj opj vmj foyw he vmj wvhbjp hn jkjgvpigok
khghlhviujw+ vmj :,hgkhgb vjo `pjob hn vmj owwjl`ky kinj+ onf vmj dpjovjwv nzl`jp he wvpibj foyw
in Jzphsj. Vmj lhfjpn @piviwm thpbjp mow fiwsjnwjf tivm miw miwvhpigok pidmvw onf `infind
ghkkjgviuj odpjjljnvw+ onf mj h`jyw miw jlskhyjpw figvovjw tivm pjwsjgv vh soyljnv onf thpbind
mhzpw+ wh vmov in fzj ghnwjqzjngj miw todjw opj olhnd vmj khtjwv+ `zv miw thpbind mhzpw fjeinivjky
olhnd vmj khndjwv tivmin vmj Jzphsjon Znihn.R:\ Wingj Vmovgmjpw vilj+ vmj @piviwm novihn ghznvw vh
ivw lhwv uokzo`kj owwjvw o thpbind gkoww tmigm thpbw ezkk,vilj hp sopv,vilj hn ghllonf
tmjvmjp vmjy opj khtky soif ljn hp jujn khtkijp soif thljnR5\ onf tmigm vmjn odoin wsjnfw
khndjp mhzpw sjp tjjb vmon vmj 6= dponvjf `y JZ kjdiwkovihn in eogvhpijw onf heeigjw tmjnjujp
gosivok pjqzjwvw wh. Ehpjidnjpw nh khndjp khhb fhtn hn @piviwm ghnfivihnw tivm fjpiwihn onf
ghnvjlsv+ `zv khhb zs tivm jnuy onf osspjgiovihn.
Iv iw qzivj h`uihzw vmov tmjn vmj @koip ofliniwvpovihn tow inwvovjf iv ehznf o ko`hzp
lopbjv vmov tow ghlskjvjky fieejpjnv ephl vmj hnj vmov Wgmpfjp tikk `j eogjf tivm in vmjthpwv gowj. ?= yjopw he ghnwjpuoviuj dhujpnljnvw mouj khtjpjf todjw in Dpjov @pivoin+
pjko}jf ko`hzp sphvjgvihn kotw+ tjobjnjf vmj znihnw onf `phzdmv o`hzv o ghnvphujpwiok
ah` lipogkj. Wzsshpvjf `y wvphnd jghnhlig dphtvm+ vmj nzl`jp he vmj pjdiwvjpjf
znjlskhyjf mow lowwiujky fjgpjowjf in sowv yjopw. Mhtjujp+ lony ah`w fhnv sphuifj o
kiuind todj. -J}sjpv ghlljnvovhp in vmj Djplon njtwsosjpFij Qjivwmhpvky `jehpj Wgmpfjp
tow jkjgvjf gmongjkkhp+ ?3(?99=).
Vmj @piviwm ko`hzp lopbjv mow oktoyw `jjn fjpjdzkovjf in hnj ilshpvonv wjnwj1 epjj ghkkjgviuj
`opdoinind jnwzpjw vmov njdhviovind todjw onf thpbind ghnfivihnw iw o fipjgv shtjp iwwzj tivmin
vmj ghlsony+ tmjpj`y vmpjovjnind o wvpibj hp ogvzokky dhind hn wvpibj hn vmj sopv he jlskhyjjw iwow oggjsvjf on inwvpzljnv in vmjip wvpzddkj ow opj khgbhzvw hn vmj sopv he lonodjljnv. Nh kot in
@pivoin ghlsjkw vmj sopvijw in infzwvpiok fiwszvjw vh pjogm on odpjjljnv+ znkibj vmj Djplon kot hn
ghkkjgviuj `opdoinind+ ehp j}olskj+ tmigm sjplivw wvpibjw ie ov okk hnky ow o ljonw he kowv
pjwhpv+ onf tmigm vijw ony todj wjvvkjljnv pjogmjf vh vmj h`kidovihn vh bjjs infzwvpiok sjogj. Nhv
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
5/17
0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
:(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
mouind vmiw binf he pjdzkovihn tow hngj ghnwifjpjf vmj dpoujwv fiwofuonvodj he vmj @piviwm
`zwinjww khgovihn+ pjwzkvind in likkihnw he thpbind foyw khwv vmphzdm wvpibjw+ yjv okkjdjfky okkhtind
@piviwm znihnw vh eidmv ehp sphkjvopion ujwvjf pidmvw onf vh fjejnf vmjl fjwsivj vmjip ossopjnv
inossphspiovjnjww ehp vmj novihnw gosivokiwv sphdpjww. @zv wingj vmj Iphn Kofy `phbj vmj shtjp he
vmj znihnw+ vmjpj`y ki jpokiwind infzwvpiok pjkovihnw+ vmj vysigokky @piviwm wywvjl he epjj todj
odpjjljnvw iw nht wjjn ow ezkk he ofuonvodjw1 vmj gosivokiwvw opj in vmj ghlehpvo`kj shwivihn vh
fjgpjj soy+ thpbind wvonfopfw+ thpbind mhzpw+ onf mhkifoyw ehp vmjip thpbehpgj in ogghpfongj
tivm vmj njjfw he spheiv oggzlzkovihn njivmjp pjwvpigvjf `y wjgvhp,tifj ghkkjgviuj todjodpjjljnvw+ nhp `y tjkeopj,wvovj ghnwifjpovihnw vmov dhujpn vmj kotw ehp thpbind mhzpw onf
fiwliwwokw+ nhp `y gh,fjvjplinovihn pidmvw. O fjpjdzkovjf ko`hzp lopbjv mow todj,fzlsind
shvjnviok+ tmigm ivw novihnok ofliniwvpovhpw uokzj midmky nhv hnky `jgozwj he ivw jeejgvw hn vmj
fhljwvig gosivokiwvw `okongj wmjjvw+ `zv okwh `jgozwj he ivw shtjp vh ovvpogv ehpjidn gosivok+ tmigm
fifnv liww vmj hsshpvznivy vh inujwv in vmj @piviwm Iwkjw+ tmjpj in invjpnovihnok ghlsjvivihn todjw
opj kht onf thpbind ghnfivihnw wh ovvpogviuj.R4\
Vmovgmjpw kjdogy vh mjp wzggjwwhpw tow o ko`hzp lopbjv vmov djnjpovjw on jujp,dphtind oply
he todj jopnjpw tmh wilsky gonv djv `y tivm vmj todjw vmjy opj soif+ onf tmh opj gokkjf vmj
thpbind shhp. Vmjpj opj lhpj vmon 0 likkihn he vmjl hn vmj ko`hzp lopbjv+ in offivihn vh vmjossph}ilovjky ?.: likkihn pjdiwvjpjf znjlskhyjf tmh `jkhnd vh vmj ogviuj pjwjpuj oply onf vh
vmj fjof tjidmv he 6 likkihn @pivhnw tmh mouj jnvipjky fphssjf hzv he vmj ko`hzp lopbjv onf pjky
hn inghlj wzsshpv.
Whgiok tjkeopj shkigijw he Njt Ko`hzp wjgzpj vmjwj ogmijujljnvw1 tjkeopj vh thpb onf
wvovzvhpy linilzl todj ehp vmj thpbind shhp
Njt Ko`hzp jl`pogjf vmj kjdogy he Vmovgmjpiwl i.j. likkihnw he pjfznfongijw vmov opj vmj
pjwzkv he vmj wzggjwwezk pjwzwgivovihn he vmj `zwinjww khgovihn Dpjov @pivoin+ onf o dzoponvjj ehp
ghnvinzjf todj fzlsind onf zwjf iv ehp ivw htn shkivigok szpshwjw. @koip+ ehp miw sopv+ iw
ghnuingjf vmov vmj lhpj vmon : likkihn @pivhnw jkidi kj ehp znjlskhyljnv `jnjeiv hp inghlj wzsshpv
opj on znoggjsvo`kj `zpfjn hn vmj whgiok tjkeopj `zfdjv. Miw spjfjgjwwhp loy mouj bjsv hn
gzvvind `ogb znjlskhyjf `jnjeivw onf tjkeopj soyljnvw2 yjv vmj jujp,dphtind nzl`jp he
`jnjeigiopijw mow wilsky onnimikovjf ony shwiviuj pjwzkvw he mjp ozwvjpivy `zfdjv. Inwvjof he
einongind znjlskhyljnv+ vmj wvovj wmhzkf sphuifj thpb ingjnviujw. Vmiw iw vmj njt djnjpok
tjkeopj shkigy he Njt Ko`hzp+ ehp tmigm iv gkoilw o ghsypidmv ow Jzphsjw lhfjpn whgiok shkigy. R=\
Tjkeopj vh thpb ljonw in skoin vjplw1 vmj wvovj gzvw `ogb hn wvovj `jnjeivw+ vmzw ghlsjkkind vmj
znjlskhyjf onf vmj pjgisijnvw he tjkeopj `jnjeivw vh vobj hn thpb ehp tmigm vmjy tikk pjgjiuj
lhnjy ephl vmj dhujpnljnv `zv hnky ie vmjy lonodj vh einf o ah . Vmj szpshwj he vmj Ko`hzp
dhujpnljnv iw vh wouj lhpj lhnjy in tjkeopj soyljnvw vmon+ hn `okongj+ iv wsjnfw hn offivihnok
ljowzpjw vh gpjovj ah`w2 `zv+ lhpj ilshpvonvky+ iv vzpnw vmj likkihnw he znjlskhyjf onf pjgisijnvw
he tjkeopj invh o mzdj pjwjpuhip he khtjwv,todj jopnjpw gonfifovjw ehp o njt vysj he wsjgiok
j}skhivoviuj ah`w+ tmigm ephl vmj ujpy wvopv opj nhv vh `j liwvobjn ehp jlskhyljnv vmov sphuifjw o
kiuind todj. Vmj `j o h he shj onf hgiok jgkihn i jlskhljn -Vhny @koip)
jujn ie onf jwsjgiokky tmjn vmiw toy invh jlskhyljnv kjofw wvpoidmv `ogb invh shujpvy+ onf
sphfzgjw likkihnw he thpbind shhp.
Ehp vmjwj sjhskj+ Njt Ko`hzpw heejp iw yjv onhvmjp midmkidmv he lhfjpn whgiok shkigy+ vmj
novihnok linilzl todj.R9\ Ehp lhpj vmon vth fjgofjw+ vmj kjujk he novihnok todjw mow `jjn
wzggjwwezkky khtjpjf+ ghnwjqzjnvky kjouind o wijo`kj nzl`jp he sjhskj tivm ah`w in vmj khtjp
ponbw he vmj ah` mijpopgmy tivm on inghlj inofjqzovj vh wzsshpv vmjl onf vmjip eolikijw. Vmj soif
todjw nh khndjp ogmijuj vmj whgiok jeejgvw vmov vmj shkivigok shtjp pjqzipjw he vmjl1 mhzwind liwjpy+
gmikf shujpvy vhfoy onf hkf,odj shujpvy vhlhppht+ fjspiuovihn onf tifjwspjof gpilinokivy okk
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
5(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
vmjwj opj vmj jeejgvw he znmolsjpjf todj fzlsind `phzdmv o`hzv `y dhujpnljnv onf lonodjpw.
Vmj novihnok linilzl todj invphfzgjw o `hvvhl kinj ehp khtjpind vmj novihnok todj kjujk+ yjv ov
vmj wolj vilj jnghzpodjw okk jlskhyjpw vh `pind todjw fhtn vhtopfw vmiw lopb. Kowv `zv nhv
kjowv+ Njt Ko`hzpw novihnok linilzl todj fjeinjw vmj shinv ov tmigm in Dpjov @pivoin
j}skhivovihn onf shujpvy `jdin1 ov kjww vmon 6.=: -0336) sjp mhzp ehp on ofzkv todj jopnjp.
Nh whhnjp mof vmj linilzl todj `jjn invphfzgjf vmon vmj nj}v njjf ehp ghppjgvihnw
ophwj. Vmj wvovj,dzoponvjjf inghlj ehp vmj thpbind shhp ghzkf nhv jujn ghujp vmj ghwvw he vmj
`opj jwwjnviokw he kiej. Njjfkjww vh woy+ wilsky poiwind vmj linilzl todjw iw o `zpfjn vmov
ghpshpovj spheivw gonnhv `j j}sjgvjf vh wmhzkfjp. Inwvjof+ Njt Ko`hzp wvzl`kjf zshn o
ghnvpofigvihn1 hn vmj hnj monf+ vmj wvovj skoyjf on ogviuj phkj in ilshujpiwmind likkihnw he eolikijw
`y vo}ind kht todjw2 hn vmj hvmjp monf+ vmjwj offivihnok vo} pjgjisvw mof vh `j pj,fiw`zpwjf in vmj
ehpl he inghlj wzsshpv ehp vmj ilshujpiwmjf shszkovihn. Vmj 0 likkihn jlskhyjf in vmj kht,todj
wjgvhp mouj o whgiok h`kidovihn vh sjpehpl oevjp okk+ noljky vh loinvoin vmjip eolikijw onf vh `pind zs
vmjip heewspind in o pjwshnwi kj lonnjp. Tivm vmiw h`kidovihn in linf+ Njt Ko`hzp kozngmjf o
sphdpollj odoinwv shujpvy in thpbind eolikijw. Vmj Thpbind Eoliky Vo} Gpjfiv iw o vo}
okkhtongj+ invphfzgjf in ?999+ tmigm iw lofj jeejgviuj vmphzdm vmj jlskhyjp onf tmigm ingpjowjw
vmj soy oevjp o ljonw vjwv mow sphujf `jyhnf fhz`v vmov vmj inghlj in eogv pjspjwjnvw shujpvy. Iviw ljonv vh sphuifj thpbind eolikijw tivm on j}vpo 06 sjp tjjb onf o dzoponvjjf linilzl
tjjbky inghlj he ?=3. @y wh fhind+ vmj dhujpnljnv djvw pif he vmj shujpvy vpos+ o vjpl vmov iv
zwjw vh infigovj o wvovj he vmindw onnhyind ehp vmj wvovj1 vmov windkj sopjnvw in sopvigzkop tmh kiuj hee
tjkeopj opj `y nh ljonw `jvvjp hee ie vmjy vobj hn o shhpky soif ah`+ onf ghnwjqzjnvky fhnv
`hvmjp vobind hnj hn ov okk. Ephl vmiw shinv hn+ on j}vpo 06 o tjjb ehp o kht,todj ah` iw infjjf
on heejp vmov tjkeopj pjgisijnvw gonnhv vzpn fhtn+ hp jkwj vmjy piwb vmjip tjkeopj soyljnvw `jind
gzpvoikjf hp jnvipjky gzv. Eidmvind whgiok j}gkzwihn+ Njt Ko`hzpw lhvvh+ iw o ujpy gmjos vmind
infjjf.
Vmj noihnok eidm eh o gmjos sjhskj in ilj he jghnhlig `hhl
Vmzw+ vmj nzl`jp he vmj thpbind shhp mow `jjn ghnvinzokky piwind in vmj liffkj he vmj khndjwv
jghnhlig `hhl in @piviwm miwvhpy. Vmj pigm opj djvvind pigmjp+ onf vmj shhp opj djvvind shhpjp
vmiw eogv+ he ghzpwj+ wmhzkf nhv `j vobjn ow on opdzljnv odoinwv vmj lodig ehplzko ehp zwind todjw
onf vmj novihnok `zfdjv ow tjoshnw in vmj dkh`ok ghlsjvivihn+ `zv povmjp ow on opdzljnv ehp iv1
@pivoin thpbw/ -Vhny @koip+ wzggingvky.) Vmj gmije ofliniwvpovhp he vmj novihnok jghnhly vhhb vmj
heejnwiuj+ fjnyind ony mhsjw vmov khtjpind novihnok todjw thzkf mouj on jnf hngj vmj jghnhly+
hn tmigm jujpyvmind fjsjnfw+ tow njovky dphtind odoin. Mj spoiwjf milwjke ehp mouind ogmijujf
ezkk jlskhyljnv tivm miw dhujpnljnv tmigm iw fjeinjf in vmj ZB ow kjww vmon ?.:l
znjlskhyjf onf on znjlskhyljnv povj he kjww vmon :* `zv sphlsvky koljnvjf vmj wmhpvodj he
ko`hzp+ tmigm poiwjf ejopw vmov on ingpjowind fjlonf ehp ko`hzp ghzkf kjof vh piwind todjw onf
wokopijw. In vmiw gowj+ vmj Ko`hzp dhujpnljnv tow onyvmind `zv mossy o`hzv vmj lzgm,spoiwjf
lopbjv ehpgjw onf vmjip epjj invjpskoy he wzssky onf fjlonf+ `zv povmjp vhhb vmjl ow o wjpihzw
sph`kjl. Vmj spigj he ko`hzp iw nhv okkhtjf vh ehkkht vmj wolj kot ow hvmjp binfw he spigjw/ Vmov
iw vh woy vmov kht todjw+ hngj vmj sphgkoiljf Vmovgmjpivj pjljfy vh kjof vmj novihnok gosivokiwl
hzv he ivw gpiwiw+ gonnhv `j wilsky pjvzpnjf vh vmj pjshwivhpy he o mjopvkjww gosivokiwl hngj vmj
novihnw jghnhly mow fhnj o wzggjwwezk vzpnophznf. _zivj vmj hsshwivj iw vpzj1 Vmjy opj on
infiwsjnwo`kj+ sjplonjnv kjujp vmov jogm dhujpnljnv osskijw in okk wvodjw he vmj gosivokiwv jghnhlig
gygkj. In `hhl viljw in sopvigzkop+ vmj wvovj mow vh zwj okk ivw lidmv vh jnwzpj vmov gosivokiwv sphdpjwwnjivmjp pjwzkvw in ilsphuind vmj lovjpiok wivzovihn he vmj thpbind gkoww nhp ajhsopfiwjw vmj
ofuonvodjw doinjf in invjpnovihnok ghlsjvivihn. Vmj fondjp vmov vmj jghnhlig `hhl onf vmj
fjgpjowind nzl`jp he vmj znjlskhyjf ghzkf vmpjovjn vh filiniwm vmj spjwwzpj vmov vmj infzwvpiok
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
4(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
pjwjpuj oply j}jpvw hn todjw iw o gmokkjndj vmov gokkw ehp vmj dhujpnljnv vh zwj okk ouoiko`kj ljonw
vh ghznvjpogv o piwind novihnok kjujk he inghlj.
Tmjpj vmj wvovj tow wvikk vmj jlskhyjp+ vmj Ko`hzp dhujpnljnv wjv on j}olskj ehp vmj gosivokiwv
gkoww vmov jowiky lovgmjf vmj Iphn Kofyw vhzdmnjww. Iv vhhb vmj eipjljnw fjlonf ehp midmjp
todjw ow o tjkghlj hsshpvznivy onf zwjf vmj Eipj @pidofjw Znihn ow o topnind vh hvmjpw. Ahmn
Spjwghvv+ ehpljp vpofj znihniwv onf kovjp Fjszvy Spilj Liniwvjp+ `phbj vmj wvpibj tivm likivopy
ehpgj. Tmjpj vmj wvovj hpdoniwjf vmj whgiok ghnfivihnw he j}skhivovihn+ iv `jgolj ogviuj onf ehzdmv
vmj wmhpvodj he ah`w tmigm @piviwm lonodjpw mof ingpjowindky `jjn ghlskoinind o`hzv. Vmj
Ko`hzp dhujpnljnv zwjf vmj pjgjnv JZ j}sonwihn phznf vh hsjn vmj @piviwm ko`hzp lopbjv ehp
Jowvjpn Jzphsjon ko`hzpjpw+ tmh opj tikkind vh thpb ehp znpiuokkjf kht todjw. In ghnvpowv vh
Djplony onf lhwv hvmjp hkf JZ wvovjw+ tmigm pjwvpigv vmj epjj lhujljnv he ah`,wjjbind givijnw
ephl vmj njt ljl`jp wvovjw `y invphfzgind o vponwivihn sjpihf he zs vh wjujn yjopw+ Vhny @koip
okkhtjf thpbind illidponvw ephl vmj Jowvjpn Jzphsjon wvovjw vh jnvjp vmj ghznvpy tivmhzv ony
pjwvpigvihnw. Wingj Loy 0336+ o`hzv ?33+333 Jowvjpn Jzphsjon ko`hzpjpw mouj offjf vh vmj
nzl`jp he sjhskj in kht,todj ah`w+ vobjn hn ah`w ow gkjonjpw in mhvjkw onf mhwsivokw+ hp `jjn
mipjf ow wjowhnok thpbjpw hn eoplw. @y ilshpvind gmjos ko`hzp ephl o`phof+ vmj @piviwm wvovj
jnwzpjw vmov vmj nj}v ingpjowj he vmj novihnok linilzl todj tikk ov `jwv heewjv inekovihn.
Vmj mhzwind qzjwvihn
Mhlj htnjpwmis onf lhpvdodjw o @piviwm sjgzkiopivy ghngjpnind vmj ghnfivihnw he
pjsphfzgvihn he ko`hzp shtjp
Sphkjvopionw mouj nh sphsjpvy+ `zv in Dpjov @pivoin vmjy opj sphzf mhlj htnjpw. Tmikj in
Djplony njopky hnj vmipf he okk mhzwjmhkfw kiuj in o mhlj vmov vmjy htn+ lhpj vmon 43 sjpgjnv he
@piviwm mhzwjmhkfw htn vmjip htn ftjkkind. Tmikj iv iw vpzj vmov jujn in vmj novihn vmov inujnvjf
gosivokiwl vmj todjw soif `y jlskhyjpw opj nhv midm jnhzdm vh ghujp vmj jkjljnvopy njjf ehp o
phhe hujp hnjw mjof+ vmjy wilsky mouj vh `j midm jnhzdm vh fh azwv vmov. On j}vjnwiuj `zwinjww
wjgvhp vmov pondjw ephl `zikfind whgijvijw vh `onbw onf inwzpongj ghlsonijw heejpw ivw wjpuigjw vh
wzsshpv vmj njjfw he vmj thpbind shszkovihn. Vmj sphkjvopionw mhzwind wmhpvodj sphuifjw vmjl
tivm o whznf `owiw ehp vmjip lhnjy `zwinjww. Vmjip lhpvdodjR?3\ khonw okkht sjhskj tivmhzv
sphsjpvy vh szpgmowj o mhlj. @zv vmiw ghljw ov o spigj1 o widnieigonv sphshpvihn he jlskhyjjw
fiwshwo`kj inghlj dhjw fipjgvky invh lhpvdodj wjpuigind+ tmigm mow o `jnjeigiok jeejgv hn vmj
`onbw `okongj wmjjvw. Vmj sjpgjnvodj he miw lhnvmky inghlj o @pivhn soyw fipjgvky vh miw `onb
onf fhjw nhv mouj ov miw fiwshwok ehp hvmjp njjfw+ iw fjsjnfjnv hn vmj novihnok invjpjwv povj+ onf
gmondjw ghnvinzhzwky tivm iv. Ow o pzkj+ vmj ogqziwivihn he sphsjpvy iw einongjf tivm uopio`kj,povj
khonw. Ekzgvzovind lhpvdodj soyljnvw fipjgvky fjvjplinj vmj fiwshwo`kj szpgmowind shtjp he
mhzwjmhkfw+ mjngj vmj novihnok wvonfopf he kiuind. Ie invjpjwv povjw opj kht hp jujn fjgpjowind+ vmjy
olhznv vh o todj poiwj ephl on infj`vjf mhzwj htnjpw sjpwsjgviuj+ tmikj ingpjowind povjw he
invjpjwv jov zs ony soy ingpjowj. Vmzw vmj fiwshwo`kj inghlj ephl tmigm o @piviwm jlskhyjj iw
ehpgjf vh lobj o kiuind iw nhv hnky o uopio`kj fjsjnfjnv hn vmj spheiv gokgzkovihnw he miw jlskhyjp2
`zv ov vmj wolj vilj+ iv iw okwh o uopio`kj vmov fjsjnfw hn vmj spheiv gokgzkovihnw he `zikfind whgijvijw
onf `onbw.
Piwind onf eokkind sphsjpvy spigjw mouj vmj wolj ghnvpofigvhpy jeejgv hn inghlj onf vmj
wvonfopf he kiuind. Piwind mhzwj spigjw in viljw he kht invjpjwv povjw ow ghzkf `j wjjn in vmj sowv
?3 yjopw he vmj @piviwm sphsjpvy `hhl nhv hnky pjfzgj lhnvmky lhpvdodj soyljnvw. Vmj
wjgzpivy he o sphsjpvy tmhwj uokzj mow ingpjowjf okwh okkhtw mhzwj htnjpw vh vobj hzv jujn
dpjovjp khonw vh einongj fjejppjf ghnwzljp wsjnfind. Ow o pjwzkv+ @piviwm mhzwjmhkfw mof olowwjf
on ilspjwwiuj ? vpikkihn shznfw he spiuovj fj`vw `y 0336 o widnieigonv eogvhp in vmj novihnok
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
=(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
jghnhly tmhwj widnieigongj in `hhwvind szpgmowind shtjp+ i.j. fhljwvig fjlonf+ iw midmky
osspjgiovjf `y fhljwvig j}sjpvw+ `zv tmigm sjpihfigokky mow fjuowvovind jeejgvw hn vmjwj
mhzwjmhkfw. Ghkkoswind mhzwj spigjw fh nhv hnky kjouj mjouiky lhpvdodjf mhlj htnjpw tivm
kio`ikivijw vmov jowiky j}gjjf vmj gzppjnv uokzj he vmjip sphsjpvy o wjpihzw einongiok fieeigzkvy gokkjf
njdoviuj jqzivy in skoin `onbjp,wsjob. Lhpj hevjn vmon nhv+ vmiw jghnhlig skidmv okwh jnfw zs
tivm vmj `onb pjshwwjwwind vmj sphsjpvy+ yjv kjoujw vmj ehpljp htnjp he vmj sphsjpvy hn o
lhznvoin he fj`vw tmigm mj wvikk mow vh wjpuigj. Vmj @onb he Jndkonfw fjgiwihn vh poiwj invjpjwv
povjw+ tmigm zwzokky lopbw vmj `jdinnind he ghkkoswind mhzwj spigjw+ mow o gpzgiok ilsogv hn vmjkiujw he @piviwm jlskhyjjw onf mhlj htnjpw1 tikk vmjy `j o`kj vh bjjs vmj mhljw vmjy njjf ehp
vmjip pjsphfzgvihn+ hp tikk vmjy khwj+ vhdjvmjp tivm vmj phhe hujp vmjip mjofw+ vmjip jnvipj o`ikivy vh
pjsphfzgj vmjlwjkujw.R??\ Wzgm iw vmj spjgopihzw wvovj he o thpbind lonw kiej hngj vmj sphkjvopion
mow `jghlj o sphzf mhlj htnjp.
Vmj @piviwm whkzvihn vh vmj mhzwind qzjwvihn
In vmj 0?wv gjnvzpy+ vmj uowv loahpivy he vmj @piviwm thpbind gkoww gon ponb vmjlwjkujw olhnd
vmj pjwsjgvo`kj gkoww he mhljhtnjpw. Mhtjujp+ vmiw fhjw nhv fjpiuj ephl whljvmind kibj o fiwvingv
@piviwm novihnok gmopogvjp onf ivw sphujp`iok Ly mhlj iw ly gowvkj. Hn vmj ghnvpopy+ iv iw vmj einok
pjwzkv he @piviwm mhzwind shkigy in o fzok wjnwj1 o) vmj wvovj szpwzjf o shkigy he sz`kig mhzwind ehp
moke o gjnvzpy+ tmigm `) vmj @koip dhujpnljnv vjplinovjf. Oevjp Thpkf Top II+ o dhujpnljnv pzn
`y vmj Ko`hzp Sopvy wjv hzv vh pjkijuj vmj nhvhpihzw mhzwind liwjpy he vmj @piviwm thpbind gkoww `y
sphuifind ghzngik mhzwind. @jehpj vmov+ vmj thpbind gkoww mof nh hvmjp okvjpnoviuj vmon monf hujp
vmj dpjovjp sopv he vmjip todjw vh gosivokiwv sphsjpvy htnjpw hp spheiv,hpijnvjf `zikfind whgijvijw ehp
vmj pidmv vh ftjkk in fiwlok mhljw in thpbind gkoww qzopvjpw vmov lhpj hevjn vmon nhv tjpj fopb onf
fonb onf inuopio`ky lzgm vhh wlokk. @y `zikfind ghzngik mhzwjw onf wz`wifiwind pjnvw+ vmj khgok
ozvmhpivijw sphuifjf on oeehpfo`kj okvjpnoviuj vh vmj einongiok gokgzkovihnw onf vmj spigj figvovjw he
spiuovj konfkhpfw+ tmh gokkjf ehp jujp midmjp pjnvw vmj dpjovjp vmj mhzwind wmhpvodj onf vmj lhpj
wkzl,kibj vmj ftjkkindw. Whgiok mhzwind sphdpolljw jujnvzokky pjwzkvjf in njopky o vmipf he vmj@piviwm shszkovihn kiuind in ghzngik mhzwjw ov vmj jnf he vmj ?943w+ onf hnky ?3 sjp gjnv kiuind in
spiuovj pjnvind. Iv tow vmj fjgkopjf oil he Kofy Vmovgmjpw ghnwjpuoviuj dhujpnljnv vh gzv `ogb
wvovj wz`wifijw ehp ghzngik mhzwind+ onf ov vmj wolj vilj vh ingpjowj htnjp hggzsovihn+ onf iv
ilskjljnvjf vmiw shkigy tivm gopphvw onf wvigbw. Vmj ?9=3 Mhzwind Ogv invphfzgjf vmj pidmv ehp
vjnonvw vh `zy vmjip ehpljpky pjnvjf ghzngik mhzwj tmikj lowwiuj pjnv ingpjowjw ehp whgiok
mhzwind ljonv vmov vjnonvw tjpj kzpjf invh o njt gopjjp ow mhljhtnjpw onf fj`vhpw tivm
ghlljnwzpovj lhpvdodjw.R?0\
Vmj vponwehplovihn he ghzngik vjnonvw invh o novihn he infj`vjf mhlj htnjpw+ szwmjf ehptopf
`y vmj Ghnwjpuoviujw+ mow `jjn ezkky jnfhpwjf `y Njt Ko`hzp wingj iv okwh pjghdniwjw vmj wjpuigj
vmov likkihnw he mhlj htnjpw sphuifj ehp o ekhzpiwmind sphsjpvy lopbjv ow tjkk ow vmj gosivok
wjgvhpw vmov vmpiuj hn iv+ vmj `zikfind wjgvhp onf jwvovj odjnvw.R?7\ Onf tmjn vmj wolj mhljhtnjpw
bjjs pjkyind hn mhzwj spigjw vmov mouj nht `jjn ingpjowind ehp ?3 yjopw vh vobj hzv jujp midmjp
khonw onf vh zwj vmjip gpjfiv,`owjf whkujngy vh wzsshpv o ph`zwv fhljwvig szpgmowind shtjp+
vmzw ghnvpi zvind vh vmj sphwsjpivy he @piviwm gosivok vmjn vmj whgiok mhzwind qzjwvihn mow hngj
onf ehp okk `jjn wjvvkjf vh vmj dhujpnljnvw woviweogvihn `jgozwj iv mow wvilzkovjf dphtvm. Hp
njopky wh.
Vmj mhzwind qzjwvihn pjuiwivjf ` Njt Ko`hzp
Jujn Njt Ko`hzp mow ghnwifjpjf vmj njjf vh lhfiey vmj mhzwind wivzovihn ow injuivo`kj. Vmiw
njjf opiwjw ephl vmj `hhlind mhzwj lopbjv dhhf njtw ehp vmj novihnok jghnhly tmigm gon
`j jqzokky gpjfivjf vh vmj Ghnwjpuoviujw onf vh Ko`hzp -oevjp okk+ `hvm mouj jwvo`kiwmjf onf
ofuongjf iv). Vmj qzofpzskigovihn he mhzwj spigjw hujp vmj sowv ?3 yjopw mow jno`kjf mhzwj
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
9(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
htnjpw vh wtjkk vmjip ogghznvw+ ov kjowv hn sosjp+ `zv ov vmj wolj vilj eipwv,vilj mhljhtnjpw
khhbind ehp o mhlj opj einfind iv ingpjowindky fieeigzkv vh ogqzipj sphsjpvy. Vmzw+ vmj mhzwind
wmhpvodj iw ingpjowind+ sopvigzkopky olhnd yhznd jlskhyjjw onf eolikijw tmhwj inghlj iw wilsky
nhv midm jnhzdm vh vobj hzv vmj pjqzipjf lhpvdodj. Gkil`ind zs vmj sphsjpvy koffjp vmj
gopjjp vmov wvopvw tivm o wlokk onf vmjpjehpj gmjos vjppogj mhzwj onf+ tivm piwind inghlj+ dpofzokky
ghnvinzjw tivm o `iddjp onf `jvvjp mhzwj in o `jvvjp khgovihn mow `jghlj znovvoino`kj. Vmonbw
vh wzggjwwezk spiuoviwovihn+ oeehpfo`kj ghzngik mhzwind iw mopfky ouoiko`kj ony lhpj. Pjnvind ephl o
spiuovj konfkhpf iw nh khndjp o uio`kj okvjpnoviuj ehp vmj loahpivy he mhlj wjjbjpw tmjn o lhnvmkypjnv he zs vh 7333 ehp o wlokk vjppogj mhzwj in Khnfhn hp vmj Whzvm Jowv iw vmj nhpl tivm o 5,
lhnvm pjnvind vjpl ow o pzkj. In vmj lifwv he vmj khndjwv `hhl in @piviwm miwvhpy+ jujn yhznd sjhskj
tmh jopn dhhf wokopijw gon nh khndjp oeehpf o mhlj ehp vmj dphtind nzl`jp he sjhskj
jlskhyjf in vmj ekhzpiwmind kht,todj wjgvhp+ `zyind o mhlj iw on ikkzwihn onytoy. Ow o pjwzkv+
Njt Ko`hzp iw sphlsvjf vh invjpujnj onf pjljfy vmj wivzovihn.R?6\ O pjvzpn vh vmj viljw tmjn vmj
dhujpnljnv wz`wifiwjf ghzngik mhzwind iw wvpigvky pzkjf hzv ehp vmj sopvy. Povmjp iv eouhzpw vmj
ghnwvpzgvihn he mhljw vmov jujn kht,inghlj eolikijw gon oeehpf vmphzdm sz`kig,spiuovj
sopvnjpwmisw -SSSw) yjv onhvmjp lhfjk ghngjsv he lhfjpn tjkeopj shkigy vmov vmj Djplon pjf,
dpjjn dhujpnljnv mow pjgjnvky `jjn jodjp vh ghsy. In vmiw ghngjsv+ vmj wvovj sphuifjw sz`kig konfhn tmigm spiuovjky,htnjf `zikfind ghlsonijw jpjgv gmjos mhzwjw tmigm vmjy sphajgv vh lopbjv ehp
whlj 53+333. Vmj dhujpnljnv iw vpyind vh pjkijuj vmj lhwv spjwwind mhzwind wmhpvodj+ sopvigzkopky
in vmj `hhlind Whzvm,Jowv he Jndkonf tivm ivw piwind fjlonf ehp qzokieijf jlskhyjjw+ ow iv iw
`jghlind o wjpihzw h`wvogkj vh vmj lh`ikivy he vmj @piviwm ko`hzp ehpgj vmov mow `jjn lofj ekj}i kj
wh wzggjwwezkky.
@zv vmj dhujpnljnv wjjw lhpj sph`kjlw in on jnvipjky fieejpjnv ghpnjp he vmj mhzwind lopbjv. Iv
ehpjwjjw vmj piwb he vmj khnd,vjpl sphsjpvy `hhl vzpnind hzv ow o `z``kj vmov iw `hznf vh
`zpwv whhnjp hp kovjp. Mhtjujp+ iv iw kjww ghngjpnjf tivm vmj ehpjwjjo`kj pzinhzw pjwzkvw vmiw tikk
mouj ehp vmj pjwsjgvo`kj gkoww he mhljhtnjpw2 oevjp okk+ vmiw ljonw vmov likkihnw he mjouikyinfj`vjf mhljhtnjpw tikk jujnvzokky mouj vh fjgkopj `onbpzsvgy+ onf kopdj nzl`jpw he ehpgjf
wokjw onf pjshwwjwwihnw tikk `j hn vmj odjnfo. Vmj dhujpnljnvw vpzj ghngjpn opj vmj
pjsjpgzwwihnw wzgm o gpowm loy mouj hn novihnok dphtvm. Lhpj vmon onyhnj jkwj+ iv iw vmj @piviwm
Gmongjkkhp he vmj J}gmjqzjp+ Dhpfhn @phtn+ tmh ifjnvieijw vmj @piviwm onwtjp vh vmj mhzwind
qzjwvihn+ i.j. vmj vponwehplovihn he vmj mhzwind wmhpvodj invh o ekhzpiwmind onf ekj}i kj sphsjpvy
lopbjv+ ow vmj pjowhn ehp vmj lzgm,koljnvjf inwvo`ikivy he jghnhlig dphtvm in @pivoin vmj
nhvhpihzw `hhl onf `zwv gygkj. Vmj dhujpnljnv wjvw hzv vh `pjob vmiw gygkj `y zwind eiwgok onf
lhnjvopy shkigijwvh wkht fhtn vmj piwj in mhzwj spigjw onf `y eidmvind vmj uhkovikivy he vmj
sphsjpvy lopbjv vmphzdm ingjnviujw vh wtos sphsjpvy khonw tivm uopio`kj invjpjwv ehp khonw tivm
khnd,vjpl ei}jf invjpjwv.R?:\ Vmzw+ vmj qzjwvihn tmjvmjp vmj thpbind lon djvw o fjgjnv mhlj ov o
fjgjnv spigj einfw on onwtjp inmjpjnv in vmj jghnhlig wywvjl mj iw in1 tmov zkvilovjky wjvvkjw vmj
mhzwind qzjwvihn iw nhv vmj wzssky he fjgjnv qzokivy onf oeehpfo`kj spigjw ehp o phhe hujp hnjw
mjof+ `zv povmjp tmjvmjp vmj mhzwind lopbjv lobjw o ghnvpi`zvihn o dzoponvjjf hnj+ ie shwwi`kj
vh vmj spheivo`kj ekhzpiwmind he gpjfiv in vmj ghznvpy+ tmigm iw vmj spilj whzpgj he gosivokiwv
dphtvm. Vmj njt fjeinivihn he whgiok iw1 jujpyvmind vmov wjpujw ow o kjujp ehp jghnhlig dphtvm onf
ehp vmj sphwsjpivy he gosivok. Jujn o Ko`hzp dhujpnljnv tikk oggjsv nh hvmjp fjeinivihn he whgiok.
Vmj sjnwihn wywvjl
Vmj `owig wvovj sjnwihn on ogmijujljnv vh wjpuj gosivokiwv dphtvm
Kofy Vmovgmjp tow vmj eipwv vh wzggjwwezkky ossky vmiw pjgisj1 gzv sjnwihnw fpowvigokky onf ehpgj
vmj thpbind shszkovihn vh vobj hzv spiuovj sjnwihn sphuiwihnw. Ehp lhpj vmon vtjnvy yjopw nht+
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
?3(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
@pivoinw sjnwihnjpw mouj `jjn jnahyind vmj j}jlskopy whgiok tjkeopj ghnfivihnw vmov vmj pjf,dpjjn
Djplon dhujpnljnv iw azwv nht vpyind vh `pind o`hzv tivm o wjpijw he pjehplw. Sjnwihnjpw in
shujpvy opj wzgm o tifjwspjof smjnhljnhn in vmj @piviwm Iwkjw vmov Djplon vpofj znihniwvw onf
tjkeopj owwhgiovihnw gozvihn vmjip dhujpnljnv o`hzv o wilikop piwb he ivw invjnfjf pjehplw vmjy
wilsky gonnhv ilodinj vmov ony dhujpnljnv thzkf wjpihzwky okkht ehp wzgm fiwlok kiuind ghnfivihnw
ehp ivw sjnwihnjpw in ivw skonw. In vmj @piviwm sjnwihn wywvjl+ sjnwihn soyljnvw opj lofj zs he o
`owig sjnwihn vmov iw infjsjnfjnv he spjuihzw inghlj skzw on inghlj,pjkovjf offivihnok sjnwihn2 hn
oujpodj+ vmj vth olhznv vh whlj 74 sjp gjnv he einok todjw. Ov pjvipjljnv+ on hpfinopyjlskhyjjw wvovj sjnwihn iw epjqzjnvky `jkht vmj heeigiok shujpvy kinj onf iw wzsskjljnvjf `y
tjkeopj `jnjeivw wh vmov in vmj jnf iv `opjky wzeeigjw vh wgposj o kiuind. R?5\ Oevjp pjvipind+ o @piviwm
sjpwhn tivmhzv ony sphsjpvy he miw htn onf tivmhzv wzsskjljnvok spiuovj inghlj in hkf odj tikk
ujpy qzigbky ahin vmj ponbw he 7 likkihn sjnwihnjpw tmh mouj vh jbj hzv o `opj j}iwvjngj `jkht vmj
heeigiok shujpvy kinj+ onf mouj vh lobj jnfw ljjv tivm ??0 o tjjb. Nhp iw kiej in hkf odj lzgm he
o kz}zpy ehp vmj pjwv he vmj thpbind gkoww vmov mow `jjn lofj pjfznfonv. _zivj in ghnvpowv vh vmj
wlokk `zv nh`kj linhpivy he 0 likkihn hzv he o vhvok he ?? likkihn sjnwihnjpw tmhwj gkoww wivzovihn mow
jno`kjf vmjl vh lobj spiuovj sphuiwihnw onf tmh nht fiwshwj hujp on oujpodj onnzok inghlj he
whlj 6:+333.Vmj @piviwm wvovj mow khnd wingj sopvjf tivm ivw shwivihn vmov vmj sjnwihn wywvjl wmhzkf jno`kj ivw
givijnw vh djv `y oevjp vmjy mouj einiwmjf vmjip ogviuj thpbind kiujw. Vmj Iphn Kofy hngj lhpj
tow vmj eipwv vh vzpn ophznf vmj shwv,top ghnwjnwzw wmopjf `y okk shkivigok sopvijw vmov vmj tjkeopj
wvovj njjfjf o sjnwihn wywvjl vh lonodj vmj shujpvy sjpvinjnv vh gosivokiwl+ sopvky jujn vh
lividovj iv. Wmj ehznf vmiw whgiok inwvivzvihn o ghnujnijnv inwvpzljnv he gosivokiwv dphtvm. Wjjind vmov
vmj NIW ghnvpi`zvihnw ghkkjgvjf ephl jlskhyjjwR?4\ wmponb in kinj tivm vmj fjgkinj he @piviwm
infzwvpy+ mjp dhujpnljnv ghznvjpjf tivm o pofigok sjnwihn gzv. Vmj okvjpnoviuj he ingpjowind vmj
pjujnzj he vmj sjnwihn eznf onf `zpfjnind jlskhyjjw hp vo}soyjpw tivm midmjp sjnwihn
ghnvpi`zvihnw tow hzv he vmj qzjwvihn ehp o dhujpnljnv vmov mof azwv wjv hzv vh khtjp vmj novihnoktodj kjujk.R?=\
@y fpowvigokky pjfzgind vmj wvovj sjnwihn+ Vmovgmjp invphfzgjf o njt vysj he inwzpongj ehp hkf
odj+ vmj spiuovj sjnwihn. Vmj @piviwm thpbind shszkovihn iw vmzw ehpgjf vh szv owifj o wz`wvonviok
olhznv ephl vmjip sokvpy todjw+ ov vmj j}sjnwj he vmjip spjwjnv kiujkimhhf+ in hpfjp vh wouj zs ehp
vmjip ezvzpj kiujkimhhf. Lhpjhujp+ spiuovj sjnwihn wgmjljw hsjn zs `pidmv `zwinjww sphwsjgvw ehp
vmj gosivok lopbjvw+ spijf `y Vmovgmjp ow hnj he vmj wvpjndvmw he vmj @piviwm jghnhly. Vmj wvovj ow
vmj ifjok djnjpok gosivokiwv fipjgvw wz`wvonviok sopvw he novihnok todjw vh vmj gosivok lopbjvw onf+
tivm ivw shkivigok dzoponvjj he o ghnvinzhzw ekht he lhnjy vh kiej inwzpongj ghlsonijw onf sjnwihn
eznfw+ iw inwvpzljnvok in vmj oggzlzkovihn he o gosivok wvhgb he 433`n vmj kopdjwv he ivw binfthpkftifj oevjp vmj ZW. Vmiw eowmihno`kj ljvmhf he vzpnind shujpvy invh gosivok inujwvljnv vmzw
bikkw vth `ipfw tivm hnj wvhnj1 Iv pjfzgjw vmj wvovj j}sjnfivzpj vh lonodj shujpvy olhnd hkf
sjhskj+ onf iv diujw Khnfhn o ghnwifjpo`kj ghlsjviviuj ofuonvodj in vmj invjpnovihnok ghlsjvivihn
`jvtjjn einongiok gjnvpjw.
Njt Ko`hzpw lonodjljnv he vmj sjnwihn gpiwiw
Likkihnw he sjnwihnjpw tmh mouj nhv `jjn o`kj vh `zikf zs ony sjpwhnok wouindw opj nht kiuind in
fjwvivzvihn. Ehp Njt Ko`hzp+ vmiw kjdogy he Vmovgmjpiwl iw njivmjp o liwvobj nhp fhjw iv
sphlsv vmj sopvy vh lobj ghppjgvihnw he vmj tjkeopj wvovj oevjp okk+ vmj sjnwihnjpw tmh opj
shhp vhfoy mouj `jjn vhkf ehp 0: yjopw vmov vmjy gon nh khndjp fjsjnf hn vmj wvovj sjnwihn onf
vmov sjnwihn sphuiwihn iw vmjip htn pjwshnwi ikivy+ tmigm vmjy mouj eoikjf vh vobj hn. @zv nht vmj
wolj eovj vmpjovjnw vmhwj wjgvihnw he vmj thpbind gkoww tmh jopn o `jvvjp todj onf tmh mouj
fzviezkky lofj spiuovj oppondjljnvw ehp vmjip sjnwihnw. Vmj gpowm hn invjpnovihnok einongiok lopbjvw
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
??(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
tifjky onnimikovjf wmopj shpvehkihw vmov mof `jjn ljonv ehp hkf,odj sphuiwihn inujwvljnvw in
ghpshpovj sjnwihn eznfw ow tjkk ow wlokk inujwvhpw fjshwivw. Ghlsony `onbpzsvgijw uoshpiwjf nhv
hnky ah`w+ `zv okwh hggzsovihnok sjnwihn wgmjljw ehp jlskhyjjw. He vmj lony kiej inwzpongj
ghlsonijw vmov tjnv `onbpzsv+ vmj `onbpzsvgy he Jqzivo`kj Kiej vmj hkfjwv inwzpongj ghlsony
in vmj thpkf tow vmj lhwv wsjgvogzkop hnky `jgozwj iv tow vmj kopdjwv+ tivm lhpj vmon hnj
likkihn inwzpjf+ tmh tjpj ehpgjf vh oggjsv o wz`wvonviok gzv`ogb he vmjip shkigijw. Wzgm iw vmj pjwzkv
tmjn o dhujpnljnv ehznfw vmj hkf,odj sphuiwihn he vmj spingisokky shhp loahpivy he vmj shszkovihn
hn vmj wsjgzkoviuj spheivw he einongiok dol`kjpw. Ow vmj shpvihn he soy vmov vmj tjkeopj wvovj ghkkjgvwonf lonodjw in eznfw iw ingpjowindky inwzeeigijnv vh wjgzpj kiej in hkf odj+ vmj midm pjvzpnw vmov
midm,piwb gosivok inujwvljnvw sphliwj opj ljonv vh eikk vmov dos `zv tivm vmj pjwzkv vmov nhv hnky
fh vmjwj midm pjvzpnw eoik vh lovjpiokiwj2 `zv tmov iw lhpj+ vmj hpidinok inujwvljnv vhh wlokk ephl
vmj hzvwjv iw okwh khwv in vmj dol`kj.
Novzpokky+ vmj dhujpnljnv fhjw nhv jujn vminb he pjuhbind ivw wminind sjnwihn pjehpl. @zv iv einfw
ivwjke h`kidovjf uiw,,uiw vmj sjnwihn gpiwiw vh kiliv vmj folodj iv mow gozwjf+ onf vh
ofuongj vmj pjehpl. Vmjpj iw+ eipwv he okk+ vmj `ovvkj ehp vmj hggzsovihnok sjnwihn eznfw. Ow o pjwzkv
he vmj onnimikovihn he gosivok vmov vhhb skogj tmjn vmj wvhgb lopbjv gpowmjf+ `zv okwh he vmj
ghnvpi`zvihnok mhkifoyw vmov ghlsonijw dponvjf vmjlwjkujw in vmj yjopw he vmj wvhgb `hhl+ vmjpjiw nht o einongiok dos vh vmj vznj he :6`n. In uijt he vmj `okkhhnind owwjvw he ghlsony sjnwihn
eznfw+ jlskhyjpw wilsky gzv `ogb vmjip wmopj he vmj ghnvpi zvihnw tmikj jlskhyjjw wvikk mof vh soy
vmjip ezkk ghlszkwhpy ghnvpi zvihn wvpoidmv hzv he vmjip dphww inghlj. Ghpshpovj j}jgzviujw nht zwj
vmj fjeigiv in ghlsony sjnwihn eznfw vh ei} jlskhyjj ghnvpi zvihnw+ `zv nhv vmjip ezvzpj soyhzvw.
Lhpjhujp+ njtky jlskhyjf thpbjpw opj j}gkzfjf ephl vmj hggzsovihnok sjnwihn wgmjljw. Ow o
pjwzkv+ 53 sjpgjnv he vmjwj sjnwihn eznfw opj nht in gkhwzpj. In offivihn+ lhpj vmon ?33+333
jlskhyjjw mouj kopdjky khwv vmjip sjnwihn gkoilw wingj ?994 oevjp vmjip eiplw tjnv `onbpzsv.
Vmjpjehpj+ vmj @koip dhujpnljnv sowwjf o kot nhv ehp vmj spjwjnv uigvilw+ `zv onvigisovind ezvzpj
uigvilw he ehpjwjjo`kj ghlsony eoikzpjw tmigm pjqzipjw vmj jnvjpspiwjw vh soy invh o sphuiwihnwpjwjpuj eznf tmhwj oil iv iw vh dzoponvjj jlskhyjjw he inwhkujnv ghlsonijw 93 sjpgjnv he vmjip
gkoilw hn ghlsony sjnwihnw+ jeejgviuj ow he 033:. Ie gkoilonvw oeejgvjf in vmj ezvzpj gon eidzpj hzv
vmj illinjnv pjfzgvihn he vmjip hggzsovihnok sjnwihnw vhfoy onf fhnv mouj vh j}sjgv jph sjnwihn
`jnjeivw+ vmjn vmj ghlsony sjnwihn eznfw gpiwiw mow `jjn whkujf vh vmj dhujpnljnvw woviweogvihn.
Vmj gpiwiw oeejgvind spiuovj hkf,odj sphuiwihnw iw yjv onhvmjp gowj ehp Njt Ko`hzp in tmigm vmj
hnky toy hzv he iv iw jujp lhpj spiuoviwovihn. Ie jqzivy eznfw onf sjnwihn eznfw sphuifj hnky kivvkj
whgiok wjgzpivy onf yijkf jujp ejtjp pjvzpnw+ vmjn iv iw vmj pjwshnwi ikivy he vmj shszkovihn vh wouj
lhpj lhnjy ehp hkf odj ephl vmjip todjw. Vmj Ko`hzp dhujpnljnv ghzkf fh nh lhpj vmon wzsshpv
vmjl tivm vo} ghngjwwihnw+ tmigm iv mof o}jf hnky spjuihzwky `y shinvind ov vmj `hhlind wvhgblopbjv. Offivihnokky+ vmj dhujpnljnv osshinvjf on Infjsjnfjnv Sjnwihn Ghlliwwihn vh onokywj
vmj sjnwihn gpiwiw+ onf vh ghlj zs tivm wzddjwvihnw mht vh hujpghlj iv. Vmj Ghlliwwihn mow
oppiujf ov vmj ghngkzwihn `hvm pjokiwvig onf sphliwind vmov1
vmj znfjpkyind sph`kjlw mouj `jjn djvvind thpwj ehp 03 yjopw ov kjowv+ `zv tjpj lowbjf
`y vmj vjlshpopy ilsogv he vmj `o`y `hhl djnjpovihn+ `y o eoikzpj vh onvigisovj vmj wgokj he
kiej j}sjgvongy ingpjowjw onf `y vmj ippovihnok jqzivy lopbjv j}z`jpongj he vmj ?9=3w onf
?993w. Vh hujpghlj vmj sjnwihn gpiwiw vmj dhujpnljnv sphshwjw vmj hsvihnw he1 jivmjp1
sjnwihnjpw `jghlind shhpjp pjkoviuj vh vmj pjwv he whgijvy2 hp vo}jw(Novihnok Inwzpongj
ghnvpi`zvihnw fjuhvjf vh sjnwihnw piwind2 hp wouindw piwind2 hp oujpodj pjvipjljnv odjwpiwind. Vmj Ghlliwwihn ghnwifjpw vmj hsvihn he shhpjp sjnwihnjpw ow vmj kjowv ovvpogviuj
whlj ghl`inovihn he midmjp vo}jw(Novihnok Inwzpongj ghnvpi`zvihnw+ midmjp wouindw
onf(hp kovjp oujpodj pjvipjljnv odj tikk `j pjqzipjf. -Infjsjnfjnv Sjnwihnw Ghlliwwihn1
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
?0(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
Eipwv Pjshpv+ ?0 Hgvh`jp 0336)
Vmj Mjokvm Wywvjl
Vmj Novihnok Mjokvm Wjpuigj -NMW)
Vmj ZB mow oktoyw szpwzjf ivw htn ghzpwj pjdopfind vmj lonodjljnv he sz`kig mjokvm. Vmj
novihnok wzl vhvok he todjw iw nhv wzeeigijnv vh loinvoin onf pjwvhpj vmj mjokvm he vmj thpbind gkoww+
yjv iv iw ehpgjf vh fh azwv vmov. Fiwvingv ephl ivw Jzphsjon njidm`hzpw+ vmj @piviwm wvovj fhjw nhvhpdoniwj vmiw ghnvpofigvihn in vmj ehpl he wvovzvhpy ghnvpi`zvihnw fjfzgvjf ephl jlskhyjjw dphww
todjw+ wzsskjljnvjf `y jqzok ghnvpi`zvihnw `y jlskhyjpw. Inwvjof+ iv einongjw vmj novihnok mjokvm
wywvjl vmphzdm sz`kig wsjnfind+ ehp tmigm vmj jnvipj shszkovihn in vmjip qzokivy ow vo}soyjpw opj
pjqzipjf vh soy. Lhpj vmon =3* he vmj NMW j}sjnfivzpj iw einongjf `y vmj novihnok `zfdjv. In
spingiskj+ ony givijn gon zwj vmj wjpuigjw he vmj NMW. Ljfigok vpjovljnv+ hsjpovihnw onf vmjposijw
opj ow epjj vhfoy ow in ?96=+ tmjn vmj NMW tow ehznfjf nhvtivmwvonfind vmj ghwvw vmov
sovijnvw mouj mof vh goppy ehp whlj vilj ehp gh,soyljnvw ehp ljfiginjw+ dkowwjw+ onf fjnvok
sphwvmjwjw.
In ghlsopiwhn vh hvmjp ghznvpijw+ vmj sz`kig mjokvm wjpuigj iw gmjos ehp vmj @piviwm novihn.R?9\
Gmjos ehp ivw jlskhyjpw in vmj eipwv skogj+ tmh fh nhv mouj vh `zpfjn vmjip soyphkkw ow in hvmjp
ghznvpijw tivm offivihnok todj ghwvw zwjf ehp vmj tjkeopj wvovjw wjpuigj vh vmj mjokvm he vmj
mzlon lovjpiok j}skhivjf onf ogghpfindky thpn hzv znfjp vmjip ghllonf. Gmjos okwh ehp vmj wvovj
ivwjke tmigm+ in ivw jeehpvw vh loinvoin onf pjwvhpj sz`kig mjokvm tivm linilok ghwvw+ `jnjeivw in vmpjj
toyw ephl vmj lhnhshky vmov vmj NMW mhkfw. Eipwvky+ vmj wvovj fipjgvky wz`ajgvw vmj fjeinivihn he
tmigm ljfigok wjpuigjw ghnwvivzvj sz`kig mjokvm onf tmigm fh nhv vh ivw htn shkivigok fipjgviuj in
ghnvpowv vh vmj Djplon mjokvm wywvjl+ tmjpj vmj uhkzlj he wjpuigjw onf `jnjeivw ow tjkk ow vmj
ghwvw opj owgjpvoinjf in o ghlsjviviuj wvpzddkj `jvtjjn mjokvm inwzpjpw+ ljfigok
sphejwwihnokw(mhwsivokw+ onf smoplogjzvigok ghlsonijw. Wjghnfky+ vmj NMW iw `owigokky vmj hnky
jlskhyjp ehp okk fhgvhpw in vmj ghznvpy+ tmh mouj vh ghnvjnv vmjlwjkujw tivm vmj wvovzw he hpfinopy
sz`kig wjpuonvw onf tivm ghlljnwzpovj wokopijw vmov zwjf vh `j lopbjfky khtjp vmon vmj wokopijw
jopnjf `y vmjip sjjpw in ghznvpijw kibj Djplony hp vmj ZW. Nhv vh ljnvihn hvmjp ljfigok wvoee
ephl nzpwjw vh liftiujw onf smywihvmjposiwvw tmh mouj vh pjnfjp vmjip wjpuigjw ehp todjw eop
`jkht vmj novihnok oujpodj. Vmipfky+ vmj NMW ogvw ow o lhnhshkiwv uiw,,uiw on jnvipj jghnhlig
wjgvhp vmj smoplogjzvigok infzwvpy vmzw bjjsind spigj kjujkw ehp fpzd ghnwzlsvihn `jkht
vmhwj in hvmjp ghznvpijw. Iv `opw smoplogjzvigok ghlsonijw ephl epjjky vossind invh vmj kiqzifivy
shhkjf in vmj novihnok mjokvm wywvjl onf ephl pobind in j}vpo spheivw tivm ghppjwshnfindky midm
spigjw ehp vmjip ljfiginjw+ ow iw ghllhn spogvigj jkwjtmjpj.R03\ Ow o novihnokky hpijnvovjf `zkb
`zyjp+ vmj NMW jnwzpjw pjkoviujky kht spigjw ehp ljfiginjw tmikj dzoponvjjind ov vmj wolj vilj o
whkif fhljwvig `owiw ehp dkh`okky hsjpovind `zwinjwwjw. Vmiw mow mjksjf @piviwm smoplogjzvigok
ghlsonijw kibj Owvpo,Qjnjgo hp Dko}h,Wlivm,Bkinj vh oggzlzkovj gosivok vh lodnivzfjw vmov
dkh`ok skoyjpw pjqzipj vh j}skhiv vmj thpkf lopbjv ehp vmjip htn onf vmjip novihnw `jnjeiv.
Ko hzpw jeehpvw vh ogmijuj lhpj jeeigijngy1 spjwgpi ind lhpj lopbjv
Vmj mjokvm wjpuigj iw vmj hnky wjgvihn he vmj @piviwm tjkeopj wvovj vmov tow nhv wz`ajgvjf vh
pofigok pjehpl `y vmj Vmovgmjp dhujpnljnv. Wmj fphssjf mjp hpidinok ifjo he spiuoviwind vmj jnvipj
NMW nhv `jgozwj vmj Iphn Kofy mof ejopjf hzvpodjf @piviwm givijnw+ tmh wvikk mhkf vmj epjj,he,
gmopdj mjokvm wjpuigj in midm jwvjjl ow o wyl`hk he vmj tjkeopj wvovj+ fjwsivj mjouy gpivigiwl hekhnd toivind kiwvw ehp hsjpovihnw onf he pzn,fhtn mhwsivokw2 oevjp gopjezk ghnwifjpovihn+ vmj wjke,
sphejwwjf gmolsihn he spiuoviwind sz`kig wjpuigjw mof inwvjof pjogmjf vmj ghngkzwihn vmov `jyhnf
ony fhz`v vmj wvovj,pzn NMW tow gmjosjp ehp vmj novihn vmon o spiuovjky,hpdoniwjf mjokvm
wjpuigj.R0?\ In ivw skogj+ wmj spjwgpi`jf on invjpnok lopbjv ehp vmj NMW in hpfjp vh ingpjowj ivw
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
?7(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
jeeigijngy. Ogghpfind vh mjp gpjjf vmov vmj pzkjw he lhnjy onf ghlsjvivihn okhnj gon dzoponvjj
jeeigijngy+ wmj vponwehpljf mjokvm+ tivmin vmj NMW+ invh o ghllhfivy vmov ehkkhtw vmj jghnhlig
kot he fjlonf onf wzssky. Mhwsivokw nht pjspjwjnv vmj wzssky wifj+ onf vmj khgok mjokvm
ozvmhpivijw okhnd tivm vmj fhgvhpw pjdiwvjpjf tivm vmj NMW nht pjspjwjnv o fjlonf ehp mjokvm
wjpuigjw vmov mouj vh `j soif ehp. In vmiw ghnwvpzgvihn he on invjpnok lopbjv+ mhtjujp+ sovijnvw opj
j}gkzfjf ephl pjspjwjnvind o fjlonf `jgozwj ehp vmjl mjokvm spingisokky iw nhv ljonv vh `j o
ghllhfivy vmov mow o spigj `zv o epjj tjkeopj wjpuigj. Tmjpj mjokvm mow `jghlj o lopbjvo`kj
dhhf+ mhwsivokw vmov mouj `jjn zsdpofjf vh wh,gokkjf NMW vpzwvw tivm kilivjf ofliniwvpoviuj onf`zfdjvopy ozvhnhly `jghlj wjpuigj sphuifjpw vmov ghlsjvj ehp whkujnv gzwvhljpw+ i.j. vmj
khgok mjokvm ozvmhpivijw+ tmhwj mjokvm `zfdjv sphuifjf `y vmj wvovj iw nhvhpihzwky vidmv.
Ie vmj NMW onf ivw invjpnok lopbjv mof nhv `jjn sjpejgv onf ghlskjvj `y vmj vilj Njt
Ko`hzp vhhb heeigj+ vmj sopvy vmov iw wh bjjn hn lopbjv uokzjw thzkf mouj mof vh inujnv iv. @zv
ow iv iw+ Lp @koip mow vh dposskj tivm vmj injuivo`kj jeejgvw vmov fjujkhs tmjn vmj fjgofj,khnd
znfjpeznfind he vmj mjokvm wywvjl iw sphliwjf vh `j mjokjf `y jnehpgjf ghlsjviviujnjww+ onf
tmjn vmj khnd,jwvo`kiwmjf gjnvpok skonnind inwifj vmj NMW iw pjskogjf `y on invjpnok lopbjv.R00\
Vmj nhvhpihzw kiwv he ghlskoinvw pzn,fhtn mhwsivokw+ lhnvm,khnd toivind kiwvw ehp hsjpovihnw+ o
kogb he wjpzlw ehp illzniwovihnw mow nhv `jghlj ony wmhpvjp. Hn vmj ghnvpopy+ o ejt njtivjlw mouj jnvjpjf vmj kiwv vmj njgjwwopy pjwzkv tmjn vpofivihnok wvovj skonnind iw o}jf wzgm
ow vmj towvjezk fhz`kind he gosogivijw ehp ljfigok vpjovljnv in lopbjf ghnvpowv vh vmj wilzkvonjhzw
wmhpvodj he ljfigok wjpuigjw. Wingj ehp Njt Ko`hzp o pjvzpn vh lhpj gjnvpok skonnind iw hzv he vmj
qzjwvihn+ vmj dhujpnljnv einfw ivwjke nht in o wivzovihn tmjpj iv iw ehpgjf vh fh tmov iw fjjsky
odoinwv ivw ifjhkhdigok dpoin1 iv mow vh inajgv lhpj `zfdjvopy eznfw invh vmj NMW. Vmj vpjowzpjp+
Dhpfhn @phtn+ poiwjw vmj `zfdjvopy ljonw okkhgovjf vh vmj NMW ephl 60.6`n in 033? vh
:5.4`n in 0336. Miw oil iw nhv hnky vh wmhpvjn vmj nhvhpihzw toivind kiwvw+ `zv okwh vh ozdljnv vmj
nhvhpihzwky kht wokopijw in hpfjp vh spjujnv vmj j}hfzw he qzokieijf ljfigok wvoee vh hvmjp ghznvpijw+
onf kowv `zv nhv kjowv vh `pind vmj @piviwm mjokvm wjpuigj in kinj tivm vmj JZ wvonfopf ehp ljfigoksjpehplongjw. Vmj ghnwjpuoviuj dhujpnljnvw in shtjp `jehpj Ko`hzp opj nht wjjn ow mouind
pzinjf vmj NMW `y j}gjwwiuj wouind2 Njt Ko`hzp ghnwifjpw vmiw ow sopv onf vmj kjdogy he vmj
novihnok jghnhlig gpiwiw iv mow inmjpivjf. Vhfoy+ oevjp vmj jghnhlig gpiwiw mow `jjn hujpghlj onf
@pivoin mow `jjn pjinuidhpovjf+ vmj dhujpnljnv poiwjw sz`kig mjokvm vh o kjujk vmov `opjw jujpy
ghlsopiwhn tivm ivw piuok novihnw. Vmiw+ in ivwjke+ iw o widn he o wzggjwwezk novihn.
Tmikj vmj gmongjkkhp sphuifjw okk vmj njgjwwopy `zfdjvopy eznfw+ Vhny @koip wjvw hzv vh einj,
vznj vmj NMW vmov mow `jjn pjehpljf vh ingkzfj lhpj lopbjv. Vmj NMW vpzwvw pjvoin vmjip
ozvhnhly. Vmjip einongiok onf hsjpovihnok infjsjnfjngj iw jujn j}vjnfjf `y ehznfovihn
mhwsivokw+ vmj ehznfind he tmigm tow midmky ghnvphujpwiok+ onf tmigm mouj vmj pidmv vh `hpphtlhnjy hn gosivok lopbjvw. Ov vmj wolj vilj+ ghnvpogvw vmov wviszkovj qzokivy wvonfopfw opj lofj
tivm mhwsivokw vh jnwzpj vmov vmj NMW sphuifjw uokzj ehp lhnjy. Vmzw+ qzivj o ghnwifjpo`kj sopv
he vmiw lhnjy dhjw invh ofliniwvjpind+ ghnvphkkind onf lonodind vmj qzokivy he vmj invjpnok
lopbjv tmikj sovijnvw gon ghnvinzj infzkdind in vmj uokzj he vpoikind `jminf hn vmj toivind kiwv ehp
vmjip hsjpovihn. Tmhjujp tonvw vh wsjjf vmindw zs onf mow vmj lhnjy vh fh wh gon zwj vmj hsvihn
vh vobj hzv spiuovj inwzpongj+ azwv kibj tivm miw hkf,odj sphuiwihn. Vmzw+ vmj fiuiwihn he vmj tjokvmy
onf vmj shhp iw okwh ofuongind in vmj mjokvm wjgvhp.
Vmiw iw whljvmind jodjpky vobjn zs `y vmj ovvjnviuj Djplon sz`kig+ tmigm thzkf pjokky khuj vh
spjwgpi j ivw givijnw nhv hnky o ljfiginj he vmpiev ghlsopo`kj vh vmj @piviwm novihnok mjokvm wywvjl+`zv okhnd tivm iv ehp vmj givijnpy vmj eivvind j}jlskopy lhpok tmigm iv mow lofj hzv in vmj @piviwm
lhfjk1
Vmj mjokvm wywvjl iw lhpj jghnhligok vmon in Djplony. Tmhjujp fhjw nhv tonv vh piwb
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
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0(?0(03?? Djo @ioin1 mj sihnjj he lhfjn hgiok jehl
?6(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
`jind szv hn o toivind kiwv vobjw hzv spiuovj inwzpongj. Vmj @pivhnw `y onf kopdj oggjsv
vmiw wywvjl `jgozwj vmj shszkovihn mof vh wzeejp wzgm dpjov soinw gozwjf `y vmj fpjofezk
wvovj he vmj jghnhly fzpind vmj yjopw `jehpj Vmovgmjp vmov wmj tow o`kj vh szwm vmphzdm
pjehplw znvminbo`kj in Djplony jujn vhfoy+ `zv tmigm pjehpljf onf ki`jpovjf vmj @piviwm
jghnhlig wywvjl. Znkibj vmj Djplonw+ vmhzdm+ vmj @pivhnw in vmj wjujnvijw onf jidmvijw
tjpj nhv vokbjf invh `jkijuind vmov jujpy`hfy ghzkf mouj vmj wolj j}gjwwiuj fjlonfw hn
whgiok wjgzpivy. Vmzw+ Dpjov @pivoin iw fjuhif he vmov whgiok jnuy vmov iw gpisskind pjehpl in
Djplony. -Eponbezpvjp Okkdjljinj Qjivznd+ 3? Nhujl`jp 0336)
Ie onf tmjn vmj uigvilw he whgiok pjehpl wtokkht okk ivw mopfwmisw+ onf jujn oggjsv okk vmov iw
njgjwwopy ow azwv onf eoip+ vmjn vmj novihn iw in sjpejgv wmosj.
Nhj
? -SLw wsjjgm ov vmj Khpf Loyhpw @onqzjv+ Nhujl`jp ?:+ 0336) @piviwm shkivigionw onf sz`kig hsinihn fhnv
liww ony hsshpvznivy vh pjejp vh vmj dphtvm he vmj @piviwm jghnhly+ nht in ivw vjnvm yjop+ onf vh dphtvm povjw
vtigj vmhwj he Djplony+ vh vmj khnd,kowvind wzpskzw in vmj nov ihnok `zfdjv -znvik 033?)+ onf vh o povj he
znjlskhyljnv he kjww vmon :*+ khtjp vmon in hvmjp Jzphsjon ghznvpijw. Vmjy vhv zs vmj @piviwm nov ihnok
sphfzgv vh vmj w jghnf kopdjwv in Jzphsj+ 7(6 vmj DFS he Djplony+ vmj w zspjlj jghnhlig shtjp.0 Vmj onvi,znihn kotw jnogvjf `y vmj Vmovgmjp dhujpnljnv oil ov pjnfjpind wvpibjw lhpj fieeigzkv hp jujn
ilshwwi`kj. Vmjy gpilinokiwj wv pibj ogviuivijw onf jujn okkht ghneiwgovind znihn sphsjpvy. Okvmhzdm znfjp vmj
sopkioljnvopy kot he ?935 vmj znihnw mof whlj sphvjgvihn ephl azfdjw sowwind ghllhn kot azfdjljnvw `y
dponvind illznivy odoinwv jlskhyjpw gkoilw ehp folodjw in vmj tobj he w vpibjw+ vmj Vmovgmjp dhujpnljnv
pjuhbjf jwwjnviok sopvw he vmiw oppijp. Vpofj znihniwvw nht khwj vmjip illznivy ie vmjy fhnv ehkkht gjpvoin pzkjw
jehpj gokkind o w vpibj1 okkhvw opj pjqzipjf y kot+ onf wjghnfopy sigbjvind iw sphmi`ivjf. Ehp vmj eipwv vilj w ingj
?935+ znihn sphsjpvy gon `j ghneiwgovjf. Znihnw gon `j lofj kio`kj ehp vmjip ljl`jpw ogviuivijw in on ikkjdok
wvpibj. Vmj Iphn Kofy vzpnjf ghlsonijw invh znihn,epjj hnjw `y kotw vmov lofj znihn ofliww ihn vh
ghlsonijw ghnfivihnok hn kjdok pjwvpigvihnw vmov opj jujp mopfjp vh ljjv. Ehp inw vongj+ lhpj vmon :3 sjpgjnv he
jlskhyjjw mouj vh `j znihn ljl`jpw+ onf vmj loahpivy he jlskhyjjw lzwv uhvj ehp znihn pjspjwjnvovihn in o
wjgpjv `okkhv.7 Vmiw iw vmj pjwzkv he vmj wzggjwwezk gkoww wvpzddkj ephl o`huj1 In ?949+ :6 sjpgjnv he jlskhyjjw tjpj vpofj
znihn ljl`jpw+ onf vmj vhvok nzl`jp he jlskhyjjw in @piviwm ko`hzp znihnw tow ?7.7l. @y ?99?+ vpofj znihnw
mof khwv hnj vmipf he vmjip ljl`jpw+ onf in vmj ?993w vmj sjpgjnvodj he jlskhyjjw hpdoniwjf in znihnw wonb vh
`jkht 73 sjpgjnv. Vmj sjpgjnvodj he znihn,epjj ghlsonijw phwj `jvtjjn ?9=6 onf ?993 ephl 04 vh 75 sjpgjnv.
Gkhwjf wmhsw+ in tmigm vpofj znihn ljl jpwmis iw o spjpjqziwivj vh jlskhyljnv+ mouj uipvzokky gjowjf vh
j}iwv. Infzwvpiok fiwszvjw onf thpbind foyw khwv vh w vpibjw mouj fpowvigokky fjgkinjf fhtn vh vmj Jzphsjon
oujpodj. Ow jopky ow ?993+ hnky ?3 sjpgjnv he jlskhyjjw tjpj soif wokopijw onf todjw vmov mof `jjn njdhviovjf
in ghkkjgviuj todj odpjjljnvw tivm znihnw ehp vmj infzw vpy hp vmj pjdihn2 63 sjpgjnv tjpj in,mhzwj odpjjljnvw
njdhviovjf `jvtjjn wmhs wvjtopfw onf lonodjljnv2 onf :3 sjpgjnv tjpj soif hzvwifj ghkkjgviuj hp in,mhzwj
odpjjljnvw + whkjky ov vmj figvovj he lonodjljnv vmjip nzl`jp iw ingpjowind.
6 Vmj vpofj znihn lhujljnv tow wh znjqziuhgokky onf vmhphzdmky fjejovjf y vmj znivjf ephnvw he gosivok onf
wvovj vmov Ko`hzp+ wvikk in hsshw ivihn+ gmondjf ivw nolj vh Njt Ko`hzp+ onf gokkjf ehp o wtjjsind pjuiwihn he
ivw gkhwj vijw tivm vmj znihnw . Oevjp okk+ iv tow vmj znihnw vmov hngj jw vo`kiwmjf Ko`hzp ow vmjip sopvy in hpfjp vh
jno`kj vmj sphkjvopiov hpdoniwjf in Vpofj Znihniwl vh j}jpv whlj inekzjngj hn wvovj shtjp. Onf iv iw vmj znihnw
vmov jujn vhfoy kopdjky sphuifj vmj sopvy eznfw wh vmov in pjvzpn vmjy wjgzpj vmjlwjkujw o kjofind phkj in okk
ilshpvonv sopvy fjgiwihnw. Okk vmiw tow j}vpjljky onnhyind ehp o sopvy hn vmj khnd lopgm `ogb vh vmj w jovw he
shtjp+ ejopind nhvmind ow lzgm ow o pjszvovihn vmov iv wvikk tow nhv o sjhskjw sopvy `zv on hzvfovjf gkoww
sopvy. Vmj ah` he `pjobind znihn shtjp in ghlsonijw vmov vmj ghnwjpuoviuj dhujpnljnv mof wh wzggjwwezkky
szwmjf vmphzdm tow ghlskjvjf `y Ko`hzp+ tmigm gzpvoikjf vmj shtjp he vmj znihnw tivmin vmj sopvy. Vhny
@koip+ tmikj wvikk in hsshwivihn+ wsjkkjf hzv miw sphdpollj vh vmj znihnw1 I tonv vh `j qzivj `kznv tivm yhz
o`hzv vmj lhfjpn pjkovihnwmis `jvtjjn vhfoyw Ko`hzp Sopvy onf vmj vpofj znihnw. Vmjpj tow o vilj tmjn o
kopdj vpofj znihn thzkf soww o shkigy onf vmjn iv tow owwzljf Ko`hzp thzkf ehkkht wziv. Fjlonfw tjpjlofj. Ko`hzp pjwshnfjf onf njdhviovjf. Vmhwj foyw opj hujp. Dhnj. Vmjy opj nhv ghlind ogb. -Wsjjgm vh
vmj Ghndpjww he Vponwshpv onf Djnjpok Thpbjpw Znihn ?99:+ qzhvjf in1 Dhujpnind ow Njt Ko`hzp1 Shkigy onf
Shkivigw znfjp @koip+ jf. @y Wvjuj Kzfkol onf Lopvin A. Wlivm+ @owindw vhbj+ 0336+ s 4?.) Ehkkhtind vmjw j kinjw +
vmj sopvy uhvjf vh pjlhuj vmj znihn `khgb uhvj+ in tmigm vmj znihnw shhk vmjip ljl`jpw uhvjw oevjp okk+ :l
hzv he 5.=l Vpofjw Znihn Ghndpjww ljl jpw opj okwh sopvy ljl`jpw vh pjfzgj vmj znihn uhvj ov sopvy
8/2/2019 Great Britain the Pioneer of Modern Social Reforms - 2006
15/17
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?:(?4jdjnonfsnb.ghl(jndkim(ZB,hgiok,jehl.mlk
ghnejpjngjw vh :3*+ onf vh fjkjvj vmj nhvhpihzw opvigkj 6+ tmigm gokkjf ehp novihnokiwovihn+ ephl vmj sopvy
wvovzvjw . Ehp ivw vzpnind otoy ephl whgiokiwv onf whgiok,fjlhgpovig uokzjw+ Njt Ko`hzp golj zs tivm o njt
`ponf nolj1 vmj Vmipf Toy `jyhnf whgiokiwl onf gosivokiwl.
: Vmj ZBw khnd,mhzpw gzkvzpj ljonw vmov hn oujpodj lony he zw opj thpbind o 67.5,mhzp tjjb. Hzp
ghznvjpsopvw in vmj pjwv he Jzphsj fh 63.7 mhzpw. Vmj kowv wjujn yjopw mouj wjjn o widnieigonv piwj in vmj
nzl`jp he jlskhyjjw thpbind in j}gjww he 6= mhzpw o tjjb+ piwind ephl ?3* in vmj kovj 93w vh 05* nht.
Vmj nzl`jp he sjhskj thpb ind o khnd tjjb mow okwh azlsjf. Jwvilovjw ephl 03330330 wzddjwv vmov vmhwj
gkhgbind zs 53 mhzpw o tjjb mouj ingpjowjf `y o vmipf+ tmigm jqzovjw vh hnj wi}vm he vmj ZB ko`hzp ehpgj.
Pjgjnv wzpujyw jwvilovj vmov hnky 66* he thpbjpw zwj zs vmjip ezkk jnv ivkjljnv vh onnzok kjouj. Pjowhnw givjfehp nhv vob ind soif mhkifoy hevjn ingkzfj o mjouy thpbkhof hp ejop he zswjvvind vmj `hww. -Vmj Dzopfion+
Ozdzwv 03+ 033:)
5 Vmj eipwv ejlokj Spilj Liniwvjp okwh skoyjf mjp sopv in pjokiwind jqzok pidmvw in vmj thpbskogj onf mjksjf
@piviwm thljn djv vmjip eoip wmopj he kht todjw. In ?99?+ vth hzv he eiuj @piviwm jlskhyjjw tjpj thljn+
ghlsopjf vh hnj in vmpjj in ?94?. Hnky ?6* he jlskhyjjw mof sopv,vilj ghnvpogvw in ?94?+ vmjip nzl`jp piwind vh
ophznf 0:* in ?99?. Vmj loahpivy he vmj ?.0l njtky gpjovjf ah`w `jvtjjn ?9=? onf ?99? tjpj ehp sopv,viljpw. In
?99?+ hnj in jidmv sjpwhnw tmh mof doinezk jlskhyljnv tow wjke,jlskhyjf tmikj in ?94? iv tow hnj in vtjkuj.
4 In vmj ?993w+ Dpjov @pivoin `jgolj vmj Jzphsjon ghznvpy tivm vmj kopdjwv inekz} he ehpjidn fipjgv inujwvljnv.
Vmjpjehpj+ fjwsivj vmj njop,vhvok jgkiswj he ivw novihnok ozvhlhviuj infzw vpy+ vmj Znivjf Bindfhl iw w vikk vmj
wjghnf,kopdjwv Jzphsjon gop sphfzgvihn w ivj oevjp Djplony+ tivm lonzeogvzpind skonvw he DL+ Ehpf+ Niwwon+
Vhyhvo+ Mhnfo onf @LT -Lini). Ehpjidn fipjgv inujwvljnv ekhtw in sopvigzkop invh einongiok wjpuigjw+ IV+ vmj
smoplogjzvigok wjgvhp onf `ihvjgmnhkhdy+ `zv okwh invh vmj spiuoviwjf wjgvhpw he vponwshpv onf inepowvpzgvzpj
wzgm ow shtjp+ tovjp onf dow zvikivijw.
= Ko`hzp golj vh dhujpn in ?994 tivm on j}skigiv oil he lhuind sjhskj ephl tjkeopj invh thpb . Vmiw tow
ghnwiwvjnv tivm vmj hujpopgmind oil vh ghnvphk vmj olhznv h e sz`kig wsjnfind+ `zv iv tow okwh ghnwiwvjnv tivm
o wjghnf oil+ tmigm tow vh vogbkj vmj sph`kjl he whgiok j}gkzwihn. Ehkkhtind vmj ghnujnvihn vmov
jlskhyljnv iw vmj `jwv phzvj hzv he j}gkzwihn onf shujpvy+ tjkeopj pjehpl wjv o`hzv pjogmind vmiw dhok y
ljonw he thpb,gjnvpjf shkigy ljowzpjw ghlskjljnvjf y shkigijw vh ilsphuj vmj einongiok ingjnviuj he
lhuind ephl jnjeivw vh thpb+ onf liniliwj vmj piwb he in,thpb shujpvy. -Kzfkol onf Wlivm+ hs. giv.+ s. ?:?)
9 Vmj invphfzgvihn he vmj novihnok linilzl todj gokkjf ehp `y vmj znihnw tow on jkjgvihn skjfdj `y
Ko`hzp in ?994+ onf mow `jjn o kot wingj ?999. Vmj Kht Soy Ghlliwwihn in tmigm pjspjwjnvoviujw hedhujpnljnv+ znihnw onf jlskhyjpw mouj o wjov wjvw vmj linilzl todj onf pjuijtw ivw onnzokky. Vmj
novihnok linilzl todj iw on ilshpvonv ghpnjpwvhnj he Dhujpnljnv wvpovjdy oiljf ov sphuifind jlskhyjjw
tivm fjgjnv linilzl wvonfopfw onf eoipnjww in vmj thpbskogj. Iv osskijw vh njopky okk thpbjpw onf wjvw
mhzpky povjw `jkht tmigm soy lzwv nhv `j okkhtjf vh eokk. Iv mjksw `zwinjww y jnwzpind ghlsonijw tikk `j
o`kj vh ghlsjvj hn vmj `owiw he qzokivy he vmj dhhfw onf wjpuigjw vmjy sphuifj onf nhv hn vmj kht spigjw
`owjf spjfhlinonvky hn kht povjw he soy. Vmj povjw wjv opj `owjf hn vmj pjghlljnfovihnw he vmj infjsjnfjnv
Kht Soy Ghlliwwihn. -ttt.fvi.hpd.zb FVI tj`w ivj hn Jlskhyljnv Pjkovihnw Novihnok Linilzl
Todj) Ivw pjdzkovihnw wv iszkovj1 loin ofzkv povj -ephl 00 yjopw)1 6+=:2 ?= 0? yjopw1 6.?32 ?5,?4 yjopw1 7.33+
invphfzgjf Hgvh`jp ?+ 0336.
?3 Lhpvdodj fjnhvjw `hvm vmj novzpj he vmj khon in tmigm vmj gpjfivhp pjwjpujw vmj vivkj vh vmj sphsjpvy znvik
vmj fj`v mow `jjn pjfjjljf+ ow tjkk ow vmj `hpphtjf olhznv onf vmj wjpuigind he vmj fj`v. Vmj vjpl towilshpvjf ephl vmj Epjngm in vmj ?:vm gjnvzpy onf iw ghlshwjf he vmj thpfw lhpv < fjovm onf dodj